This report aims to describe the work of a bachelor thesis with a major in product development at Saab. The bachelor thesis is to improve one of Saabs existing products called MIT, short for “Moving Infantry Target”. MIT is used all around the world in harsh environment with high standards. MIT consists of one of Saabs other product SIT, short for “Stationary Infantry Target”, mounted on a trolley. SIT is a standard product of Saab but has to be modified before being mounted on MIT. The modification consists of the MDU, short for “Motor driving Unit”, and is a circuit board for controlling the electric engines located on the MIT trolley. The thesis aims to relocate the MDU from inside the SIT to the MIT trolley and still fulfill the requirements of the MIT. One important requirement is that all products need to have IP classification 67. IP classification is a standard measurement on how water and dust proof a product is. To fulfill the requirements a protective box for MDU was developed. During the process there was some question in focus. Where should the box be located? Which manufacturing and materials should be used? How should the cable go inside the box and at the same time have IP classification 67? This was the basis for the work when developing the concepts. Two concepts were created in total. The first concept is about the location and how to attach MDU with the protective box. Next step concept is about how the lid will be attached and the cable lead-through. A 3D model was created using the winning concepts and from that 3D model a prototype was created. The prototype was manufactured with a 3D printer.

Miljonprogrammet syftar till bostadsbyggandet i Sverige mellan åren 1965 – 1974 där drygten miljon bostäder upprättades, varav majoriteten var flerbostadsfastigheter. Vid upprättandetav miljonprogrammets bostäder prövades nya arbetsmetoder och inga krav ställdes påenergiförbrukning. Idag är dessa flerbostadsfastigheter eftertraktade investeringsobjekt, mende är samtidigt i behov av teknisk upprustning. I samband med detta finns det forskare somhävdar att energieffektiviserande åtgärder bör utföras. Dock påpekar en del fastighetsbolag attde avstår från att utföra energieffektiviserande investeringar då det är svårt att göra dessalönsamma. För att utröna lönsamheten i en investering utförs investeringskalkyler, vilkavanligen utgör en del av ett beslutsunderlag. Energieffektiviserande investeringar innehållerdock osäkerheter vilket gör de svåra att beräkna på ett vis så att kalkylens utfall ligger nära detverkliga utfallet. Denna studie undersöker därför vilken roll investeringskalkylen har förbeslutsfattare vid investering i energieffektiviserande åtgärder av flerbostadsfastigheter frånmiljonprogrammet. För att undersöka detta fenomen har teori gällande investeringskalkylersanvändning som beslutsunderlag tagits fram. Teoretiskt har det även påvisats att andrafaktorer såsom erfarenhet, strategi och intuition påverkar investeringsbeslut, och då det finnsosäkerheter vid investeringsbeslutet kan dessa övriga faktorer användas mer eller mindre. Detbidrar till att investeringskalkylens roll vid beslut påverkas. Empiriskt har vi använt enkvalitativ metod där intervjuer har utförts med fyra fastighetsbolag. Telefonintervjuer ochpersonliga möten har tillämpats. Fastighetsbolagen har valts utifrån ett minimikrav gällandeden andel fastigheter från miljonprogrammet de besitter.I studien har det framkommit att investeringskalkyler alltid finns med som en del av ettbeslutsunderlag vid investering i energieffektiviserande åtgärder. På grund av osäkerheterbehöver kalkylerna dock kompletteras med övriga faktorer såsom erfarenhet, strategi ochkompetens. Dessa övriga faktorer möjliggör en mer precis kalkyl, men visar även påmervärdet av en investering. Teoretiskt har intuition påvisats vara relevant vidinvesteringsbeslut, emellertid har denna faktor inte framkommit som relevant i vår kontext. / Between the years 1965-1974 over a million residences were built in Sweden, this is referredto as the Million Programme. The majority of the buildings that were established during theMillion Programme were so called multidwelling units (MDUs). When establishing thebuildings of the Million Programme new construction methods were tested and there were norequirements regarding energy consumption. Today these MDUs are coveted investmentobjects, but they are still in need of refurbishment. Some researchers point out that energyefficient actions should be implemented in conjunction with this. However, some real estatecompanies argue they refrain from implementing energy efficient investments since they aredifficult to make profitable. Investment calculations are made to determine the profitability ofan investment, these calculations are usually used as a basis of a decision. Energy efficientinvestments, however, contains uncertainties and because of this they are hard to calculateclose to actual outcome. Therefore this study examines the role of the investment calculationfor decision makers while investing in energy efficiency in the Million Programmes MDUs.To examine this phenomenon theory regarding investment calculations as a basis for decisionmaking has been gathered. It has also been shown theoretically that other factors such asstrategy, experience and intuition affect decisions. When an investment contains uncertaintiesthese factors can be used more or less. This affect the investment calculations role in thedecision. Empirically we have been using a qualitative approach. Interviews by telephone andpersonal meetings have been made with four real estate companies. The real estate companiesthat have been examined possess a certain proportion of MDUs from the Million Programmein their property portfolio.The study has shown that the investment calculation always is a part of a decision regardinginvestments in energy efficiency. Due to uncertainties investment calculations however needto be supplemented with other factors such as experience, strategy and competence. Theseother factors enables an investment calculation that is more precise estimated, but they canalso show the added value an investment in energy efficiency may result in. Theoreticallyintuition has been proved to be relevant in investment decisions, however this factor has notbeen emerged as relevant in our empirical context.

This bachelor’s degree project that includes 15 credits at Mälardalens University has been carried out at 50% for 20 weeks, spring semester 2023.The locking principle between door and frame has for a long time been unchanged. The report describes the workflow during the project where the goal is to generate innovative concepts on different ways to lock door and frame on behalf of Assa Abloy, the goal is also for the concept to meet the requirements for safetyclass 5.The questions that will be answered in the report are what new innovative possibility to lock a door is there and does the concept fulfill security requirements for Scandinavian locks. First the report presents the theoretical background that contains the theories and tools that form the basis of the work. The work has been carried out with design-product development processes according to methods adapted to the project.The work includes an analysis of the market that together with requirements and target specificationsforms the basis for the concepts generated. The concepts have been generated through internal and joint brainstorming. A total of 48 concepts were generated and screened against three control questions. The remaining 17 concepts were screened in Pugh's matrix resulting in 4 remaining concepts. Physical models were developed for the four concepts and presented at a workshop. 3D printing was used for the conceptmodeling. With a concept selection workshop, a final concept was developed with the help of the participants opinions and ratings of the concept's properties, based on several selected questions.The project resulted in one concept including several components that were prototyped. The components were made with additive manufacturing and then implemented in an already existing lockcase. To demonstrate and visualize their function and to prove the concept itself works. Whether the concept can meet the security requirements for Scandinavian locks cannot be determined as this would require physical tests that would require a prototype made with the final manufacturing method in the final materials. This is also due to the approach of implementing the concept in a lock housing with a lower security class than the target. This is something that is interesting to investigate in future studies since testing is beyond the scope of the delimitations.

Data to understand the inventiveness and technology transfer process for medical devices in India is lacking and majority of medical devices are imported. The presence of a medical school in a university system is expected to enhance healthcare inventiveness. Universities with medical schools have 2.5 times more R&D expenditure and productivity than universities without medical schools. Therefore, the presence or absence of medical schools in universities serves as interesting samples for technology transfer analysis. This thesis focuses on medical device inventiveness and technology transfer office efficiencies of American universities. Three sample sets are used. The first is data from 1242 US universities, of which 734 had medical schools, and their Technology Transfer Office (TTO) productivity from years 1999-2008. The second consisted of 5693 medical device patents filed at USPTO by universities worldwide during years 1999-2008, including US universities. The third consisted of 32 cochlear implant university based patents from 7 primary patent classes in USPTO. Universities involved in medical device research (MDU) and universities not involved in medical device research (NMDU) are compared in our study to understand differences in their technology transfer activities. Initially, Social network analysis is used to understand the interrelatedness of technologies in university based research using patent classes. Degree, betweenness and closeness centrality of 32 cochlear implant patents (out of 345 overall filed patents in USPTO including corporate filings), showed the importance of universities’ R&D contribution to the overall evolution of cochlear implant technology. Dynamics in terms of emergence and disappearance of technologies (represented by US patent classes in years 1977 to 2012), are identified. Our study highlights that universities' research focus within medical device research is confined to few technology classes like surgery, drugs and body treating compositions for therapeutic purposes and image analysis. In these technology areas, universities share of patent holding is found to be more compared to other medical device technologies. Multivariate OLS and binary logistic regressions are used to understand university characteristics that influences amount of patenting by universities. Our study attempts to delineate and highlight university characteristics that may influence amount of patenting in general, i.e., across all technologies and specifically those university characteristics that may influence more patenting in medical device technologies. Our study establishes that university characteristic variables like age, public/private ownership and research productivity influences amount of patenting by universities in general, across all technologies. However, additional university characteristics like presence of medical school and expenditure on legal fees are found influencing amount of patenting in medical device technologies by universities. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is used in our attempt to understand the efficiency of universities in transferring their technologies to industries. Interesting insights are obtained on observing slack obtained during DEA. Our study highlights that some universities may have to reduce their research expenditure in large scales and number of employees working in their technology transfer offices in large scales compared to other universities in order to improve their efficiency in technology transfer process. Our study establishes that in order to improve technology transfer efficiencies, MDUs with higher research expenditure may have to reduce their research expenditure in large volumes compared to universities with lesser research expenditures. However, these MDUs may not be required to greatly reduce their technology transfer employees as compared to universities with lesser research expenditures, in order to improve their technology transfer efficiencies. Moreover, MDUs generating more number of invention disclosures and receiving more faculty awards annually can increase their patenting, licensing and startups in smaller volumes, in order to improve their technology transfer efficiencies, as compared to universities generating lesser invention disclosures and receiving lesser faculty awards, which can increase their patenting and licensing in larger volumes.