Master of Science / Department of Grain Science and Industry / Xuzhi Susan Sun / Large amount of fiberboard are used for packaging applications every year, which generate a large amount of solid wastes causing environmental pollution if these packaging materials are not recycled. Also, a large amount of wood are needed for making fiberboard, which is limited resource in the earth. Reducing the weight of fiberboard and recycling the fiberboard materials are two methods to save quantities of wood fiber in fiberboard manufacture, which benefit the environment and economy. Besides, most adhesives used for producing the fiberboard contain environmental hazardous chemicals. It is necessary to develop new technology to produce cellulosic fiberboards with environmental friendly bio-based adhesives. The soybean is an agricultural product, and its resource is abundant. Soybean protein is a bio- material that offers an alternative to the existing synthetic adhesives to reduce petroleum dependence of the U.S. energy strategy. The newly developed soy-based adhesive is also competitive in cost. Material cost based on food-grade soybean protein is around 20 cents/Lb. The cost of commercial PF resin is about 14 ~ 17 cents/Lb. Price of hot-melt adhesive for fiberboard is around $6/Lb. In this study, soybean protein was modified with sodium dodecyl sulfate as an adhesive for two bio-based fiberboards products, medium density fiberboard by dry processing and light weight cardboard by wet processing. The mechanical and water soaking properties of these cellulosic fiberboards were stronger than or as same as commercial solid fiberboard. This research suggests that these cellulosic fiberboards with modified soybean protein based adhesive have great potential as alternative to current commercial fiberboard.

Na produção de cerâmicas de SiC, a utilização de aditivos que promovam a formação de uma fase líquida, diminui a temperatura de sinterização das cerâmicas produzidas. Neste trabalho foi escolhida a sinterização via fase líquida das cerâmicas de SiC com novos aditivos, o sistema Al2O3/TiO2 e Y2O3/TiO2, com pouca informação na literatura. Foi avaliado a molhabilidade dos aditivos nas cerâmicas de SiC, medindo os ângulos de contato e pontos de fusão, obtendo-se a melhor composição de cada aditivo para sinterizar o SiC. Para a produção das cerâmicas de SiC, barras foram sinterizadas nas temperaturas de 1850 e 1950°C, com taxas de aquecimento de 5 e 20°C/min e tempos de 30 e 60 minutos. O estudo da molhabilidade mostrou que as composições eutética e 5% abaixo da eutética, para os sistemas Al2O3/TiO2 e Y2O3/TiO2, respectivamente, possuem menores temperaturas de fusão e ângulos de contatos, evitando assim reações de decomposições da titânia, e, portanto, essas composições foram utilizadas para sinterização do SiC. As cerâmicas de SiC+Al2O3/TiO2, apresentaram porosidades entre 32-42%, exceto a tratada à 1950°C, 20°C/min por 30 minutos, com porosidadede 7%, estas com KIc de 3,4 MPa.m1/2, MOR de 122 MPa e E de 328 GPa. As cerâmicas de SiC+Y2O3/TiO2, apresentaram porosidades entre 33-43%. Na condição de 1850°C, 5°C/min por 30 minutos, foi obtida a maior porosidade de 43%, e apresentou valores de KIc 0,85, MOR de 86 MPa, e E de 107 GPa, valores menores se comparados com as cerâmicas de SiC+Al2O3/TiO2, devido à maior probabilidade de falha pela alta concentração de poros nas amostras. Houve um aumento do tamanho dos grãos à 1950°C e foram identificadas placas hexagonais características da fase ?-SiC. Os resultados mostraram que um maior tempo de residência no forno das amostras, com influência das reações de decomposição da titânia, influenciaram a densificação das cerâmicas de SiC. Com o aditivo Al2O3/TiO2 foi possível obter, em uma condição, cerâmicas densas. Para SiC+Y2O3/TiO2 foram obtidas cerâmicas porosas. / In the production of SiC- based ceramics, the use of additives that promote the formation of a liquid phase decreases the sintering temperature of the produced ceramics. In this work, liquid phase sintering of SiC ceramics was evaluated by introducing new additives, Al2O3/TiO2 and Y2O3/TiO2. It was evaluated the wettability of the additives in the SiC ceramics, measuring the contact angles and melting points, obtaining the best composition of each additive to sintering the SiC- based ceramics. To produce the SiC ceramics, the bars were sintered at the temperatures of 1850 and 1950°C, with heating rates of 5 and 20°C/min and times of 30 and 60 minutes. The study of wettability showed that the eutectic and 5% below eutectic compositions for the Al2O3/TiO2 and Y2O3/TiO2 systems, respectively, have lower contact angles and melting temperatures, avoiding decomposition reactions, and therefore, were used to sintering the SiC ceramics. The SiC+Al2O3/TiO2 ceramics showed porosities between 32-42%, except for those treated at 1950°C, 20°C/min for 30 minutes, with porosity at 7%, with KIC of 3,4 MPa.m1/2, MOR of 122 MPa and E of 328 GPa. The SiC+ Y2O3/TiO2 ceramics presented porosities between 33-43%. A higher porosity of 43% was obtained at 1850°C, 5°C/min for 30 minutes, and presented values of KIC 0,85, MOR of 86 MPa, and E of 107 GPa, lower values when compared with the SiC+Al2O3/TiO2 ceramics, due to the higher probability of failure due to the high pore concentration in the samples. There was an increase in grain size at 1950°C and hexagonal plates, characteristic of the ?-SiC phase, were identified. The results showed that a longer residence time of the samples in the furnace, influenced by the decomposition reactions of TiO2, influenced its densification. With the additive Al2O3/TiO2 it was possible to obtain, in one condition, dense ceramics. Porous ceramics were obtained for SiC+ Y2O3/TiO2.

No description available.

Vocal fold scarring, caused by injury and inflammation, presents significant treatment challenges. Tissue engineering might be a promising treatment for vocal fold restoration or regeneration. It is important to investigate how scaffold properties alter cell behavior instead of screening thousand of materials, which is fundamental knowledge for rational scaffold design. This work studies how tuning only one parameter, mechanical strength of the hydrogel scaffold, influences the extracellular matrix production of encapsulated porcine vocal fold fibroblast (PVFF). PVFF cells were encapsulated by photopolymerization in 10 wt%, 20 wt%, and 30 wt% poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogels (MW 10,000), with the similar biochemical environment and network structure but different mechanical properties. Cell adhesive peptide, RGDS, was grafted into each hydrogel network to mimic a cell adhesive environment. The glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) production per cell increased from 10 wt% to 20 wt%, 30 wt% gels, with an increase in hydrogel stiffness. The collagen production per cell increased from 10 wt% to 20 wt% gels but no further increase occurred with the increasing modulus from 20 wt% to 30 wt% gels. Interestingly, in hydrogels of intermediate modulus (20% PEGDA hydrogels), the highest elastin per cell was observed compared with gels with higher and lower storage modulus after day 30. Histological analysis showed GAGs, collagen and elastin were distributed pericellularly. However, the organization of collagen type I appeared to be influenced by gel mechanical properties, which was confirmed by immunohistological analysis. Furthermore, the immunohistological analysis showed that the phenotype of PVFF is regulated by the stiffness of the PEG hydrogel. This study demonstrates that different levels of VFF ECM formation may be achieved by varying the mechanical properties of PEG hydrogels and validates a systematic and controlled platform for further research of cell-biomaterials interaction.

The work aims to manufacture AS-4/PEEK APC-2 nano-composite laminates first. We used the prepreg form of AS-4 Graphite/PEEK laminae to make APC-2 laminates of 2 mm thick with two lay-ups of cross-ply and quasi-isotropic totally 16 plies by a hot press via the modified diaphragm curing. The nano-particles SiO2 with the average diameter of 15¡Ó5 nm were uniformly spread in the specific interfaces of laminate. From mechanical testing it is found that the nanocomposite specimens of spreading 10 plies nanoparticles (3% by wt. of matrix) possesses the highest mechanical properties. we see that in cross-ply specimens the ultimate strength increases 10.91 % and stiffness 6.7 %; while in quasi-isotropic specimens the ultimate strength increases 12.48 % and stiffness 19.93 %. Second, repeat the tensile tests at 50, 75, 100, 125, 150¢J to receive respective stress-strain curve , strength and stiffness. At elevated temperatures the ultimate strength decreases slightly below 75¢J and the elastic modulus reduces slightly below 125¢J, however, both properties degrade highly at 150¢J ( Tg) for two layups generally. Finally, the constant stress amplitude tension-tension cyclic testing was conducted. It is found that both the stress-cycles (S-N) curves are very close below 104 cycles for cross-ply laminates w/wo nanoparticles, and the S-N curve of nano-laminate slightly bent down after 105 cycles. Whilst in quasi-isotropic laminates, the S-N curve of nano-laminate is always slightly below that of APC-2 laminate through the life.

The existing researches on interface properties between heterology materials mainly focus on semiconductor-metal and dielectric materials, but little on organic-inorganic ones. In recent years, the nanometer scale phenomena of interfaces between organic-inorganic is gaining a lot of attentions and becoming new frontier regions of nano-related research. Since gold exhibits excellent optical, electrical and mechanical properties, which can be applied to nano-optics, mechanics and electronics. Therefore this study aims to investigate the deformation behavior of nanaoindentation using molecular dynamics simulation and nanoindentation experiments. The nano-effect of mechanical properties between the interface of gold and heterologous Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) with different side groups; i.e., Isotactic-PMMA, Syndiotactic-PMMA and Atactic-PMMA, are explored, respectively. The molecular structures of those side groups of the different PMMAs are identified and characterized. Those PMMA isomer thin films are prepared using spin-coater to deposit the different side groups of PMMA upon Au thin film. Sputter technique is used to form gold thin film with different thickness. The morphology on the surface of samples is characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The indenter equipment is applied to realize the interface mechanical properties. The time-dependent properties of viscoelastic materials in nanoscale are measured using continuous stiffness measurement (CSM) nanoindentation technique. The effects of displacement rates on the hardness and modulus behavior of PMMA-based are investigated by nanoindentation. The mechanical properties are correlated with the side groups of the PMMA. The hardness of the PMMA-based increases with the raising displacement rate of the Berkovich tip. On the other hand, the modulus of the variation PMMA-based with the varied displacement rate of the Berkovich tip is not significant. The nanoindentation test shows different constituents in nanocomposite systems with a stronger material properties of the interface region than the matrix in each material.

L'intérêt industriel des composites alumine-zircone ZTA (Zirconia Toughened Alumina) a déjà été largement démontré dans la littérature, notamment pour les applications biomédicales telles que les prothèses orthopédiques. La combinaison du renforcement par transformation de phase de la zircone et de la stabilité de la matrice d'alumine permet de dépasser les propriétés mécaniques des composés monolithiques. La dépendance des propriétés mécaniques vis-à-vis des conditions d'élaboration rend toutefois la production industrielle de tels composites très complexe. Le premier objectif de cette thèse CIFRE, en collaboration avec la société Nanoe et le laboratoire SPMS, est la production de composites alumine-zircone contenant de 2.5 à 50%m de zircone pour ensuite pouvoir les caractériser systématiquement en termes de propriétés microstructurales, structurales et mécaniques, notamment en se concentrant sur les aspects de stabilité de la phase tétragonale de la zircone. La méthode de production industrielle mise au point permet d'obtenir des composites denses à plus de 99% et présentant des microstructures fines et homogènes. Les tailles de grains des deux matériaux dans le composite sont dépendantes de sa composition en zircone mais indépendantes du taux de stabilisant dans la zircone. La comparaison des propriétés microstructurales aux résultats structuraux et mécaniques nous a permis de mettre en évidence plusieurs phénomènes. Hormis la variation de taille de grain et de macro-contraintes due à la différence de coefficients de dilatation thermique, l'alumine est relativement insensible à l'effet du composite. Le contrôle de la stabilité de la phase tétragonale dans les composites nécessite la prise en compte de multiples phénomènes à différentes échelles. À l'échelle de la maille, le premier effet bien connu est celui du dopage par l'oxyde d'yttrium qui stabilise la phase tétragonale. Nous avons mis un autre effet en évidence : les macro-tensions appliquées par la matrice d'alumine déstabilisent la maille tétragonale. Pourtant la rétention de la phase tétragonale de la zircone pure dans la matrice d'alumine est rendue possible par l'effet d'inhibiteur de croissance et la rigidité de l'alumine. La matrice d'alumine stabilise donc la phase tétragonale à l'échelle du grain. Cette observation nous a notamment permis de déterminer la taille critique de transformation spontanée de la zircone pure dans les composites alumine-zircone qui est comprise entre 250 et 310nm. De la même manière, l'absence de vieillissement pour les composites contenant moins de 40%m de zircone nous indique que la taille critique de vieillissement de la zircone dopée à 3%mol d'oxyde d'yttrium est comprise entre 310 et 360nm dans le composite. Il faut donc maîtriser chacun de ses effets pour obtenir à la fois le renforcement par transformation le plus efficace et la meilleure résistance au vieillissement. D'après notre étude, cet optimum se situe entre 1 et 2%mol d'oxyde d'yttrium pour des ZTA présentant une taille de grain de zircone inférieure à 300nm. / Industrial interest of alumina-zirconia composites (ZTA Zirconia Toughened Alumina) is very well-known, especially for biomedical applications as orthopedics prosthesis. Combining the toughening by phase transformation of zirconia and the stability of the alumina matrix allows to reach better mechanical properties than the monolithic compounds. The dependence between mechanical properties and elaboration process makes the industrial production pretty complex. The first aim of this work in collaboration between Nanoe Company and the SPMS laboratory is the achievement of the production of ZTA with 2.5 to 50wt%. The second aim is the systematical study of microstructural, structural and mechanical properties of ZTA by focusing on the key parameters for the stability of the tetragonal phase. The developed industrial process leads to ZTA with densities above 99% and with very fine and well-dispersed microstructures. Both grain size materials depend on the composition in zirconia but did not depend on the yttria content in zirconia. Thanks to the comparison between microstructural, structural and mechanical properties, we identified several phenomenons. Excepting the variation of grain size and macrostrains due to the difference between coefficient of thermal expansion of alumina and zirconia, the alumina is more or less unaffected by the composite effect. Several phenomenons at different scale have an influence on the stability of tetragonal zirconia. At the lattice scale, the stabilizing effect of yttria is well-known. We identified another effect, the tensile stress applied by the alumina matrix destabilize the tetragonal zirconia. Even though, the retention of the tetragonal phase of unstabilized zirconia is achieved thanks to the inhibition of grain growth and the rigidity of the alumina matrix. The alumina matrix stabilizes the tetragonal zirconia at the grain scale. This observation allows us to determine that the critical grain size for spontaneous transformation for unstabilized zirconia ranges between 250 and 310nm. In the same way, the resistance of ZTA until 40wt% to the ageing indicates that the critical grain size for ageing for 3mol% yttria doped zirconia ranges between 310 and 360nm. In order to obtain the more efficient toughening by phase transformation and the better ageing resistance, we need to have an entire control of all these effects. This study concluded that the best compromise between toughening and ageing is achieved for ZTA with zirconia grain size below 300nm and doping between 1 and 2mol% of yttria.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第22497号 / 農博第2401号 / 新制||農||1077(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R2||N5277(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻 / (主査)教授 矢野 浩之, 教授 和田 昌久, 教授 辻井 敬亘 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Yes / This paper evaluates the influence of mineral admixtures partially replacing cement, sea sand replacing quartz, sea water replacing fresh water on ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC). The fluidity and mechanical properties were studied. Besides, the impermeability, chloride resistance and freeze-thaw resistance were investigated. Failure modes, scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis, mass loss, relative dynamic modulus of elasticity and mechanical properties of UHPCs after freeze-thaw cycles were conducted. The results showed the fluidity of UHPC paste gradually increases with the improvement of water-binder ratio. It is recommended that the water-binder ratio of UHPC be set at 0.19. The fluidity also increases with the improvement of the content of slag, fly ash and water reducer, but decreases with the improvement of silica fume content. The flexural and compressive strengths of UHPC enhance with the improvement of the content of silica fume, but reduce with the improvement of the content of fly ash and slag. The UHPCs made of quartz sand, river sand and sea sand, all, achieve a high strength. UHPCs prepared at standard curing conditions, with or without steel fibers, mixed by artificial seawater and made of sea sand, exhibited excellent impermeability and chloride resistance. The frost resistant grade of all UHPC specimens prepared by standard curing are greater than F500 exhibiting excellent freeze-thaw resistance and sustainability.

No description available.