京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第22497号 / 農博第2401号 / 新制||農||1077(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R2||N5277(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻 / (主査)教授 矢野 浩之, 教授 和田 昌久, 教授 辻井 敬亘 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:02:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5710.pdf: 9081274 bytes, checksum: 235a22e72d32a0486237aee2952f268e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-27 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Brazil is a major producer of fruit, but the losses related to postharvest handling are considerable high, and it is important to develop methods to reduce them. Analysis techniques were used is the application of edible coatings in order to increase the shelf life of the fruit. This study evaluated the use of zein based films, storage proteins from corn, with the addition of plasticizers and cellulose nanofibers, for covering pears and apples. The zein are hydrophobic proteins and can form a barrier against moisture loss and gas exchange, thus reducing the rate of fruit respiration and consequently increasing it`s shelf life. The filmogenic solutions tested were obtained using 4% zein with addition of different concentrations of cellulose nanofibers and plasticizers. The solutions were applied on apples and pears by immersion. Fruits were evaluated for weight loss, appearance and texture, where it was shown that the optimal concentration was 4% + 0.1% zein cellulose nanofibers + 0.5% oleic acid, as obtained an increase of about 30 days the shelf life of fruit in addition there was better preservation of fruits in natural color and texture compared to other concentrations. For this we use techniques: colorimetry, texturometer and monitoring of mass loss. For characterization of the films were used analysis techniques and contact angle atomic force microscopy, where we also observe that the best result for these two parameters was the movie 4% zein + 0.1% cellulose nanofibers and 0.5% oleic acid, because the films were less hydrophilic and more homogeneous. To evaluate the toxicity of produced film an experiment was conducted with male Wistar rats that were divided into two groups: the first group was fed with feed coated with filmogenic solution, and the second group received a diet without coating. During the experiment they documented the intake of food and water, and collected all excrement. After the experiment various organs were collected for analysis. The results of this experiment indicated that the solution filmogenic showed no toxic effect on the mice. The results of the experiments with the fruit specified the solutions were more efficient for the preservation of fruit quality in the study. / O Brasil é um grande produtor de frutas, porém as perdas relacionadas ao manuseio póscolheita são consideráveis, sendo importante o desenvolvimento de metodologias que as reduzam. Uma técnica que tem sido usada é aplicação de revestimentos comestíveis com o objetivo aumentar o tempo de prateleira do fruto. O presente trabalho avaliou o uso de filmes a base de zeína, proteínas de reserva do milho, com a adição de plastificantes e nanofibras de celulose, para recobrimento de peras e maçãs. As zeína são proteínas hidrofóbicas e podem formar uma barreira contra a perda de umidade e as trocas gasosas, reduzindo assim a taxa de respiração dos frutos e consequentemente aumentando o seu tempo de prateleira. As soluções filmogênicas testadas foram obtidas utilizando-se 4% de zeína com adição de diversas concentrações de nanofibras de celulose e plastificantes. As soluções foram aplicadas sobre peras e maçãs por imersão. As frutas foram avaliadas quanto a perda de massa, aparência e textura. Para isso utilizamos as técnicas de: colorimetria, texturômetro e acompanhamento da perda de massa, onde foi mostrado que a melhor concentração foi a de 4% de zeína + 0,1% de nanofibras de celulose + 0,5% de ácido oleico, pois obtivemos um aumento de cerca de 30 dias no tempo de prateleira das frutas, além disso, houve uma melhor conservação na coloração natural das frutas e na textura em relação as outras concentrações. Para caracterização dos filmes foram utilizadas as técnicas de análise de ângulo de contato e microscopia de força atômica, onde também podemos observar que o melhor resultado para esses dois parâmetros foi o filme de 4% de zeína + 0,1% de nanofibras de celulose e 0,5% de ácido oleico, pois os filmes ficaram menos hidrofílicos e mais homogêneos. Para avaliar a toxicidade do filme produzido foi feito um experimento com ratos machos da linhagem Wistar, divididos em dois grupos, sendo que o primeiro grupo foi alimentado com ração revestida com solução filmogênica, e o segundo grupo recebeu a ração sem revestimento. Durante o experimento foram compilados o consumo de ração e água e coletadas todas as excreções. Após o experimento foram coletados vários órgãos para análise.

Over the last 100 years there has been an increase of greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4 and N2O) in the atmosphere. These gases cause several problems with the climate on Earth, such as increasing problems with extreme weather. One way to decrease the outlet of carbon dioxide is by adsorption and capture of CO2. Biobased aerogels are one way to adsorb CO2. In this project the goal is to increase the CO2 adsorption capacity of a biobased carbon aerogel with zeolite nanoplates. The biobased carbon aerogel is prepared via freeze-casting a suspension made of LignoBoost lignin and (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical)-mediated oxidized cellulose nanofibers, also called TEMPO-cellulose nanofibers (TOCNF). The freeze-casted structure is, after freeze-drying and carbonization, decorated with zeolite nanoplates. To find the optimal decorating method, three different decoration methods were tested. Thesemethods are called “decoration assisted by cationic polymer solution” (DC), “direct decoration” (DD) and “decoration incorporated directly in lignin suspension” (DS). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) together with Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), showed that the highest concentration of zeolite nanoplates in the samples, was achieved by the “decoration incorporated directly in lignin suspension” method. CO2 adsorption capacity test was performed at temperatures of 273.150K, 298.150K and 323.150K. The DS-sample did not perform better than the reference sample at low pressures (10kPa). At higher pressure (100kPa) the DS-sample had the highest adsorption capacity at test temperatures 273.150K and 323.150K.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第24647号 / 工博第5153号 / 新制||工||1984(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科化学工学専攻 / (主査)教授 大嶋 正裕, 教授 佐野 紀彰, 教授 山本 量一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM

Polymeric electrospun nanofiber mats have recently emerged as a promising alternative to conventional wound dressings for non-healing wounds. Its large surface area, porosity and scalability are only a few of the promising characteristics of electrospun nanofibers.  Nanocellulose, separated from biomass, have also proven a suitable reinforcement to these electrospun nanofibers, giving them stability and strength. Lignin has shown to possess antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, that could aid the healing process. In this project, kraft lignin, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical)-mediated oxidised cellulose nanofibers (CNF) has been electrospun into nanofiber mats and their applicability as a wound dressing was investigated. The electrospinning process was evaluated at different ratios of PVA/lignin: CNF, and the obtained nanofiber mats were crosslinked to restrict water solubility. Physical crosslinking was made through a heat treatment and a freeze thawing process. Mechanical properties, swelling capacity and oxygen permeability were evaluated and analysed based on the CNF content of the electrospun solutions, as well as the crosslinking methods used. Results show that the electrospun nanofiber mats where stable in water after a heat treatment at 150 °C and 3 freeze-thawing cycles. These crosslinking methods did not affect the morphology or size of the fibers. However, tensile strength and elastic modulus was improved with it. The addition of 0.1 wt% CNF into the electrospinning solution improved oxygen permeability, mechanical properties, and swelling capacity, which can be attributed to a small fiber diameter and increased crystallinity. However, exceeding that level of CNF deteriorated the same properties because of uneven fibers with beading. This material is showing promising characteristics of a wound dressing, with high oxygen permeability and swelling capacity owing to thin nanofibers and a porous network.

No presente trabalho, suportes tridimensionais (scaffolds) de polímero reforçado foram gerados por meio da técnica aditiva por extrusão utilizando duas estratégias de deposição e, posteriormente, foram avaliados morfologicamente, mecanicamente e por meio de ensaios in vitro. Como matriz polimérica do compósito utilizou-se a poli(ε-caprolactona) e como reforço, o Biovidro® 45S5. De forma a melhorar a interação interfacial entre a matriz polimérica e a cerâmica, avaliou-se a incorporação de nanofibra de celulose ao biovidro. Os scaffolds foram fabricados seguindo dois métodos diferentes. O primeiro consistiu no pré-processamento do material em extrusora monorrosca, seguida de extrusão direta na impressora 3D experimental Fab@CTI. O segundo consistiu em um único processo de extrusão diretamente no cabeçote de extrusão. A caracterização química do biovidro por espectroscopia de fluorescência de raios-x mostrou eficiência na preparação da biocerâmica e a caracterização da distribuição do tamanho de partícula por espalhamento de luz dinâmica mostrou a obtenção de partículas submicrométricas. Os scaffolds foram caracterizados morfologicamente pela técnica de microscopia eletrônica de varredura, e, pôde-se notar a eficiência na fabricação de geometrias com arquitetura 00/900 e tamanho de poros adequado para a aplicação na engenharia tecidual. Os ensaios mecânicos de compressão evidenciaram melhoras na rigidez com o aumento do teor de biovidro, no caso dos materiais pré-processados por extrusão, além da influência da nanofibra de celulose na melhoria das propriedades mecânicas. Os ensaios biológicos in vitro mostraram que os scaffolds suportam proliferação celular e que o biovidro é responsável pela maior deposição de sais de cálcio extracelular, facilitando a interação do material sintetizado com o tecido ósseo. / In the present work, scaffolds of reinforced polymer were generated by means of the extrusion additive technique using two strategies of deposition and, later, were evaluated morphologically, mechanically and by means of in vitro tests. Poly (ε-caprolactone) was used as the polymer matrix of the composite and as a booster, Bioglass® 45S5. In order to improve the interfacial interaction between the polymer matrix and the ceramic, the incorporation of cellulose nanofiber to the bioglass was evaluated. The scaffolds were manufactured following two different methods. The first consisted of the pre-processing of the extruded extruder material followed by direct extrusion into the experimental Fab@CTI 3D printer. The second consisted of a single extrusion process directly on the extrusion head. The chemical characterization of the bioglass by x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy showed efficiency in the preparation of the bioceramics and the characterization of the particle size distribution by dynamic light scattering showed the submicrometric particles. The scaffolds were characterized morphologically by the scanning electron microscopy technique, and it was noted the efficiency in the manufacture of geometries with architecture 00/900 and pore size suitable for application in tissue engineering. The mechanical compression tests showed improvements in stiffness with increasing bioglass content in the case of pre-processed materials by extrusion, as well as the influence of cellulose nanofiber in improving mechanical properties. Biological assays have shown that scaffolds support cell proliferation and that bioglass is responsible for the increased deposition of extracellular calcium salts, facilitating the interaction of the synthesized material with the bone tissue.

No presente trabalho, suportes tridimensionais (scaffolds) de polímero reforçado foram gerados por meio da técnica aditiva por extrusão utilizando duas estratégias de deposição e, posteriormente, foram avaliados morfologicamente, mecanicamente e por meio de ensaios in vitro. Como matriz polimérica do compósito utilizou-se a poli(ε-caprolactona) e como reforço, o Biovidro® 45S5. De forma a melhorar a interação interfacial entre a matriz polimérica e a cerâmica, avaliou-se a incorporação de nanofibra de celulose ao biovidro. Os scaffolds foram fabricados seguindo dois métodos diferentes. O primeiro consistiu no pré-processamento do material em extrusora monorrosca, seguida de extrusão direta na impressora 3D experimental Fab@CTI. O segundo consistiu em um único processo de extrusão diretamente no cabeçote de extrusão. A caracterização química do biovidro por espectroscopia de fluorescência de raios-x mostrou eficiência na preparação da biocerâmica e a caracterização da distribuição do tamanho de partícula por espalhamento de luz dinâmica mostrou a obtenção de partículas submicrométricas. Os scaffolds foram caracterizados morfologicamente pela técnica de microscopia eletrônica de varredura, e, pôde-se notar a eficiência na fabricação de geometrias com arquitetura 00/900 e tamanho de poros adequado para a aplicação na engenharia tecidual. Os ensaios mecânicos de compressão evidenciaram melhoras na rigidez com o aumento do teor de biovidro, no caso dos materiais pré-processados por extrusão, além da influência da nanofibra de celulose na melhoria das propriedades mecânicas. Os ensaios biológicos in vitro mostraram que os scaffolds suportam proliferação celular e que o biovidro é responsável pela maior deposição de sais de cálcio extracelular, facilitando a interação do material sintetizado com o tecido ósseo. / In the present work, scaffolds of reinforced polymer were generated by means of the extrusion additive technique using two strategies of deposition and, later, were evaluated morphologically, mechanically and by means of in vitro tests. Poly (ε-caprolactone) was used as the polymer matrix of the composite and as a booster, Bioglass® 45S5. In order to improve the interfacial interaction between the polymer matrix and the ceramic, the incorporation of cellulose nanofiber to the bioglass was evaluated. The scaffolds were manufactured following two different methods. The first consisted of the pre-processing of the extruded extruder material followed by direct extrusion into the experimental Fab@CTI 3D printer. The second consisted of a single extrusion process directly on the extrusion head. The chemical characterization of the bioglass by x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy showed efficiency in the preparation of the bioceramics and the characterization of the particle size distribution by dynamic light scattering showed the submicrometric particles. The scaffolds were characterized morphologically by the scanning electron microscopy technique, and it was noted the efficiency in the manufacture of geometries with architecture 00/900 and pore size suitable for application in tissue engineering. The mechanical compression tests showed improvements in stiffness with increasing bioglass content in the case of pre-processed materials by extrusion, as well as the influence of cellulose nanofiber in improving mechanical properties. Biological assays have shown that scaffolds support cell proliferation and that bioglass is responsible for the increased deposition of extracellular calcium salts, facilitating the interaction of the synthesized material with the bone tissue.

A celulose é o principal polímero derivado de fonte renovável de uso industrial tanto em termos de volume como em número de aplicações. A celulose é comercializada na forma de polpa, que se trata de uma commodity cuja principal aplicação é a indústria de papel e de derivados de celulose, tais como os seus éteres e ésteres. Com o advento das nanoceluloses, que podem ser obtidas diretamente da polpa química, se observa um expressivo aumento no interesse por esses materiais. A modificação superficial tanto das fibras (polpa) como das microfibrilas é de grande interesse, pois podem permitir a ampliação do uso desses materiais uma vez que suas propriedades poderiam ser modificadas. O desenvolvimento de métodos de modificação em meio aquoso da celulose em suspensão é de grande interesse em especial se realizado com o uso de agentes sustentáveis em contexto de química verde. Este trabalho visou a modificação da polpa de celulose por duas vias: química e física, realizadas inteiramente em meio aquoso e utilizando materiais de caráter renováveis. A modificação física da fibra de celulose \"never-dried\" foi feita pelo método de auto-montagem (Layer-by-Layer) com o par de polieletrólito quitosana / carboximetilcelulose (CH / CMC) em meio aquoso. Fibras modificadas foram submetidas à analise morfológica (MEV e microscopia confocal no método de absorção de dois fótons e EDS), propriedade mecânica (módulo elástico e limite de resistência à tração) e potencial zeta. O complexo CH / CMC depositado sobre as fibras apresentou uma espessura de aproximadamente 50 nm por camada e um aumento de aproximadamente 170% no limite de resistência a tração das folhas produzidos a partir das fibras, demonstrando uma forte interação fibra/polieletrólitos. Através da técnica de absorção de dois fótons foi possível identificar a deposição das camadas fora e dentro das fibras sem o uso de cromóforo. A modificação química da nanofibra de celulose foi feita pela enxertia de grupamentos furânicos na superfície da fibra, oxidada. Em seguida de uma reação com uma bismaleimida através da reação de \"click\" de Diels-Alder em meio aquoso. Os géis foram caracterizados por meio da técnica de calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC) e viscosimetria, com os quais pode-se verificar o efeito da termorreversibilidade uma vez que a 65°C ocorre gelificação do sistema e 95°C ocorre reversão do gel como resultado das reações DA e retro Diels-Alder. As modificações das fibras e nanofibras de celulose em meio aquoso foram bem-sucedidas, o que pode impulsionar o uso da polpa de celulose em novas aplicações originais como artefatos de papel fortes e géis biocompatíveis, visando a estratégia green chemistry. / Cellulose is the main polymer derived from renewable sources of industrial use, in terms of volume and number of applications. Cellulose is marketed in the pulp form, which is a commodity whose main application is the paper industry and derived from pulp, such as its ethers and esters. The advent of nanocelluloses, which can be obtained directly from the chemical pulp, there is an expressive increase in these materials. The superficial modification in fibers (pulp) and microfibrils is great interest, since they can allow the amplification of the use of these materials since their properties could be modified. The development of methods for modification of cellulose in aqueous suspension is of particular interest especially if carried out with sustainable agents in the context of green chemistry. This work aimed at the modification of the cellulose pulp by two routes: chemistry and physics, performed entirely in aqueous medium and using renewable character materials. The physical modification of the \"never-dried\" cellulose fiber was done by the self-assembly method (Layer-by-Layer) with the polyelectrolyte pair chitosan / carboxymethylcellulose (CH / CMC) in aqueous medium. Modified fibers were subjected to morphological analysis (SEM and confocal microscopy in two-photon absorption technique and EDS), mechanical properties (elastic modulus and tensile strength) and zeta potential. The CH / CMC complex deposited under the fibers had a thickness of approximately 50 nm per layer and an increase of approximately 170% in the tensile strength of the sheets in compare of unmodified fibers sheets, showing a strong interaction between fiber and polyelectrolyte. Through the technique of two-photon adsorption, it was possible to identify the layers deposition outside and inside the fibers without the use of chromophore. The chemical modification of the cellulose nanofiber was made by the grafting of furanic groups on the surface of the oxidized fiber. Following by reaction with a bismaleimide through the \"click\" reaction of Diels-Alder in aqueous medium. The thermoreversible hydrogels were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and viscosimetry, which the effect of thermoreversibility can be verified at 65 °C when the gelation of the system occurs and 95 °C gel reversion occurs because of DA and retro Diels-Alder reactions. Modifications of cellulose fibers and nanofibers in aqueous media have been successful, which may increase the use of cellulose pulp in novel applications such as strong paper artifacts and biocompatible gels, targeting the green chemistry strategy.

There is growing demand for a more efficient use of polymers that originate from renewable feedstocks due to the depleting supply of fossil fuels, based on economic and environmental reasons. As a result, lignin has attracted renewed interest as a resource for various bioproducts. Lignin is a natural biopolymer with a high carbon content and is composed of aromatic moieties, with a high level of polar functionalities. This makes it a unique precursor for certain high-value applications, such as in biofuels, bioplastics, composite materials, carbon fibers and activated carbons and as a source of phenolic monomers and fine chemicals. Industrial lignins are formed as byproducts of pulping processes (such as kraft, sulfite or alkaline pulping) or result from the biorefining process, where carbohydrates are used for sugar production. Lignin’s intrinsic structure is significantly modified during the processing of lignocellulose, resulting in the formation of more diverse, condensed and less reactive raw materials. Since molecular mass and polydispersity are the most important parameters affecting the chemical reactivity and thermal properties of lignin, additional process steps to improve the quality of crude technical lignins, including kraft lignin, are needed. Solvent extraction is a potentially useful technique for further improving the polydispersity of technical lignins. This work summarizes the impact of solvent fractionation on the chemical structure, antioxidant activity, heating value, and thermal and sorption properties of industrial hardwood and softwood kraft lignins. The purpose was to understand the correlation between certain structural features in the lignin fractions and their properties to select the appropriate solvent combinations for specific applications of lignin raw materials. Four common industrial solvents, namely, ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol and acetone, in various combinations were used to separate both spruce and eucalyptus kraft lignins into fractions with lower polydispersities. Gel-permeation chromatography analysis was used to evaluate the efficiency of the chosen solvent combination for lignin fractionation. The composition and structure of the lignin material were characterized by elemental analysis, analytical pyrolysis (Py-GC/MS/FID) and 31P NMR spectroscopy. The thermal properties of the lignin samples were studied by thermogravimetric analysis. Proximate analysis data (ash, volatile components, organic matter and fixed carbon) were obtained through the direct measurement of weight changes during the analysis, while the high heating values (in MJ/kg) were calculated according to equations suggested in the literature. The sorption properties of fractionated kraft lignins were studied with respect to methylene blue dye. Additionally, lignin fractions with different molecular weights (and therefore various chemical structures) that were isolated from both softwood and hardwood kraft lignins were incorporated into a tunicate cellulose nanofiber (CNF)-starch mixture to prepare 100% bio-based composite films. The aim was to investigate the correlation between lignin diversity and film performance. The transmittance, density and thermal properties of the films were investigated, as were their mechanical properties, including the tensile stress and Young’s modulus. This part of the study addressed the importance of lignin diversity on composite film performance, which could be helpful for tailoring lignin applications in bio-based composite materials based on the material’s specific requirements.