<p>Background: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease that mainly strikes young people in working age, twice as many women than men falls ill. Approximately 85 % suffers from MS-related fatigue that divides itself from common fatigue in that way that it is persistent and does not disappear in spite of sleep. This fatigue is experienced of many as one of the most difficult symptoms, which has considerable impact on the everyday life. Aim: The aim with the study was to elucidate how MS-related fatigue was experienced by persons with MS. Method: The study has been implemented as a literature study through systematic review of scientific articles. Content analysis was used in order to reach the result. Results: The analysis resulted in ten subcategories and three main categories. Main categories were; Feelings that lead to frustration, fatigue – a constant present feeling, and a feeling of being able to master ones’ existence. The different experiences had a considerable influence on the person with MS and the latter’s relation to family, working life and leisure hours. Conclusion: Since MS-related fatigue has a significant effect on the person with the diagnosis, it is important that more studies within the area is done, in order to increase the understanding and the knowledge, so that as good nursing as possible can be formulated on the basis of the needs of the person with MS.</p>

<p>BACKGROUND: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a slow progressive disease affecting the family caregivers by limiting their lifestyle. Subsequently the situation can be experienced as stressful for both the afflicted and the relatives. To easier understand the needs of the caregivers of family members suffering from COPD have, it is important to get an insight into their experience of every-day life, so that medical staff can help, support and promote their health according to their needs. AIM: To illustrate caregivers’ experiences of living with a family member suffering from Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. METHOD: A general literary study where scientific articles were searched for through electronic databases and through manual searches. Seven articles were included and analyzed through content analysis. RESULT: Family caregivers experienced social isolation, a shift in roles, heavy work load without possibility of relief, and constant worry for their sick family member. They also lacked information and support from the nursing staff. CONCLUSION: Family caregivers of family members suffering from COPD need help and support in order not to develop stress related diseases caused by not being able to cope with the situation. By creating comprehensibility, manageability, and meaningfulness the nurse can help the family caregiver to cope with their situation and prevent ill-health.</p>

<p>Background: Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 is increasing among children on large parts of the world. The disease strikes not only the child but affects the whole family. The parents are those who are responsible for the child’s treatment and well being. Purpose: The purpose of the literature review was to describe how parents to children with Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 experience and handle the situation around the child’s disease. Method: A literature review has been done using scientific articles. The articles were reviewed and analysed and five themes emerged. Result: Many parents experienced a constant fear for hypoglycaemia witch resulted in psychic stress. The result showed that the younger the child was when diagnosed the more stressed and worried the parents were. Precise and satisfactory information about the child’s disease was appreciated by the parents and made the coping with the disease easier. Conclusion: It is important that the nurse find out about the parents experiences and coping strategies in order to be able to give them a good care. In this way the nurse can try to support the parents and give them essential information about the disease so the parents can give confidence to the sick child. </p>

<p>Background: When a child is diagnosed with food allergy with risk of anaphylaxis, it affects the whole family. The child must learn to live with a chronicle disease and learn the importance of avoiding the specific allergens that may cause a life-threatening condition. The parents must adapt to a way of life with limitations in the everyday life as well as a constant concern for the child. They must learn to handle an auto-injector and to recognize symptoms of a coming anaphylaxis. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe parent’s experiences of living with children who has foodallergy with special focus on anaphylaxis. Method: This was a literature review, based on twelve scientific articles, both qualitative and quantitative. The results from the articles were analysed with content analysis. Results: The analysis resulted in four central categories: experience of information and knowledge, consequences of inadequate information, experience of limitations and anxiety in the family’s daily life and strategies for handling of anxiety in the daily life. Conclusion: Parents to children with allergy with risk of anaphylaxis need information, knowledge and support about the child’s care in order to handle restrictions and anxiety in the daily life.</p>

<p>Bakgrund: Förstoppning är ett av de vanligaste symtomen från mag- och tarmkanalen och att drabbas av förstoppning kan vara en hemsk upplevelse. Tillståndet påverkar personen både fysiskt, mental, socialt och existentiellt, vilket leder till försämrad livskvalité. Syfte: Att beskriva vilka icke-farmakologiska åtgärder som finns för att förebygga förstoppning hos äldre personer över 65 år. Metod: Studien genomfördes som en allmän litteraturstudie där vetenskapliga artiklar söktes i databaser på Internet och manuellt i referenslistor. Åtta vetenskapliga artiklar inkluderades i studien och dessa analyserades och utformades till ett resultat. Resultat: Olika metoder som ökade fiberinnehållet i kosten kunde öka avföringsfrekvensen och minska användningen av laxermedel. Den metod som var mest effektiv för att förebygga förstoppning var Pajalagröten som innehöll mycket frukt och fiber. Ett adekvat vätskeintag kunde också öka avföringsfrekvensen och minska användningen av laxermedel. Att dricka minst 1500 ml per dygn visade sig vara en adekvat mängd vätska för att förebygga förstoppning. Regelbunden motion påverkade inte avföringsfrekvensen, men för att få starkare bevis för att motion inte kan förebygga förstoppning behöver fler studier göras. Slutsats: Att äta Pajalagröt till frukost och dricka minst 1500 ml per dygn kan förebygga förstoppning hos äldre personer över 65 år.</p><p>Background: Constipation is one of the most common symptom from the intestines and to suffer from constipation can be a horrible experience. The condition affects the person both physical, mental, social and existential, which lead to deteriorated quality of life. Aim: To describe which non-pharmacological measures there is to prevent constipation for older people over 65 years. Method: The study was carried out as a literature review and scientific articles were searched for in databases on the Internet and manual in the articles references. Eight scientific articles was included in the study and these were analysed and designed as a result. Results: Different methods that increased the fibre contents in the diet could increase the frequency of faeces and decrease the use of laxatives. The most effective method to prevent constipation was the Pajala porridge who contents a lot of fruit and fibre. An adequate fluid intake could also increase the frequency of faeces and decrease the use of laxatives. To drink at least 1500 ml each day showed to be an adequate amount of fluid to prevent constipation. Regular exercise didn’t affect the frequency of faeces, but to get stronger evidence that exercise doesn’t prevent constipation more studies need to be done. Conclusion: To eat Pajala porridge for breakfast and to drink at least 1500 ml each day can prevent constipation for older people over 65 years.</p>

<p>Bröstcancer är en vanlig cancerform i Sverige idag. Vid en operation där en borttagning av en brösttumör är nödvändig kan en kvinna tvingas ta bort ett bröst eller i sällsynta fall båda. Varje förändring i kroppen medför en förändring av människors tillgång till livet. En kvinna som tvingas genomgå en bröstoperation kan ha mycket att anpassa sig till i sin förändrade situation, kroppsligt, emotionellt och socialt. Syftet med studien var att belysa bröstcancerdrabbade kvinnors anpassning till sin livssituation efter att ha tagit bort ett eller båda brösten.</p><p>Åtta vetenskapliga artiklar har använts till studien. Resultatet presenteras i två huvudteman: Vad bröstopererade kvinnor som tagit bort ett eller båda brösten behöver anpassa sig till och Hur bröstopererade kvinnor som opererat bort ett eller båda brösten anpassar sig till sin situation. Det kan vara viktigt att sjuksköterskor har vetskap om på vilket sätt kvinnor som opererat bort bröst anpassar sig till sin livssituation då sjuksköterskor kan hjälpa och från början erbjuda redskap så de kan handskas med sin situation.</p>

<p>Having an ileostomy can affect the quality of life. Quality of life is defined by Siri Naess as being active, relating well to others, having self-esteem and having a basic mood of happiness. The nurse’s task is to focus on the stoma care and work in a holistic way. The aim of the study was to describe how adults with permanent ileostomy experience their quality of life. A literature review was carried out and was built on the results of nine scientific articles which were found in databases and by manual search. The articles were judged for quality and an article overview was made. The result of the study showed that as a whole, persons living with ileostomy experienced good quality of life. Persons with ileostomy experienced that the sexual life was most affected. To make the sexual life and questions about it less taboo the nurse needs to discuss this subject as a natural part in the conversation with the patient. By knowledge and experience the nurse can provide support and advice and create a secure relationship to the person with ileostomy.</p>

<p>Bakgrund: Fibromyalgi är en kronisk sjukdom med ständig värk och/eller ömhetskänsla i kroppen och onormal trötthet eller kraftlöshet. Det finns ingen behandling för sjukdomen utan endast lindring av symtom. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva kvinnors upplevelser av att leva med fibromyalgi. Metod: En allmän litteraturstudie med systematisk sökning har genomförts. De studier som framkom har analyserats med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Kvinnorna upplevde att smärta och trötthet var de symtom som medförde begränsningar, som svårigheter att utföra hushållssysslor och att inte kunna delta i familjens aktiviteter. Kvinnorna upplevde att de inte blev förstådda och trodda, innan de fått en diagnos. Diagnosen gjorde det lättare för kvinnorna att förklara sjukdomen för andra. Slutsats: Det behövs mer forskning om fibromyalgi för att mer kunskap ska spridas om sjukdomen. Ytterligare kunskap kan öka förståelsen för dem som drabbas och minska fördomarna. </p>

<p>Background: Nursing staff use touch on a daily basis, often without reflecting over it. It is not only the touch itself that emerges, everyday nursing staff get involved in the meeting with patients. The use of touch can be divided in to different kinds of touch, due to its purpose these are instrumental- and expressive touch. Purpose: The purpose with the study was to illustrate what physical touch means for the meeting between patient and caregiver. Method: A literature review has been done, based on ten scientific articles and by these four domains emerged. Result: Four domains emerged why touch is given, how touch is given, where touch is given and its effects and how touch effects the meeting. Touch was given in the purpose of helping and calming the patients. It was described on which part of the body that was acceptable to touch and not acceptable. Studies also showed a difference between male and female staff giving touch to female respective male patients. Conclusion: It is important as nursing staff to have a good intention and a good will when they are about to touch a patient. The patient is often in a weak position. Therefore it is important that the nursing staff observe and listen to the patient so the meeting and the touch can be as good as possible.</p>

<p>Background: When children are admitted to the hospital most of them experience a new and unknown world. The staff’s most important task is to reach out to the child in the best way possible. To give good nursing, knowledge has to be gathered of how the child thinks, feels and what the child wants. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe children’s experience of hospitalization on the basis of the four nursing concepts person, health, environment and nursing. Method: The study is based on a systematic literature review. Eleven articles were included in the study. A content analysis was made with a deductive method were the result was categorised into the four main categories on the basis of Travelbees nursing theory. Findings: The presence of parents, fears and anxiety in the child, the importance of the physical environment and the staff’s way of treating the child were all important factors that emerged in the findings, based on the theory. Conclusion: Children must be invited to dialogue and to the teamwork with the healthcare personnel after their own ability and development. It is important to listen to what the individual child wants. To care for patients after the four nursing concepts covers the emotional and physical needs that the patient has.</p>