<p>Bakgrund: Kronisk smärta är vanligt hos vuxna i Sverige och besvären ökar med stigande ålder. I Sverige beräknas de samhällsekonomiska kostnaderna för kronisk smärta till cirka 87,5 miljarder kronor år 2003. Syfte: Att belysa upplevelser av att leva med kronisk smärta. Metod: En allmän litteraturstudie med systematisk artikelsökning samt innehållsanalys av artiklarna. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i fyra kategorier: Upplevelser av förändrad självkänsla, Begränsningar i det dagliga livet, Hantering av den kroniska smärtan samt Framtidssyn. Slutsats: Personer med kronisk smärta blev ofta misstrodda, missförstådda och isolerade eftersom kronisk smärta är ett problem som inte syns. Därför är det viktigt att öka kunskapen och förståelsen för personer med kronisk smärta för att underlätta deras lidande.</p>

<p>Att vara vacker och smal är ett modernt skönhetsideal. Massmedia har kommit att spela en grundläggande roll i det moderna samhället. Ständigt påminns individen om idealet via bilder av vackra och smala människor. Begreppet självbild är omfattande, och en människas självbild är sammansatt av många faktorer såsom vissa individuella drag i utseendet, särskilda karaktärsegenskaper och tidiga livserfarenheter. Barns arbete med att hitta sig själva i tillvaron börjar så fort de fötts. Under tonåren är individen särskilt sårbar, eftersom det är under den här perioden som individen söker sin identitet. Syftet med studien var att studera om påverkan från massmedia samt motionsvanor relaterar till ungdomars självbild avseende den egna kroppen. Vi valde att genomföra en enkätstudie bland elever i årskurs 1 på gymnasiet, där 126 elever besvarade enkäten. Ett häpnadsväckande resultat var att de som tittade mer på TV var mer nöjda med sitt liv i olika avseenden. Resultatet i den här studien visade även att det inte fanns lika stor relation mellan påverkan från massmedia och respondenternas självbild som tidigare studier har visat. En tänkbar anledning till det här resultatet kan vara att majoriteten av respondenterna bestod av pojkar medan mycket av tidigare forskning är gjord på flickor. Slutsatsen av den här studien är att det behövs mer forskning på pojkars självbild kopplat till massmedias påverkan samt att skolan är en viktig arena att arbeta för att stärka individens kritiska tänkande kring massmedias budskap. </p>

<p>The aim of this study was to investigate patients’ experiences of pain during dental hygienist treatment and scaling. The study is based on a questionnaire and includes 129 patients, from four dental clinics in Skåne, Sweden. The questionnaire consisted of ten questions with a Visual Analogue Scale as a main question. Questions about age, gender and dental anxiety were also included. The mean of VAS was overall 2.2. Among the questions about what kind of scaling instrument that causes most pain, the results were ambiguous. If only one kind of instrument was used, the handinstrument was most painful. If both instruments were used, the ultrasonic scaler proved to be more painful than the hand instrument. The results of this study show that women experienced a higher level of pain than men, but there were no statistical significant difference. The reason to why the patients experienced more pain from the ultrasonic scaler, when both ultrasonic scaler and handinstrument were used, could be that the patients had the opportunity to compare the different instruments. Another reason to the higher level of pain could be the discomfort of sound and water from the ultrasonic scaler. The conclusion of this study is that a visit to a dental hygienist, including scaling, is not very painful, independent of instrument being used and whether you experience dental anxiety or not. </p>

<p>Background/Literature: Workplace environment has a significant influence on the livelihood of many in today’s world. In Sweden one million employees feel the effects of ill-health due to a dissatisfactory workplace environment. Consequently there has been a recent focus on the promotion of health in the workplace with an emphasis on physical activities. However scientific research has shown that psychological and social aspects need to be addressed in addition to the physical aspects. A new perspective within the health sector is emerging; Salutogenics, whereby the determinants that promote health are observed (health factors) rather than determinates of ill-health. One theme in Salutogenics is participation; and its significance as a health factor. Aim: Increase comprehension of participation as a health factor. Method: Qualitative research interviews were prepared. A structured interview guide was used as a foundation for the interviews. Result: Different determinants were revealed on how participation can promote health in the workplace. Relationships and communication were the most overall meaningful health factors. Organisation, leadership and workgroups were further contributing health factors in promoting healthy workplace environments. Discussion: Occupational health is related to the employee’s opportunity to participate in shaping their workplace environment and functional relationships. The conclusion takes focus on the future development of psychological and social aspects, and their respective health factors.</p>

<p>Background: Daily news reports of school violence, bullying and harassment are common. The school has developed into an arena which has been exposed into a growing unhealthyness. Paradoxically, financial resources decreases while demands on school staff increases. How does school staff and personal cope with these demands? Aim: We sought to study sense of coherence among school employees in two schools; a comparison between one health promotional school and one school in the process of working with health promotion. We also studied the Sense of Coherence through questions about Health, Dialogue, Participation, Evaluation, Information and Meaningfulness. Method and material: We conducted a survey with 93 participants from the two schools in order to compare employees’ the Sense of Coherence and their work situation. Result: Results show similar results and the Sense of Coherence seems to be prevalent in the work situation on both schools. </p><p>Conclusion: The most important in health promotion is not that the school is connected to the concept health promotional school. It is more important to invest in a better health for everyone who has school as a workplace. The school is an excellent arena to unite public health with the already existing knowledge of aspects of learning. </p>

<p>Year 2004 nearly 1000 new cases of oral cancer were diagnosed in Sweden. An early discovery increases the chances for survival remarkably. The dental profession has an important role in detecting oral cancer. Considering that dental hygienists probably will have a greater responsibility in the future when it comes to examinations, knowledge of oral cancer will be important for this profession.</p><p> The aim of this study was to examine the dental hygienists knowledge of Oral Cancer in the county of Blekinge, Kalmar and Kronoberg, as well as their experiences in detecting oral cancer. </p><p> Questionnaires were sent out to 137 dental hygienists in South-eastern Sweden, out of which 80 responded. The questionnaire consisted of 22 questions concerning their knowledge in regards to for example riskfactors, symptoms, localisations as well as questions about education in oral cancer. Data was processed in SPSS (Statistical Package of Social Sciences), and is shown in descriptive statistic. </p><p> The result showed that the dental hygienists had good knowledge in regards to symptoms and localisation of oral cancer as well as the side effects of the treatment. However their knowledge about riskfactors that may lead to oral cancer were generally bad. Of the respondents 49 % had detected or suspected oral cancer. Almost all of the dental hygienists who were asked would like more education on the subject, both theoretical and clinical.</p><p> This study indicates that the dentalhygienist role is changing, and therefore more education is needed on this subject.</p>

<p>The aim of the study was to examine plaqueindex, gingivalindex and oral hygiene measure among patients between 20-26 years of age, who were treated at the Dental Hygienist Programme at the University of Kristianstad. The study was performed as a dental record. All 126 subjects with records in this age were including in the study. Sixteen records (13 %) were excluded because the criteria were not fulfilled. Plauqeindex, gingivalindex and oral hygiene measures were registered from 110 records. In 55 of 110 patients at least two plaqueindex were taken during the treatment period. The result shows that the value for gingivalindex was 24 % (range 0-89 %), the value for the first plaqueindex (PI 1) was 56 % (range 15-100 %) and the last plaqueindex (PI 2) in the treatment was 53 % (range 11-100 %). Eighty five percent had got some kind of oral hygiene instruction. The most usually oral hygiene measure was instruction by toothbrush (60 %). The least usually measure was instruction in toothpick (n = 1). The conclusion was that the patients had a high plaqueindex, both at the first and least occasion. The recommendations at own care were fairly low despite the high plaqueindex.</p><p> </p>

<p>The aim of this study was to examine the differences in experience of the dental hygienist education between newly examined dental hygienists born abroad and born in Sweden. A quantitative study was performed. </p><p>The questionnaire was sent out to all dental hygienist (n=162) examined in Sweden 2006, except newly examined dental hygienists in Karlstad University which is a distance education. The number who answered after the reminder was 102 respondents, 24 born abroad and 78 born in Sweden. The questionnaire contained 20 open and closed questions. </p><p> The result of this study showed that there was no significant difference between respective groups concerning the experiences of the dental hygienist education. The majority answered that the teachers were accommodating and that a good solidarity existed between the classmates. The respondents stated that the communications between the teachers and classmates were positive. Most of the respondents in respective group find that the education fulfilled there expectations. </p><p> The conclusion of this study was that the majority of the newly examined dental hygienists 2006 had a positive vision about the dental hygienist education.</p>

<p>Preventive measurements as well as clinical caries diagnostics are vital to retain a good dental health in the population. In order for optimal caries diagnostics radiographs are used. There is a great intra- and intervariation regarding cariesprogression. A large number of tools for cariesprevention at home or in the clinic are today used. The aim of this journal study was to compare the progression of carieslesions in the approximal area, diagnosed on radiographs, and preventive measures used to reduce cariesprogression between two examine dates on two dental clinics. The study included 60 patients aged 23-30 with a treatment interval of 12-18 months at respective clinic. Results show that there at baseline were fewer approximal carieslesions at the Studerandekliniken than at Näsby FTV. Progression on one or more surfaces where found for 67 % of the individuals at Studerandekliniken compared with 90 % at Näsby FTV. Only a few individuals showed progression on ≥10 surfaces. Several individuals get more than one preventive measure against caries. Professional cleaning was the preventive action most often performed on both clinics. To conclude although the variations in given prevention seen between the two clinics, it is believed that all kinds of prevention may be positive in order to prevent cariesprogression.</p>

<p>Non-attendance and cancellations within dental care is a problem resulting in both financial and time consuming losses. The purpose of this questionnaire was to investigate different factors influencing non-attendance and cancellations. Six public and private dental clinics located in Skåne participated. Information about the clinics and patient-related factors were collected. Result: Totally 182 patients cancelling or not attending their appointment were registered. Cancellation the day before an appointment was most common. Private practices had the highest number of failed attendances and cancellations, of which a higher number of cancellations were seen the last day prior to the appointment. Patients 30-65 years old showed the highest number of cancellations/non-attendance. Men were more likely to fail an appointment, and women cancelled more often. Patients who live far from the clinic were more likely to cancel or fail their appointment. Examination was the kind of dental treatment that patients cancelled and failed to attend most often. Discussion: This study focus on some factors which may influence non-attendance and cancellations within dental care. It is however important to keep in mind that cancellation up to the day prior to appointment is legitimate since the clinic then can book another patient.</p>