<p>The purpose of this research was to find how supervisors in the care of elderly experience their leadership in everyday work and their view on the factors which are important for their leadership. In the research a qualitative method has been used to do interviews with six supervisors and to do analysis of material. By the help of literature studies, I explained leadership. Result of the study indicate that leadership concerned supervisor should prepared to do the right thing in every situation and to find best solution of different situation that come up on the work. The way to do all this is important to create leadership. Supervisors have the same capacity as creativity and flexibility which seem to be demand in this work. They find stimulation and high satisfaction in the leadership.</p>

<p>Asthma is the most common chronic illness in children. Re-admissions to hospital are common and asthma has a significant impact on children and their families. The purpose of this study was to describe the outcome of the nurses’ information and education handed to the family. The result of this literature study was based on 14 scientific articles which evaluated the families’ knowledge and the illness’ impact on daily life after different ways of asthma information and education. The result of this study showed that self-management education and repeated information reduced emergency department visits, hospitalizations and costs related to pediatric asthma care. Information and education helped the family to feel secure enough to handle the disease at home, which led the family towards a more stable and predictable lifestyle.</p>

<p>Background: For an individual a surgery may involve strains and risks. Many patients experience a loss of its own identity and often an inability to control the situation while going through a surgical operation. Fear of pain or to not wake up from the anesthetic or that the surgery will fail are worrying factors that some people experiences. Purpose: The purpose was to describe patients’ perceptions of preoperative information in connection to elective surgeries. Method: The literature review was based on 13 scientific articles within the area. The research was performed in the databases ELIN, Medline and Cinahl as well as manually. The results were presented according to the Antonovskys model; ability to comprehend, manage and meaningfulness. Result: Majority of patients wished to receive oral as well as written information. The patients wanted information about the disease, surgery, anaesthetics and what complications the surgery may cause. The information brought forth experience of having knowledge. Knowledge gave the patients a view of the situation and therefore the experience of having some control, something that created feelings of safety and hope. A few patients didn´t want any preoperative information. Conclusion: Preoperative information may reduce anxiety and give understanding of what is to happen. It is important that the information is adapted to the individual needs of the patient. </p>

<p>Studies in Sweden have shown that the districtnurses had no time for health promotion. The Swedish government also indicate that there is a lack of health promotion and preventive care in Sweden. </p><p>The purpose of this study was to describe into which extent the districtnurses in the middle and southwest area of Region Skåne worked with preventive care in their profession and into which extent they documented their achievement. </p><p>The inquiry was answered by 45 districtnurses about background, present situation, preventive care, secondary prevention, tertiary prevention, health promotion and documentation. </p><p>Results of this study shows that the districtnurses worked mostly with tertiary prevention. Tertiary prevention was followed by primary prevention. All the 45 districtnurses felt competitions of giving advices for directions of preventive care. Seven districtnurses did not document their preventive care.</p>

<p>Background: Living with stroke not only means coping with physical limitations, but a stroke also leads to other losses, which in various ways may change an individual’s life. A nurse can play a significant role in regards to consequences in the ordinary day of life for patients with stroke. Aim: The aim of this literature study was to describe patients’ experiences living with stroke. Method: A literature study was conducted through a search of articles in Medline. Results: The result was presented through three main headings; how the patient’s daily life has been affected, how the patient’s relations towards others has been affected and how the patient’s thoughts on life and the future has been affected. Conclusions: Living with stroke affects the individual in various ways. What in particular became evident were the consequences of the losses in the daily life and the importance of compensating these losses. We can conclude that a nurse can play a central role in this process, by trying to understand the patient’s experiences and by finding ways of encouraging the patient to, himself, play a more active role in his present situation.</p>

<p>Bakgrund: Bröstcancer är den dominerande cancersjukdomen bland kvinnor i Sverige. Närstående påverkas nästan lika mycket som de drabbade kvinnorna och behöver olika former av stöd. Syfte: Att beskriva behoven av stöd hos närstående till kvinnor som har drabbats av bröstcancer. Metod: Studien genomfördes som en systematisk litteraturstudie där vetenskapliga artiklar söktes genom databaser på Intenet och manuellt. Studien inkluderade 16 vetenskapliga artiklar som analyserades och utformades till studiens resultat. Resultat: Det framkom att behovet av informativt och känslomässigt stöd kunde kopplas till närståendes olika åldrar och kön. Vuxna närstående uppgav sig behöva olika former av informativt stöd medan barn och ungdomar behövde känslomässigt stöd. Det fanns också en klar skillnad mellan män och kvinnors behov av stöd. Kvinnor har en tendens att söka efter mer djupgående stöd om de själva ligger i riskzonen för att utveckla bröstcancer. Slutsats: Vidare studier av närstående respektive sjuksköterskeperspektivet kring behov av stödinsatser skulle kunna vara grund för en utformning av fasta rutiner som skulle kunna fungera som ett stöd för sjuksköterskor i deras omvårdnad av närstående till kvinnor med bröstcancer. </p>

<p>Socialisation is a life long process in which people acquire the knowledge, rules, opinions and attitudes they need to adjust into a culture and a society. The cultural and traditional beliefs in a society influence gender roles in a society. Women in Zambia are subordinated men and suffer more from sexual and reproductive ill-health. Previous research show that females engage in more risk behaviors even though they have more positive attitudes towards safe sex which makes them more vulnerable when it comes to sexual and reproductive health. The aim of this study was to study the opinions about sex related information, and knowledge and attitudes about sexual and reproductive health among young girls. To get these answers a quantitative study was made in Kitwe in Zambia. The result showed that most of the respondents believe it to be important to get information about sex but almost half of them thought that they had got too little information. It also showed that the respondents believe themselves to have good knowledge about HIV/AIDS but a lower knowledge about contraceptives. To reduce the inequalities in health between women and men empowering women is of great importance. </p>

<p>The results showed that in the presence of animals both verbal and non verbal communication, problem behaviours and different physical parameters were improved for persons with Alzheimer’s disease. The authors think that animals can provide for some needs which easily remain unmet in the daily life; e.g. to care for and take care of another living being. Possibilities are seen for an introduction of animals into nursing as they can have a positive influence on persons with Alzheimer’s disease. The number of persons with Alzheimer’s disease may increase in the future. Today, there is no known medical cure for the disease. The environment has proved to be of importance in their care. Animals can contribute to a good environment. The purpose was to describe reactions of persons with Alzheimer’s disease in the presence of animals in nursing. A general literature study was made from ten articles found at different databases on the web. Additions were made through manual searching in the articles´ list of references. The results of the articles were processed through a division into codes, subcategories and main categories. </p>

<p>The aim of this study was to determine the self-perceived learning needs in patients with Coronary Heart Disease (CHD). CHD is the leading cause of death worldwide. Poor compliance is one of the causes of rehospitalisation. Patients suffering from CHD need education in order to manage their disease and prevent readmission to hospital. As hospital stays diminish the time available for patient education is limited. It is therefore vital to identify the learning needs of patients in order to achieve optimal educational intervention. By allowing the patients themselves to express their wishes for eduction, their motivation to engage in self-care is increased. A systematic literature rewiew was carried out. Electronic database searches as well as a manual search resulted in 13 quantitative and three qualitative articles that were included in the study. Patients considered all information categories important to learn. Medication, symtom recognition and management, treatment and anatomy and psysiology were ranked as top categories. Patients with CHD perceived learning needs in all areas related to CHD. The results of this study could be used to create tailored educational programmes in order to increase patient complicance and thus decrease hospital readmissions.</p>

<p>Background: Every day patient´s get isolated in hospitals as a consequense of infection control purposes. Physical isolation can result in lack of human contact and a new unknown environment for the patient. Those two factors can easily cause stress within the patient and create anxiety for the future. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe patient´s experience of being nursed in an isolation room. Method: The method that was used was a literature research, where earlier research findings were read and put together. Results: In most studies patient´s experience negative feelings such as depression, anxiety and other mood disturbances. Positive feelings like being alone was also described. Other categories that occurred was the need for information, the environment and contact with staff and relatives. Discussion: The nurse has a big influence on the patient´s experience and it´s important to have a close relationship with the patient. It´s also important that she can sit down quietly with the patient and have an open discussion regarding the patient´s care and give room for eventual questions. Through knowledge and understanding she can hopefully reduce the negative effects of isolation that might occur. </p>