Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-01-05T16:51:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LucasDaSilvaMoraes_DISSERT.pdf: 5039451 bytes, checksum: fb1fce3fc0cb32b8b90727afb4b2b99f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-01-08T17:38:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 LucasDaSilvaMoraes_DISSERT.pdf: 5039451 bytes, checksum: fb1fce3fc0cb32b8b90727afb4b2b99f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-08T17:38:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LucasDaSilvaMoraes_DISSERT.pdf: 5039451 bytes, checksum: fb1fce3fc0cb32b8b90727afb4b2b99f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-03 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Os problemas relacionados ?s intera??es longitudinais em dutos enterrados se caracterizam como tridimensionais, podendo gerar in?meras situa??es particulares no comportamento solo-duto. Em rela??o ao avan?o nas pesquisas na ?rea de dutos enterrados, ainda ? pequena a aten??o ao tema ao longo das ?ltimas d?cadas, visto que a maioria dos trabalhos simplifica o problema analisado considerando-o em deforma??o plana. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar um estudo sobre o comportamento de dutos enterrados sujeitos a eleva??o ou recalque localizado, atrav?s de simula??es num?ricas em tr?s dimens?es. Como ferramenta num?rica foi utilizado o aplicativo computacional Plaxis 3D, o qual utiliza o m?todo dos elementos finitos. Foram avaliados aspectos espec?ficos da modelagem num?rica e realizadas an?lises param?tricas em que se investigaram os efeitos do arqueamento do solo de forma tridimensional. As principais vari?veis investigadas foram: densidade relativa do solo, deslocamento da zona de eleva??o ou recalque, faixa da zona elevada, altura de recobrimento e a rela??o di?metro/espessura do duto. As simula??es foram realizadas em duas etapas distintas, sendo na primeira feita a valida??o das an?lises num?ricas atrav?s dos modelos f?sicos de Costa (2005). Em seguida, foram realizadas an?lises num?ricas de um oleoduto em um caso espec?fico de obra, considerando o mesmo submetido ? eleva??o localizada. Os resultados obtidos permitiram a valida??o do modelo num?rico face aos resultados dos experimentos de Costa (2005), a iv avalia??o detalhada da redistribui??o das tens?es no maci?o e das deflex?es ao longo do duto, bem como a avalia??o do desenvolvimento do arqueamento no solo. Foi verificada a redu??o das tens?es no maci?o e nas deflex?es no duto ao se diminuir a altura de recobrimento do duto nas regi?es que possam deflagrar a eleva??o localizada. Tamb?m foi verificado que os esfor?os longitudinais foram superiores aos circunferenciais para situa??o analisada, inclusive ultrapassando as tens?es e deflex?es admiss?veis. Al?m disso, foram observados os benef?cios das t?cnicas de minimiza??o das tens?es como a falsa trincheira, ber?o compress?vel e a combina??o de ambas aplicadas ao oleoduto simulado / Problems associated to longitudinal interactions in buried pipelines are characterized as three-dimensional and can lead to different soil-pipe issues. Despite the progress achieved in research on buried pipelines, little attention has been given to the three-dimensional nature of the problem throughout the last decades. Most of researches simplify the problem by considering it in plane strain condition. This dissertation aims to present a study on the behavior of buried pipelines under local settlement or elevation, using three-dimensional simulations. Finite element code Plaxis 3D was used for the simulations. Particular aspects of the numerical modeling were evaluated and parametric analyzes were performed, was investigated the effects of soil arching in three-dimensional form. The main variables investigated were as follows: relative density, displacement of the elevation or settlement zone, elevated zone size, height of soil cover and pipe diameter/thickness ratio. The simulations were performed in two stages. The first stage was involved the validation of the numerical analysis using the physical models put forward by Costa (2005). In the second stage, numerical analyzes of a full-scale pipeline subjected to a localized elevation were performed. The obtained results allowed a detailed evaluation of the redistribution of stresses in the soil mass and the deflections along the pipe. It was observed the reduction of stresses in the soil mass and pipe deflections when the height of soil cover was decreased on regions of the pipe subjected to elevation. It was also shown for the analyzed situation that longitudinal thrusts were higher than vi circumferential trusts and exceeded the allowable stresses and deflections. Furthermore, the benefits of minimizing stress with technical as the false trench, compressible cradle and a combination of both applied to the simulated pipeline were verified

El Perú es un país sísmico debido que se encuentra cerca de una zona de Subducción donde la Placa de Nazca se mueve por debajo de la Placa Continental. En las llamadas zonas de subducción la placa acumula gran cantidad de energía al introducirse debajo de la otra, estas placas avanzan en sentido contrario comprimiéndose hasta llegar a un punto de ruptura de grandes volúmenes de roca generando sismos de gran magnitud. En Lima se han producido fuertes sismos según los registros que se tienen de la época siendo el más fuerte en el año de 1746 donde hubo mucha destrucción y muchas personas murieron. En el Perú se han desarrollado las normas E.060 Concreto armado y la E.030 Diseño Sismorresistente dentro del Reglamento Nacional de Edificaciones, estas normas son muy importantes para el diseño y buen comportamiento de las edificaciones. Las cuales se soportan en la cimentación, siendo ésta la encargada de transmitir las cargas al suelo distribuyéndolas de manera que no supere la presión admisible. El área de estudio que se va a analizar se encuentra ubicado en el distrito de Surquillo de la provincia y departamento de Lima, donde se está ejecutando el edificio multifamiliar “Floresty”, del cual nos interesa su cimentación y los muros para su análisis. El análisis se llevará a cabo con el programa VisualFEA. Este programa nos arrojará diferentes resultados a pesar de haber sido considerado el acero como elemento embebido. La aplicación del programa para obtener diferentes resultados es el fin de la presente tesina. Peru is a seismic country because it is near to a subduction zone where the Nazca Plate moves under the Continental Plate. In the denominated subduction zones, the plate accumulates a great amount of energy in getting into the other plate. These plates move forward to the contrary sense compressing themselves up to come to a break point of large volumes of rock generating earthquakes of great magnitude. In Lima, strong earthquakes have occurred according to records kept until now, and the most significant was that of 1746 where there were a lot of destruction and where many people died. In Peru, Reinforced Concrete E.060 and Earthquake Resistant Design E.030 Standards have developed in the National Construction Regulations. These standards are very important for designing and good building performance, which supports to the foundations, which is in charge of transferring the loads to the ground spreading these one so that it does not exceed allowable pressure. E.060 standard contains minimal values, which shall fulfill for structure performance with ACI momentum coefficient method. However, it is possible design with finite-element method using VisualFEA software and the results are obtained with this software shall fulfill the standard. The study area to analyze is within San Miguel District, Province and Department of Lima, where a multifamily apartment block is constructed, and we are interested in analyzing its foundation because it shows already a design given by projector; this design comes to be a pad foundation or foundation slab. It is from this item where we are going to start to proof it fulfills with ACI momentum coefficient method according to Peruvian Standard and it shapes with finite-element method through VisualFEA software whose results shall also fulfill. In this sense, the main objective would be comparison and demonstration of analysis results of building F’s foundation slab using finite-element method through VisualFEA software; these results shall fulfill the Construction E.60 Peruvian standard with the ACI momentum coefficients method.

Máquinas de Estados Finitos, além de suas inúmeras aplicações, são amplamente utilizadas na Engenharia de Software para modelar especificações de sistemas. Nesses modelos, projetistas podem inserir, inadvertidamente, estados redundantes, ou seja, que exibem o mesmo comportamento. A eliminação desses estados traz diversos benefícios para as atividades que utilizam o modelo, como menor complexidade e menos recursos físicos para implementação. O processo de eliminação desses estados é denominado minimização, e pode ser realizado em tempo polinomial para máquinas completamente especificadas. Por outro lado, a minimização de máquinas parciais, cuja especificação não cobre todo o domínio de entrada, somente pode ser obtida em tempo polinomial com o uso de abordagens não determinísticas, ou seja, trata-se de um problema NP-Completo. Este trabalho apresenta uma estratégia para a minimização de máquinas de estados finitos parciais que faz o uso de heurísticas e otimizações para tornar o processo mais eficiente. Visando mensurar tal ganho de eficiência, foram realizados experimentos, nos quais os tempos de execução de uma implementação do método proposto foram medidos, juntamente com os tempos de implementações de dois outros métodos conhecidos. Os resultados mostraram vantagens significativas de performance para o novo método em relação aos métodos anteriores / Finite State Machines are largely used on Software Engineering to model systems specifications. In these models, designers may inadvertently include redundant states, i.e., states which exhibit the same input/output behavior. The absence of such states brings benefits to the modeling activities, reducing the complexity and taking less physical resources on implementations. The process of eliminating redundant states is known as minimization, and can be accomplished in polynomial time for completely specified machines. On the other hand, the minimization of partially specified machines, i.e., machines which have undefined behavior for some inputs, can only be done in polynomial time when non-deterministic approaches are applied. It is a known NP-Complete problem. This work presents a deterministic approach to minimize incompletely specified Finite State Machines, using heuristics and optimizations to accomplish the task more efficiently. In order to measure the performance improvements, experiments were done, observing the running time of an implementation of the proposed method, along with running times of implementations of two other known methods. The results revealed a significant performance advantage when using the proposed approach

Glutathione (GSH) is a small antioxidant in the body and exists in large quantities compared to other antioxidants. The GSH redox state (Eh) helps developmental processes, however, when the GSH Eh is disrupted, cells may undergo significantly poor developmental pathways, possibly leading to long-lasting damages. Similarly, NADPH and Thioredoxin redox states can have a major impact on cellular function, viability, and response to both endogenous and exogenous toxicants. Subcellular, compartmentalized redox environments during normal or perturbed situations, specifically in the cytosol, mitochondria, and nucleus, are not well understood. Here, using the P19 neurogenesis model of cellular differentiation, the kinetics of subcellular H2O2 availability and GSH/GSSG and NADPH/NADP+ redox shifts were evaluated following oxidant exposure. Additionally, modified mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) were used to observe redox changes and protective mechanisms when major antioxidative pathways are inhibited, mainly those involving the GSH/GSSG and Trxred/Trxox pathways. Overall, treated undifferentiated cells showed a greater degree and duration of both H2O2 availability and GSH/GSSG and NADPH/NADP+ disruption throughout all compartments than differentiated neurons. Pretreatment with an Nrf2 inducer prevented H2O2-induced effects in all compartments of undifferentiated cells. Additionally, MEF cells without either GSH or Trx showed a greater degree and duration of GSH/GSSG and Trxred/Trxox disruption throughout the cytosol and nucleus when compared to normal functioning cells. Disruption of redox-sensitive developmental pathways is likely stage-specific, where cells that are less differentiated and/or are actively differentiating are most affected. Undifferentiated cells are more susceptible to oxidant-induced redox dysregulation but are protected through prior Nrf2 induction, which appears to preserve developmental programs and diminish the potential for poor developmental outcomes. The GSH and Trx antioxidant pathways converge to protect the cell, while cells that are missing one pathway or the other may undergo damaging developmental outcomes.

No description available.

El excelente comportamiento de las columnas tubulares rellenas de hormigón (en adelante columnas CFT) y el aumento del empleo de hormigón de alta resistencia (en adelante HAR), unido a que la normativa actual en algunos países y en especial en Europa, a través del Eurocódigo 4 (en adelante EC4), no recoge la posibilidad de diseño columnas CFT rellenas con este material, pone de manifiesto la necesidad de actualizar dicha normativa para incluir también la posibilidad de diseñar columnas CFT con HAR. Esta Tesis Doctoral nace, por tanto, con el objetivo de actualizar la formulación existente en el EC4 de manera que se puedan diseñar columnas CFT de sección circular rellenadas con HAR. La formulación para el diseño de las columnas CFT de sección circular, cuantifica el aumento de la resistencia que se produce en éstas por el efecto del confinamiento pasivo. Dicho confinamiento pasivo se produce al disponer en el exterior del núcleo de hormigón una camisa de acero que coarta las deformaciones laterales que en él se producen. Como consecuencia de ello, la resistencia que es capaz de soportar el hormigón aumenta significativamente, aumentando también la resistencia global de la columna CFT. Para reproducir adecuadamente la evolución de las deformaciones laterales del núcleo de hormigón durante el proceso de carga (aspecto clave en el estudio del confinamiento), se desarrolló un modelo de hormigón que tiene en cuenta las deformaciones laterales tanto elásticas, a través del coeficiente de Poisson, como plásticas, a través del ángulo de dilatancia. Para ello, fue necesario obtener las curvas de definición del ángulo de dilatancia que regula las deformaciones laterales plásticas en función de la presión lateral de confinamiento a la que está sometido el núcleo de hormigón y la resistencia de éste, así como unas nuevas curvas que regulan las relaciones entre tensión y deformación longitudinal adaptadas para hormigones confinados pasivamente. Una vez se dispuso del modelo, calibrado mediante un proceso iterativo en el que se utilizaron ensayos experimentales, se llevó a cabo una validación de éste comparándolo con numerosos casos experimentales de diferentes características y geometrías. Con el modelo numérico definido se realizó un estudio paramétrico que permitió proponer una formulación que completa a la que actualmente existe, abarcando hormigones de hasta 100 MPa. / Lacuesta Carrión, CD. (2013). ESTUDIO DE LA RESISTENCIA DE PILARES TUBULARES CIRCULARES RELLENOS DE HORMIGÓN CON UN MODELO NUMÉRICO DE CONFINAMIENTO PASIVO VARIABLE [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/28587

Les exigences de productivité et de qualité dans l’industrie aéronautique imposent d’avoir des machines-outils optimisées en termes de précision, de cinématique et de dynamique. L’objectif des travaux de recherche menés est de proposer de nouvelles méthodologies de conception de machines-outils à haute rigidité pour l’usinage des pièces aéronautique en titane. Dans un premiers temps, la problématique du choix de la configuration structurale la plus adéquate au procédé d’usinage envisagé est traitée en proposant une méthode de synthèse et de sélection basée sur des critères qualitatifs. L’analyse des performances des différentes configurations structurales relatives aux critères qualitatifs adoptés permet de les classer. Les résultats obtenus ont permis d’aboutir à un ensemble restreint de configurations structurales de machines-outils adéquates au procédé d’usinage des pièces aéronautiques en titane. Pour compléter cette méthode, il est alors nécessaire de développer une approche d’analyse quantitative des arrangements structuraux relatifs à chaque configuration structurale. Dans un second temps, une nouvelle approche de sélection des arrangements structuraux de machines-outils est développée. Cette approche consiste tout d’abord à élaborer des modèles réduits des structures de machines-outils considérées. Ensuite, nous mettons en œuvre une optimisation paramétrique en vue de minimiser la masse totale des structures mécaniques de ces machines tout en respectant une contrainte de rigidité cible. Cette optimisation est réalisée par un couplage entre MATLAB et ANSYS APDL. Enfin, le classement des arrangements structuraux selon leurs performances met en évidence ceux les plus appropriés au procédé d’usinage des pièces aéronautiques en titane. Alors ces travaux participent à l'évolution des méthodologies de conception des nouvelles machines d'usinage. / Productivity and quality requirements in the aerospace industry require optimized machine tools in terms of precision, kinematics and dynamics. The objective of this thesis is to propose new methodologies for the design of highly stiffened machine tools for machining titanium aeronautical parts. First, the issue of choosing the most appropriate structural configuration for the machining process is handled by proposing a synthesis and selection method based on qualitative criteria. The performance analysis of the different structural configurations relative to the adopted qualitative criteria makes it possible to classify them. The results obtained have led to a limited set of structural configurations of machine tools suitable for the process of machining titanium aeronautical parts. To complete this method, it is then necessary to develop an approach for quantitative analysis of the structural arrangements corresponding for each structural configuration. In a second step, a new approach for the selection of structural arrangements of machine tools is developed. This approach consists firstly in developing reduced models of considered machine tool structures. Then, we implement a parametric optimization in order to minimize the total mass of the mechanical structures of these machines while under the constraint of a target stiffness. This optimization is achieved by coupling MATLAB and ANSYS APDL. Finally, the classification of structural arrangements according to their performance highlights those most appropriate for the process of machining titanium aeronautical parts. This work contributes to the evolution of design methodologies for new machining machines.

Fundações do tipo radier estaqueado são aquelas formadas pelos elementos estruturais de placa e estacas (elementos de barras) e o solo . Ao contrário de outras tipos de fundações, onde a carga da superestrutura é transferida ao solo pelo radier ou pelas estacas apenas, no radier estaqueado a contribuição das estacas, bem como a do radier são consideradas. As estacas transferem as cargas da superestrutura ao solo e, assim, permitem a redução dos recalques de uma forma muito econômica. O objetivo do presente trabalho é a análise da interação solo-estrutura através do acoplamento MEC-MEF. O solo é considerado um semi-espaço homogêneo, elástico e linear governado pela equação de Navier e modelado pelo Método dos Elementos de Contorno (MEC), admitindo a solução fundamental de Mindlin. As estacas são modeladas pelo Método dos Elementos Finitos (MEF) e cada elemento possui quatro nós. Além disso, as estacas podem receber forças horizontais, verticais e momentos. A tensão de cisalhamento ao longo da estaca é aproximada por um polinômio do segundo grau e as forças na direção horizontal são aproximadas por um polinômio do quarto grau. O elemento de fundação que faz a ligação do pilar com a estaca é representado por uma placa de grande rigidez, que apresenta o comportamento de um bloco. A interação entre o radier estaqueado e o solo é feita através da reação resultante da interação estaca-solo, nos nós com estaca. A interface radier-solo é dividida em elementos triangulares e para a reação do solo considera-se a variação linear ao longo de cada elemento. A superestrutura é modelada pelo MEF. Vários exemplos de interação solo-estrutura são estudados nesta tese, e mostram que as soluções obtidas a partir do programa computacional desenvolvido no presente trabalho denominado SSI estão de acordo com outros autores. / Piled raft foundations are structures consisting of piles, the raft and the soil. Unlike classical foundation design where the building load is either transferred by the raft or the piles alone, in a piled raft foundation the contribution of the piles as well as the raft is taken into account. The piles transfer a part of the building loads into the soil and thereby allow the reduction of settlement in a very economic way. The objective of the present work is the analysis of soil-structure interaction using BEM-FEM coupling. The soil, assumed to be an elastic linear homogeneous half space is governed by Navier\'s equation and it is modeled by the Boundary Elements Method (BEM) using Mindlin\'s fundamental solution. The piles are modeled by the Finite Element Method (FEM) with four nodes each. In addition, the piles can received horizontal and vertical forces and bending moments. The shear traction along the pile is approximated by a second-degree polynomial and the tractions in the horizontal direction are approximated by a fourth degree polynomial. The cap of the pile group is assumed to be rigid. The interaction between the raft and soil is made through the subgrade reaction. The soil-cap interface is divided into triangular elements and the subgrade reaction is assumed to vary linearly across each element. The building\'s structure is modeled by FEM. Several soil structure interaction examples are studied in this thesis, and they show that the solutions obtained from program SSI are in good agreement with others authors.

Neste trabalho apresenta-se um modelo numérico para a análise de problemas tridimensionais envolvendo a interação mecânica estaca-solo, acoplando-se o Método dos Elementos de Contorno (MEC) ao Método dos Elementos Finitos (MEF). O solo é modelado com o MEC utilizando-se as soluções fundamentais de Mindlin, assumindo um meio semi-infinito, homogêneo, isotrópico e elástico-linear. As estacas, modeladas com o MEF, consistem em um elemento único, com quatro nós e 14 parâmetros nodais (três deslocamentos em cada nó e mais duas rotações no topo da estaca). Cada uma das estacas é levada em consideração no MEC como uma linha de carga. Considera-se o escorregamento das estacas em relação ao maciço, empregando modelos de aderência para a definição da evolução das tensões tangenciais ao longo do comprimento das estacas. São empregados, como funções de forma, polinômios do quarto grau para os deslocamentos horizontais, cúbicos para os deslocamentos verticais e tensões horizontais ao longo do fuste e quadráticos para as tensões verticais do fuste e escorregamento. A reação da ponta da estaca é calculada assumindo tensão constante na base. / This work presents a method for tri-dimensional pile-soil interaction problems, by coupling the Boundary Element Method (BEM) to the Finite Element Method (FEM). The soil is modeled with BEM, using the Mindlins fundamental solutions, supposing a semi-infinite, homogeneous, isotropic, elastic and linear space. Piles are modeled with FEM and are represented by one element with four nodes and 14 nodal parameters (three displacements in each node and two rotations at the top node). Each pile is represented in BEM as a line load. The pile slip is considered using adherence models to evaluate the evolution of shaft tractions. There are employed fourth grade polynomial shape functions for horizontal displacements, cubic polynomial functions for vertical displacements and horizontal tractions along shaft and quadratic polynomial functions for vertical tractions and slip. Tip reaction is calculated supposing constant traction at the base.

Ces dernières années, le collage structural est devenu une technique d'assemblage particulièrement prisée par l'industrie des transports. Son développement est néanmoins ralenti par des restrictions sévères et des règles de dimensionnement qui demeurent quelque peu empiriques. Aujourd'hui encore, les méthodes de caractérisation et les outils basés sur la méthode des éléments finis ne sont pas toujours appropriés aux applications industrielles. Ce travail de thèse a consisté à développer une démarche expérimentale et numérique permettant d'envisager un outil d'aide au dimensionnement des collages structuraux. Pour caractériser mécaniquement l'adhésif au sein d'un assemblage, un dispositif expérimental dérivé du système de M. ARCAN est employé. Celui-ci permet de faire varier la direction de chargement tout en conservant un état de contrainte relativement uniforme au sein du joint. S'appuyant sur les observations expérimentales, un modèle de comportement non linéaire basé sur un critère de Drucker-Prager généralisé est alors proposé. Un éclairage particulier sur la morphologie de la microstructure apporte des éléments concernant les mécanismes d'endommagement. Afin de surmonter les contraintes informatiques industrielles (raffinement du maillage, temps CPU, etc.), un outil numérique a été développé. Celui-ci est basé sur la version-p de la méthode des éléments finis qui permet de conserver des maillages « industriels » avec une description raisonnable des joints collés. Cet outil est apparu assez performant pour détecter les effets de bord sur des maillages grossiers. Ce travail constitue un premier pas vers une prédiction simplifiée de la tenue mécanique des collages structuraux.