Salicylic acid (SA) is an important plant hormone with a wide range of effects on plant growth and metabolism. Plants lacking SA exhibit enhanced susceptibility to pathogens. SA plays important signaling roles in resistance against biotrophic and hemi- biotrophic phytopathogens. It is synthesized in plastids along two pathways, one involving phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and the other isochorismate synthase (ICS). In Arabidopsis , during immune response most SA is synthesized through the ICS-dependent pathway, but clearly an ICS-independent pathway also exists. Several SA effector proteins have been identified and characterized which mediate downstream SA signaling. This includes SABP, a catalase, SABP2, a methyl salicylate esterase, SABP3, a carbonic anhydrase, NPR1 (nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related 1), NPR3 (a NPR1 paralog), and NPR4 (another NPR1 paralog). NPR3 and NPR4 regulate the turnover of NPR1, a process which plays a key role in activating defense gene expression. The role of SA in abiotic stress signaling is gradually becoming clearer. Various components of SA signaling in biotic stress also appear to impact abiotic stress signaling.

No description available.

[pt] Este trabalho visa discutir tópicos ainda não totalmente compreendidos a respeito do comportamento de compósitos pultrudados de polímero reforçado com fibras de vidro, englobando os mecanismos de falha e danos, bem como a resposta à múltipla fissuração dos compósitos. Investigações experimentais e numéricas foram conduzidas, com foco nas junções mesa-alma extraídas de variados tipos de perfis e decks de pontes. Fatores que propiciam a delaminação, como a influência de defeitos e imperfeições locais e a consequente modificação das trajetórias de tensão são discutidas. Equações teóricas foram propostas para a determinação da rigidez rotacional das junções mesa-alma, resultando em máximas diferenças de 24 por cento e 38 por cento para seções I e C, respectivamente. Para contribuir para um banco de dados de parâmetros da fratura relacionados a esse material, adaptações de clássicos experimentos da mecânica da fratura, para ambos os Modos I e II, foram propostos e conduzidos. Nove métodos de regressão de dados foram analisados e comparados com modelos de elementos finitos. O método Modified Beam Theory (MBTASTM) apresentou os melhores resultados para propagação de fissuras no Modo I, enquanto para o Modo II, os métodos Corrected beam theory using effective crack length (CBTE) e Experimental compliance method (EMC) apresentaram os resultados mais próximos dos modelos numéricos. Finalmente, uma nova abordagem para a análise de múltipla fissuração é proposta. Curvas R e curvas compliance foram obtidas com base na soma dos comprimentos de fissuras e as respectivas taxas de liberação de energia elástica foram avaliadas separadamente. Os resultados da abordagem proposta foram comparados com modelo numérico desenvolvido com o auxílio de elementos coesivos e boas correlações em termos da resposta carga x deslocamento foram encontradas. / [en] This work aims to discuss the behavior of pultruded glass fiber-polymer composites related to issues not fully understood, comprising the damage and failure mechanisms, as well as the multi-crack composites response. Experimental and numerical investigations are conducted mainly on web-flange junctions (WFJ) extracted from varied profiles and bridge decks systems. Factors that favor the composites delamination, such as the influence of local defects/imperfections and the consequent modification on the junctions stresses trajectories are addressed. Theoretical equations were proposed to determine the WFJs rotational stiffness, resulting in maximum differences of 24 percent and 38 percent for I-sections and channels, respectively. To complement the scarcity of fracture parameter data related to the material, adaptations of classical fracture mechanic experiments for both Modes I and II were proposed and conducted. Nine data reduction methods were analyzed and compared with finite element models. The Modified Beam Theory method presented the best results for crack propagation in Mode I, whereas for Mode II, the Corrected Beam Theory using effective crack length and the Experimental Compliance Methods presented the closest results to numerical models. Finally, a novel approach for the multi-crack assessment is proposed. Compliance and R-curves are obtained based on the sum of the crack lengths and the strain energy release rate for each crack is evaluated separately. The results of this novel approach were compared with numerical analyses developed with the use of cohesive elements and a good agreement was found in terms of load vs. displacement response.

This dissertation examines the contestations over the politics of knowledge, risk, and environmental justice in three fenceline sites. Mobilizing the fenceline standpoint to study risk strengthens our objective understanding of the social situatedness of risk. To illustrate how a fenceline standpoint contributes to stronger objectivity of risk contestations, I survey public discourse of coal slurry extraction in Black Mesa, Arizona using an environmental justice framework. Discursive justifications for the construction of the slurry pipeline reveal how environmental injustice in the fenceline community emerged through urban controversies over water and power generation that excluded a fenceline standpoint. Insights from Black Mesa frame the next two cases: open burning hazardous waste at Radford Army Ammunition Plant, and M6 Disposal at Camp Minden, Louisiana. At Radford, scholar-activist research examines the contestations of risk at one of the most hazardous waste facilities in the nation. I analyze the construction of risk from open burning of hazardous waste from a fenceline standpoint. I discursively situate the controversy over fenceline community risk from open burning, by showing the inadequacies of official risk assessments. Critical discourse analysis of risk shows the extant contestations over the practice of open burning. In juxtaposition to Radford, the Camp Minden open burn controversy demonstrates how a fenceline movement successfully constructed alternatives to open burning. Fenceline success in Minden is forcing scrutiny over the risks produced by the practice of open burning explosives across the United States. The activation of fenceline knowledge and expertise, through grassroots organizing, is propelling inquiry from scientific and technical experts of the American Chemical Society who are questioning why the Department of Defense and the Environmental Protection Agency have approved the use of open burning at other sites despite safer alternative technology. Synthetically, each case illustrates the importance of fenceline knowledge as a crucial site of expertise. I present an argument for how a fenceline standpoint can challenge regulatory and producer constructions of fenceline risk. The creation of a program of research: Critical Risk Analysis, offers a model for scholar-activist intervention on the fenceline. The Camp Minden Dialogue demonstrates a successful example of how fenceline expert-activists can influence the construction of risk. Normatively, I build the argument that environmental justice research within Science and Technology Studies ought to situate the fenceline standpoint as equal to the competing epistemological claims of production and regulatory experts in order to strengthen the objectivity of our research in contested fenceline sites. / Ph. D.

A ascensão de atores não estatais tem suscitado agendas de pesquisa que questionam a centralidade do Estado e de seus agentes na área de Relações Internacionais. A emergência do setor privado (empresas) e do chamado terceiro setor (ONGs) em temas de Regulação e Governança Global têm promovido um profícuo debate, de caráter interdisciplinar, com outras áreas do campo das Humanidades, especialmente o Direito e a Economia. A presente dissertação buscou demonstrar como o sucesso da atuação de atores não estatais na provisão de regras internacionais, para temas como meio ambiente, padrões trabalhistas, e responsabilidade socioambiental, depende de um grande número de variáveis, dificilmente circunscritas a uma única dimensão de análise. A pesquisa realiza uma ampla sistematização bibliográfica das diferentes literaturas em Ciência Política, Relações Internacionais e Economia Institucional e das Organizações sobre regulação e governança privada na busca de denominadores comuns para a compreensão do alcance e dos limites da atuação de atores privados na promoção de regras internacionais de comércio. O estudo de caso em tela versa sobre as dificuldades de influência e adesão dos agentes do sistema produtivo da soja no Brasil à iniciativa transnacional da Associação Internacional da Soja Responsável (RTRS), a partir de um modelo síntese elaborado para integrar as diferentes literaturas. As dimensões levantadas neste estudo evidenciam que variáveis políticas e econômicas geram incentivos para a criação de regras internacionais privadas capazes de harmonizar padrões de produção e comércio de soja em escala global. No entanto, argumenta-se que tais incentivos, no Brasil, não contribuem para a constituição de um ambiente institucional e econômico favorável ao sucesso das iniciativas transnacionais privadas de regulação. Dessa forma, o resultado é uma não conformidade entre os incentivos internacionais e a coordenação dos agentes privados brasileiros para a regulação da soja. / The rise of non-state actors has evoked research agendas that challenge the centrality of the State and its agents in the field of International Relations. The emergence of the private sector (businesses) and of the so-called third sector (NGOs) on Regulation and Global Governance issues have promoted a fruitful interdisciplinary debate with other areas of humanities, especially Law and Economics. This dissertation sought to demonstrate how non state actors success performance in the provision of international rules for issues such as environment, labor standards and environmental responsibility, depends on a large number of variables, hardly confined to a single dimension of analysis. The research conducts an extensive bibliographic systematization of different literatures in Political Science, International Relations and Institutional and Organizational Economics regarding regulation and private governance, seeking for common denominators to understand the scope and limits of private actors role in the promotion of international trade rules. The case study on the screen discusses the Brazilian soybean producers difficulties to influence and adhere to the transnational initiative of the International Association on Responsible Soy (RTRS), using a synthesis model developed to integrate different literatures. The dimensions raised in this study show that political and economic variables generate incentives for the creation of private international rules adequate for harmonizing soybean production and trade patterns globally. However, it is argued that such incentives in Brazil do not contribute to the creation of an institutional and economic environment propitious to the success of transnational private regulatory initiatives. Thus, the result is a non-conformity between international incentives and coordination of Brazilian private agents for soybean regulation.

<p>Месо шарана, најзаступљеније врсте рибе на рибњацима у<br />Републици Србији, али и других ципринидних врста, представља<br />значајан нутритивни извор n-3 високо незасићених масних киселина,<br />које имају важну улогу на здравље људи. У раду су испитани<br />фактори који делују на хемијски и маснокиселински састав меса<br />шарана и других ципринидних врста које се гаје на подручју Србије.<br />Установљено је да је садржај масти и маснокисeлински састав риба<br />су под утицајем врсте рибе, чак и када припадају истој фамилији,<br />различитих фактора животне средине, начина гајења, а посебно<br />начина исхране. Утврђен је значај добре технологије производње на<br />рибњаку за одговарајућу структуру планктонских и бентосних<br />организама, што игра велику улогу у добијању меса шарана, али и<br />других ципринидних врста, које се могу гајити у поликултури са<br />њим, доброг хемијског и маснокиселинског састава. Указано је на<br />значај који формулисане смеше имају у исхрани риба на њихово<br />здравствено стање, производне параметре и квалитет меса. Извршено<br />је испитивање замене компоненти анималног порекла са<br />алтернативним компонентама биљног порекла и добијени су<br />задовољавајући резултати у погледу производних перформанси и<br />умерених промена квалитета меса, када је у питању маснокиселински<br />ДВМ Драгана Љубојевић<br />Коришћење репичиног уља у исхрани шарана и лињака као фактора променa квалитета меса<br />iii<br />састав. Анализом седимента, воде у рибњацима, као и меса риба из<br />рибњака и отворених вода установљен је степен загађености животне<br />средине. Представљен је нови производ од меса шарана и других<br />ципринидних риба. По први пут је успостављена ћелијска култура<br />масног ткива шарана, која омогућава анализирање молекуларних и<br />биохемијских механизама који се не могу изучавати на живим<br />рибама, који настају као последица промена у исхрани.</p> / <p>Meso šarana, najzastupljenije vrste ribe na ribnjacima u<br />Republici Srbiji, ali i drugih ciprinidnih vrsta, predstavlja<br />značajan nutritivni izvor n-3 visoko nezasićenih masnih kiselina,<br />koje imaju važnu ulogu na zdravlje ljudi. U radu su ispitani<br />faktori koji deluju na hemijski i masnokiselinski sastav mesa<br />šarana i drugih ciprinidnih vrsta koje se gaje na području Srbije.<br />Ustanovljeno je da je sadržaj masti i masnokiselinski sastav riba<br />su pod uticajem vrste ribe, čak i kada pripadaju istoj familiji,<br />različitih faktora životne sredine, načina gajenja, a posebno<br />načina ishrane. Utvrđen je značaj dobre tehnologije proizvodnje na<br />ribnjaku za odgovarajuću strukturu planktonskih i bentosnih<br />organizama, što igra veliku ulogu u dobijanju mesa šarana, ali i<br />drugih ciprinidnih vrsta, koje se mogu gajiti u polikulturi sa<br />njim, dobrog hemijskog i masnokiselinskog sastava. Ukazano je na<br />značaj koji formulisane smeše imaju u ishrani riba na njihovo<br />zdravstveno stanje, proizvodne parametre i kvalitet mesa. Izvršeno<br />je ispitivanje zamene komponenti animalnog porekla sa<br />alternativnim komponentama biljnog porekla i dobijeni su<br />zadovoljavajući rezultati u pogledu proizvodnih performansi i<br />umerenih promena kvaliteta mesa, kada je u pitanju masnokiselinski<br />DVM Dragana LJubojević<br />Korišćenje repičinog ulja u ishrani šarana i linjaka kao faktora promena kvaliteta mesa<br />iii<br />sastav. Analizom sedimenta, vode u ribnjacima, kao i mesa riba iz<br />ribnjaka i otvorenih voda ustanovljen je stepen zagađenosti životne<br />sredine. Predstavljen je novi proizvod od mesa šarana i drugih<br />ciprinidnih riba. Po prvi put je uspostavljena ćelijska kultura<br />masnog tkiva šarana, koja omogućava analiziranje molekularnih i<br />biohemijskih mehanizama koji se ne mogu izučavati na živim<br />ribama, koji nastaju kao posledica promena u ishrani.</p> / <p>Meat of common carp, the most common fish species which is farmed in<br />the Republic of Serbia and meat of other cyprinid species, represent an<br />important nutritional source of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids, which<br />play an important role in human health. This paper examined the factors<br />that affect the chemical and fatty acid composition of carp and other<br />cyprinid species that are grown in Serbia. It was found that the fat content<br />and fatty acid composition of fish are influenced by fish species, even<br />when they belong to the same family, and also by different environmental<br />factors of cultivation, especially by diet. It was established the importance<br />of proper rearing technology in the pond for the appropriate structure of<br />planktonic and benthic organisms, which play a significant role in getting<br />carp meat, and meat of other cyprinid species that can be grown in<br />polyculture with carp of desirable chemical and fatty acid composition. It<br />was pointed out on the significance of formulated feed mixtures in fish<br />nutrition on fish health, production parameters and meat quality. An<br />investigation was done on replacing components of animal origin with<br />alternative components of plant origin and satisfactory results were<br />obtained in terms of production performance and moderate changes in the<br />quality of meat, regarding to fatty acid composition. The degree of<br />environmental pollution was established by analysis of sediment and<br />water in the ponds, and the flesh of fish from ponds and open water. The<br />new food product made from fish meat was presented. For the first time, it<br />was established cell cultures carp preadipocytes, which allows analysis of<br />the molecular and biochemical mechanisms that arise as a result of<br />ДВМ Драгана Љубојевић<br />&nbsp;</p>

Approximately 75 percent (300 000 km) of the total Swedish road network and 20 percent(20 000 km) of the national road network consists of gravel roads. One of the most significantproblems associated with gravel roads is traffic-generated dust emission, which contributes tothe deterioration of the road surface and acts as a major source of particulate matter releasedinto the atmosphere, thereby involving public economics, road safety, human health, andenvironmental quality. In order to bind the fine granular material, which is prone to rise into theair, dust suppressants are applied on roads on a yearly basis. Methods for evaluating the efficiency of dust suppressants will facilitate in the selection of themost appropriate product and its optimal application rate. For example, methods forsupervision of residual dust suppressant concentration are valuable tools for estimatinglongevity and optimal application rates, and, consequently, effectiveness of different products. Application of the proper dust suppressant to a gravel road ensures road safety and ridingcomfort as well as creating a cleaner and healthier environment for residents in buildingsadjacent to the road. It also reduces the need and cost for vehicle repair, road maintenanceactivities, and aggregate supplementation. Both field-based and laboratory research were performed to evaluate the efficiency of varioussuppressants and the influence such factors as product concentration, leaching, and fine materialcontent have on the efficiency of different products. Within the field-based research, a newlydeveloped mobile methodology was used to measure dust emission on numerous test sectionstreated with various dust suppressants. In general, all dust suppressants tested, except apolysaccharide (sugar) and products, which form a brittle surface crust, i.e. lignosulphonate andbitumen emulsion, showed acceptable dust reduction. Test sections treated with a magnesium- or calcium chloride solution were the most effectivelydust suppressed. The application of solutions instead of a solid salts achieves a more uniformproduct distribution and, therefore, probably a more efficient performance. By applying acalcium- or magnesium chloride solution instead of traditionally used solids, the cost for annualdust control, as well as the environmental impact from the release of these chemicals in theenvironment, can be reduced by 50 percent. A significant problem when using dust suppressants is their tendency to leach during rainfalldue to their soluble properties. Residual chloride could be detected in the gravel wearing courseover a longer period of time than lignosulphonate and, therefore, showed more effective longtermperformance. Optimal percentages of fine material for minimal lignosulphonate andchloride leaching were found to be 15 percent by weight and 10-16 percent by weight,respectively. Ions of calcium chloride seemed to initiate flocculation of clay particles, therebypreventing them from leaching. Still, the fine material in gravel wearing courses has to be replenished regularly as indicated by studies of the longevity of fine material. Loss up to80 percent was found after two years. Toxicity tests show that dust suppressant application for dust control purposes, at traditionallyused application rates, does not constitute a threat to sensitive aquatic life. Tests on subsoilwater samples indicated elevated chloride levels, which possibly could cause corrosion to pipes,but not high enough to flavour drinking water. / QC20100616

From the Proceedings of the 1977 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 15-16, 1977, Las Vegas, Nevada / With the advent of ever -increasing energy needs, large-scale surface mining has gained new impetus, and there is much concern about reclaiming the mine spoils to bring about beneficial land uses. This paper presents a decision making algorithm labeled PROTRADE, and a case study of the Black Mesa region in Northern Arizona. PROTRADE considers a set of objective functions, a set of physical constraints, articulates the preferences of the decision maker in a progressive manner, and generates a set of alternative solutions. The decision maker is then able to trade level of achievement, for each objective function, against the probability of achieving that level.

From the Proceedings of the 1978 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 14-15, 1978, Flagstaff, Arizona / Surface mining of coal in the western U.S. can cause problems of increased salinity and heavy metal contamination in runoff along with a lack of enough rainfall to sustain plant growth for reclamation. To facilitate the planning of reclamation efforts in such areas results are described of a water quality sampling experiment on the ponds and runoff at the University of Arizona Experimental Watershed on Black Mesa in northern Arizona. A systems theoretic framework is employed to model the watershed and the results of a computer simulation based on this model is used to indicate that salinity buildup could be expected over time, given a minimal change in watershed configuration, with possible development of fluoride contamination being of particular concern. Water quality tests of the pond water and runoff on Black Mesa indicated that the water is within Federal standards for drinking and irrigation, except for sodium and fluoride. It is suggested that if it is economically desirable, the collection of more data on the ponds could be used to develop a simulation model of pond subsystems along the lines of the methodology outlined in this analysis.

A ascensão de atores não estatais tem suscitado agendas de pesquisa que questionam a centralidade do Estado e de seus agentes na área de Relações Internacionais. A emergência do setor privado (empresas) e do chamado terceiro setor (ONGs) em temas de Regulação e Governança Global têm promovido um profícuo debate, de caráter interdisciplinar, com outras áreas do campo das Humanidades, especialmente o Direito e a Economia. A presente dissertação buscou demonstrar como o sucesso da atuação de atores não estatais na provisão de regras internacionais, para temas como meio ambiente, padrões trabalhistas, e responsabilidade socioambiental, depende de um grande número de variáveis, dificilmente circunscritas a uma única dimensão de análise. A pesquisa realiza uma ampla sistematização bibliográfica das diferentes literaturas em Ciência Política, Relações Internacionais e Economia Institucional e das Organizações sobre regulação e governança privada na busca de denominadores comuns para a compreensão do alcance e dos limites da atuação de atores privados na promoção de regras internacionais de comércio. O estudo de caso em tela versa sobre as dificuldades de influência e adesão dos agentes do sistema produtivo da soja no Brasil à iniciativa transnacional da Associação Internacional da Soja Responsável (RTRS), a partir de um modelo síntese elaborado para integrar as diferentes literaturas. As dimensões levantadas neste estudo evidenciam que variáveis políticas e econômicas geram incentivos para a criação de regras internacionais privadas capazes de harmonizar padrões de produção e comércio de soja em escala global. No entanto, argumenta-se que tais incentivos, no Brasil, não contribuem para a constituição de um ambiente institucional e econômico favorável ao sucesso das iniciativas transnacionais privadas de regulação. Dessa forma, o resultado é uma não conformidade entre os incentivos internacionais e a coordenação dos agentes privados brasileiros para a regulação da soja. / The rise of non-state actors has evoked research agendas that challenge the centrality of the State and its agents in the field of International Relations. The emergence of the private sector (businesses) and of the so-called third sector (NGOs) on Regulation and Global Governance issues have promoted a fruitful interdisciplinary debate with other areas of humanities, especially Law and Economics. This dissertation sought to demonstrate how non state actors success performance in the provision of international rules for issues such as environment, labor standards and environmental responsibility, depends on a large number of variables, hardly confined to a single dimension of analysis. The research conducts an extensive bibliographic systematization of different literatures in Political Science, International Relations and Institutional and Organizational Economics regarding regulation and private governance, seeking for common denominators to understand the scope and limits of private actors role in the promotion of international trade rules. The case study on the screen discusses the Brazilian soybean producers difficulties to influence and adhere to the transnational initiative of the International Association on Responsible Soy (RTRS), using a synthesis model developed to integrate different literatures. The dimensions raised in this study show that political and economic variables generate incentives for the creation of private international rules adequate for harmonizing soybean production and trade patterns globally. However, it is argued that such incentives in Brazil do not contribute to the creation of an institutional and economic environment propitious to the success of transnational private regulatory initiatives. Thus, the result is a non-conformity between international incentives and coordination of Brazilian private agents for soybean regulation.