Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit interethnischen Freundschaften im Jugendalter. Die Studie soll der "Abkehr von einer Defizit- und Belastungsperspektive" dienen und zu einer ressourcenorientierten Betrachtung von jugendlichen Migranten beitragen. Im Zuge des Projektes "Sozialkapitaltransfer in interethnischen Beziehungen" wurden 24 Jugendliche der sechsten Jahrgangsstufe im Alter von elf bis 13 Jahren, größtenteils an Hauptschulen, zu ihrer Freundschaft mit einem andersethnischen Jugendlichen interviewt. Hierbei wird primär erarbeitet, welche inhaltlichen Austauschprozesse in interethnischen Freundschaften in der frühen Adoleszenz stattfinden. Es wird untersucht, was im Allgemeinen thematisch ausgetauscht wird und besonderes Augenmerk auf den inhaltlichen Austausch über das jeweils andere Herkunftsland gelegt. So wird geprüft, welche Priorität dem inhaltlichen Austausch über die verschiedenen Kulturen zukommt, über welche kulturellen Themenbereiche und bei welchen Gelegenheiten ein solcher Austausch stattfindet. Der kulturelle Austausch wird außerdem dahingehend betrachtet, ob sich Unterschiede hinsichtlich des Austauschs bei Mädchen- und Jungenfreundschaften bemerkbar machen. Im Hinblick auf die Auswirkungen interethnischer Freundschaften wird geprüft, ob der kulturelle Austausch die Einstellung gegenüber Angehörigen der jeweils anderen Kultur beeinflusst. Ferner wird untersucht, inwiefern ein Austausch sprachhabitueller Merkmale stattfindet. Als zusätzliche Rahmeninformation wird abschließend der Austausch sozialer Netzwerke in interethnischen Freundschaften untersucht. Ziel der Studie ist demnach herauszufinden, ob und in welchem Ausmaß in inter-ethnischen Freundschaften soziales Kapital in den genannten Bereichen vorhanden ist. Die theoretische Grundlage der vorliegenden Studie bilden der Sozialkapitalansatz nach Coleman (1991) sowie die Kommunikationstheorie nach Watzlawick (2007).

Some form of administrative review of executive action is accepted in the common law world for the reason that it serves certain basic values and goals. This study draws on political, legal and management theory in considering the values that underlie administrative review. It is primarily concerned with the role of tribunal review. A full range of values are considered, including fairness, justice, consistency, rationality, dignity, respect, accessibility, equity, efficiency and economy. Some are seen as fundamental to the administrative review system while others have different purposes. There is general agreement on many of the values and goals of administrative review. In their practical application however, values compete, overlap and evolve in accordance with economic, social, political and legal change. There are value tensions in, for instance, the role of independent tribunals as a check on the power of the executive while they are also within the executive, in the extent of the obligation on administrative tribunals to apply government policy and in the setting of proper limits of judicial review. There is continuing tension in demands for individual dignity and rights to fair treatment on the one hand and notions of the 'public interest' on the other. This thesis argues that the provision of tribunal review of administrative decisions is increasingly ideologically driven and focussed on 'functional' or 'management' values. At times these have trumped other values in decisions about entitlements to procedural fairness, access to review, effectiveness in public administration and the achievement of the 'correct and preferable' decision in the instant case. The focus of this thesis is a case study of migration decision-making. The importance of this area of study is evident in the potentially devastating consequences that migration decisions can have for individuals and families. In the context of Australia's history of inadequate and racially based migration policies, independent administrative review provides security against arbitrariness and discrimination in decision-making. An analysis of administrative review of decisions made under the Migration Act 1958 (Cth) by the Migration Review Tribunal, and its predecessor the Immigration Review Tribunal, illustrates the claim that values, in their application, have real, practical and local importance. Issues of tribunal independence and accountability, the normative goal of review and procedural justice are considered in depth. It is argued that where compromises are made in administrative review, underlying values should be revealed so that their practical consequences may be better understood. The need to articulate and analyze these issues has never been greater. The Australian administrative review system is in a period of change analogous to that of the introduction of the 'new' administrative law in the 1970s. If tribunals are to continue to play an effective role then it is important to think clearly about how they can, in practice, embody the right mix of administrative law values.

This thesis is an exploratory study of the lives and experiences of international students who apply for and gain permanent residency (PR) after completing tertiary study in Australia. The thesis uses sociological theories and methods to focus on the ways that students-turned-migrants maintain transnational connections, and negotiate their memberships and sense of belonging across Australia and other countries. This research is important because there is negligible extant literature that connects the international study experience and the skilled migration experience as two steps in the same process. Furthermore, research that does address this phenomenon tends to look at students-turned-migrants as a 'policy problem', usually focusing on their labour market integration. In contrast, this thesis foregrounds this distinctive group of contemporary migrants' subjective experience of the migration process and their ongoing transnational connections. The research used cultural probes (packages of mixed media materials such as diaries, maps and disposable cameras, which participants used to document aspects of their lives) and in-depth interviews to provide a rich understanding of the multiplicity and breadth of participants' individual experiences, with various reflective representations of the individuals' narratives at the core of the study. The analysis covers two aspects of the student-turned-migrant experience: the acquisition of memberships, such as PR and citizenship, and the maintenance of mobilities, including virtual mobility through media and communications technology, and corporeal mobility through forms of travel such as return visits. The analysis reveals that students-turned-migrants undergo a distinct migration experience, characterised by three sequential gates of membership: their entrance as transient students, their acquisition of residency and their decisions about citizenship. Transnational consciousness diffuses their decision-making at each stage of this process, as they negotiate the memberships available to them as a means to balance their desires and obligations across home and host countries. The analysis reveals that student-turned-migrant choices and experiences are often affected by macro-political forces. Choices about citizenship are heavily influenced by global regimes of mobility and the media, and their acqu isition of residency is negotiated through the institutions and regulations of the immigration regime. The analysis also reveals that students-turned-migrants engage with a diverse range of transnational practices, many of which are closely grounded in the use of technology to maintain transnational connections. The findings reframe students-turned-migrants as more than just a policy problem, but rather as a unique group of contemporary migrants, with several key features that set them apart from previous waves of Australian migrants. While they are less integrated into established local ethnic communities, they maintain very strong connections overseas. They maintain regular contact through virtual mobilities and display a high propensity for return travel. They value mobility highly and display an acute awareness of both the advantages and challenges of sustaining mobile lives. The study of their experiences not only reveals a great deal about the nature of transnationality and mobility in an increasingly globalised world, but also suggests that if this type of migration continues in the future, it may have implications for Australia's patterns of cultural diversity and international integration.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Title proper from title frame. Also available in printed format.

Thesis (M.A.)--Dept. of Economics. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2007. / "A thesis in economics." Typescript. Advisor: Erik Olsen. Vita. Title from "catalog record" of the print edition Description based on contents viewed Dec. 18, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 142-148). Online version of the print edition.

Migration and travel have been significant factors in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic since its emergence in 1981. Understanding the current effects of migration and travel on HIV/AIDS transmission and survival is essential to intervention efforts, especially for immigrants. Previous research highlights differences between immigrants and native ethnic minorities, but few studies compare immigrant groups to their peers in the country of origin. The overall objective of this study was to explore the relationship between migration, travel and risk behavior among Jamaicans infected with HIV. This dissertation study analyzed HIV/AIDS registry data from the New York City Department of Health and the Jamaica Ministry of Health by focusing on HIV positive individuals of Jamaican birth reported to surveillance from January 1, 1988 – December31, 2007. The research included three specific aims. The first aim explored factors associated with transnational sexual partnerships among persons with HIV in Jamaica, using classification tree methodology and logistic regression modeling. The second aim compared trends in newly reported HIV and AIDS cases as well as deaths among Jamaican cases in New York City and Jamaica. The study design was ecologic and involved the comparison through the use of general linear modeling techniques. The final aim compared factors associated with late stage HIV/AIDS diagnoses between the two locations through a case control study design and logistic regression analysis. Persons with missing gender (n=62) were excluded from all analyses. Tests for interaction by location and gender were performed with each covariate. Significant interactions by both gender and location led to stratified models in the final analysis. A matched sample of 623 cases and 1,869 controls was analyzed to determine factors associated with overseas partnering. Persons who were deportees, in the professional or trade occupation groups, separated or divorced and categorized as MSM or IDU were more likely to have transnational sex partners. Comparisons of HIV, AIDS and death rates between the two jurisdictions revealed significant declines in annual AIDS case rates and deaths with no significant change in newly reported HIV cases. In both settings, rates of late stage diagnoses were alarmingly high (42% and 48% respectively).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2006. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Le but de cette recherché doctorale est d'établir la liaison entre deux phénomènes de mobilité parallèles qui peuvent faire changer une société de manière dramatique. On trouve dans le Maramures deux couloirs de mobilités fort liés entre eux: l’arrivée de personnes vers la région, qui consiste surtout en tourisme rural, et le départ des personnes originaires de la région vers l’étranger, qui est représenté par la migration de travail. Le tourisme rural est encastré dans un contexte social, politique et historique particulier. La spécificité supposée de la région est celle d’une authenticité bien préservée, avec un fort usage du discours concernant l’Etat national. Le Maramures est considéré comme une des régions “authentiques”, “archaïques” et “traditionnelles” qui attirent une certaine catégorie de visiteurs, comme c’est souvent le cas du tourisme rural. L’évolution du phénomène touristique est le résultat des intersections complexes des divers acteurs, les migrants jouant un rôle important. Une grande partie des remises de fonds provenant des migrants est investie dans le tourisme rural, d’une manière directe ou indirecte. De plus, ceux-ci fonctionnent comme des médiateurs culturels pour les activités touristiques. La participation à une pratique, tel le tourisme rural ou la migration, facilite souvent l’accès à l’autre, générant ainsi des tensions et clivages sociaux. La croissance continue du tourisme et de la migration est en même temps cause et effet d’une interdépendance entre les modèles culturels et économiques de l’Est et de l’Ouest. / The goal of this PhD research is to show the connection between two parallel mobility phenomena that have the potential to dramatically change a local society. There are two strongly linked “mobility corridors” in Maramures. Incoming mobility, i.e. the arrival of foreigners, largely involves tourists, whilst outgoing mobility consists mostly of labour migration. Rural tourism is embedded in a particular social, political and historical context. The alleged specificity of this area is a well-preserved authenticity, with a strong background of national discourse. Maramures is seen as an “authentic”, “archaic” or “traditional” area, so it attracts a particular category of visitor, as is often the case in rural tourism. The evolution of this tourism phenomenon is the result of the complex intersection of different actors’ interests, and migrants play a major role. A large part of the labour migrants’ remittances is invested in rural tourism, directly or indirectly. Moreover, these migrants function as cultural brokers for tourism-related activities. Participation in either rural tourism or migration often facilitates access to the other. However, it also creates tensions and social gaps. The steady growth of tourism and migration is both cause and effect of an interdependence between the cultural and economic models of Eastern and Western societies.

La Province de Caserta, en Campanie, est un lieu de concentration des flux migratoires au Sud de L’Italie. Les migrant qu’y arrivent « illégalement » ou « irrégulièrement », du Nord de l’Afrique comme de l’Europe orientale, trouvent dans ce territoire des opportunités de travail et d’habitation, grâce à la présence d’un marché du travail au noir et d’un marché immobilier déréglementé, résultat de l’urbanisation sauvage et des spéculations. Les travailleurs immigrés se trouvent à vivre une condition existentiale marquée par la marginalisation, la pauvreté, l’exploitation et la violence : cette condition à des effets sur leur santé, physique et mentale. Cette étude veut analyser la relation entre migration, santé et inégalité sociale, è travers une ethnographies des services sanitaires pour les immigrés. Cependant, en Campanie ces services sont réalisé et gérés è traves des accords entre les institutions sanitaires locales et les association de bénévolat et les organisation humanitaires internationales, comme Médecines Sans Frontières. Cette ethnographie, donc, est aussi une analyse du rapport entre gestion humanitaire de la migration et politiques de citoyenneté en Italie, un rapport qui semble caractériser de plus en plus le gouvernement des migrations. Enfin, étant le territoire de la Province di Caserta caractérisé per la présence des organisations criminelles mafieuse, j’analyserais les effets de cette présence, soi en ce qui concerne la migration, soi en ce qui concerne la vie des citoyens italiens.

Many people have migrated between East and West Europe in recent decades. The daily life of these migrants is crucial not only for the migrants themselves but also for the development of future migration. The aim of this thesis is to explore the interaction between migration motives, integration, social networks and migration, and how this affects international migration processes in general. This is done using migration between Sweden on the one hand and Russia, Poland and the Baltic States on the other as a case study. The thesis consists of three empirical studies which derive from different sources of data: the first (Paper I) draws on individual Swedish register data while the second and third are based upon a questionnaire survey. Paper I explores aspects of transnational social spaces in the context of migration from the non-Baltic former Soviet republics to Sweden before and after the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989. The results of this paper show rather limited migration and a lack of a more developed transnational social space. This is partly due to weak integration on the labour market, a high degree of intermarriage, no existing migrant community and limited return migration. The following two papers (II, III) focus on migrants from Russia, Poland and the Baltic States to Sweden after 1990. Paper II analyses migration motives and the outcome of the migration decision, and reveals significant gender differences in the motives for migrating and in how men and women adapt in their new country of living. While men mainly came for economic reasons, the majority of women came for intermarriage in Sweden; however, the migration motives have changed over time towards more economic ones. The final paper (III) shows significant gender differences in the migrants’ perceived sense of belonging in Sweden. Women report a stronger sense of belonging than their male counterparts, and while men’s sense of belonging is mainly affected by duration of stay in Sweden, language proficiency and citizenship, women’s sense of belonging is shown to be mostly affected by local social networks. In sum, the results in this thesis show that migration systems and transnational social spaces between Sweden and the respective countries have not yet emerged. This is partly due to the specific migrant composition and integration that characterize this migration process. The immigrants mainly function as weak bridgeheads, and do not facilitate the development of any further migration. However, with a changing migration flow, including migrants with different motives and migration agendas, future migrants can be stronger bridgeheads and facilitate further development of migration systems and transnational social spaces.