The past two decades have seen a surge in the number of applications requiring precise positioning data. Modern cellular networks offer many services based on the user's location, such as emergency services (e.g., E911), and emerging wireless sensor networks are being used in applications spanning environmental monitoring, precision agriculture, warehouse and manufacturing logistics, and traffic monitoring, just to name a few. In these sensor networks in particular, obtaining precise positioning data of the sensors gives vital context to the measurements being reported. While the Global Positioning System (GPS) has traditionally been used to obtain this positioning data, the deployment locations of these cellular and sensor networks in GPS-constrained environments (e.g., cities, indoors, etc.), along with the need for reliable positioning, requires a localization scheme that does not rely solely on GPS. This has lead to localization being performed entirely by the network infrastructure itself, or by the network infrastructure aided, in part, by GPS. In the literature, benchmarking localization performance in these networks has traditionally been done in a deterministic manner. That is, for a fixed setup of anchors (nodes with known location) and a target (a node with unknown location) a commonly used benchmark for localization error, such as the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB), can be calculated for a given localization strategy, e.g., time-of-arrival (TOA), angle-of-arrival (AOA), etc. While this CRLB calculation provides excellent insight into expected localization performance, its traditional treatment as a deterministic value for a specific setup is limited. Rather than trying to gain insight into a specific setup, network designers are more often interested in aggregate localization error statistics within the network as a whole. Questions such as: "What percentage of the time is localization error less than x meters in the network?" are commonplace. In order to answer these types of questions, network designers often turn to simulations; however, these come with many drawbacks, such as lengthy execution times and the inability to provide fundamental insights due to their inherent ``block box'' nature. Thus, this dissertation presents the first analytical solution with which to answer these questions. By leveraging tools from stochastic geometry, anchor positions and potential target positions can be modeled by Poisson point processes (PPPs). This allows for the CRLB of position error to be characterized over all setups of anchor positions and potential target positions realizable within the network. This leads to a distribution of the CRLB, which can completely characterize localization error experienced by a target within the network, and can consequently be used to answer questions regarding network-wide localization performance. The particular CRLB distribution derived in this dissertation is for fourth-generation (4G) and fifth-generation (5G) sub-6GHz networks employing a TOA localization strategy. Recognizing the tremendous potential that stochastic geometry has in gaining new insight into localization, this dissertation continues by further exploring the union of these two fields. First, the concept of localizability, which is the probability that a mobile is able to obtain an unambiguous position estimate, is explored in a 5G, millimeter wave (mm-wave) framework. In this framework, unambiguous single-anchor localization is possible with either a line-of-sight (LOS) path between the anchor and mobile or, if blocked, then via at least two NLOS paths. Thus, for a single anchor-mobile pair in a 5G, mm-wave network, this dissertation derives the mobile's localizability over all environmental realizations this anchor-mobile pair is likely to experience in the network. This is done by: (1) utilizing the Boolean model from stochastic geometry, which statistically characterizes the random positions, sizes, and orientations of reflectors (e.g., buildings) in the environment, (2) considering the availability of first-order (i.e., single-bounce) reflections as well as the LOS path, and (3) considering the possibility that reflectors can either facilitate or block reflections. In addition to the derivation of the mobile's localizability, this analysis also reveals that unambiguous localization, via reflected NLOS signals exclusively, is a relatively small contributor to the mobile's overall localizability. Lastly, using this first-order reflection framework developed under the Boolean model, this dissertation then statistically characterizes the NLOS bias present on range measurements. This NLOS bias is a common phenomenon that arises when trying to measure the distance between two nodes via the time delay of a transmitted signal. If the LOS path is blocked, then the extra distance that the signal must travel to the receiver, in excess of the LOS path, is termed the NLOS bias. Due to the random nature of the propagation environment, the NLOS bias is a random variable, and as such, its distribution is sought. As before, assuming NLOS propagation is due to first-order reflections, and that reflectors can either facilitate or block reflections, the distribution of the path length (i.e., absolute time delay) of the first-arriving multipath component (MPC) is derived. This result is then used to obtain the first NLOS bias distribution in the localization literature that is based on the absolute delay of the first-arriving MPC for outdoor time-of-flight (TOF) range measurements. This distribution is shown to match exceptionally well with commonly assumed gamma and exponential NLOS bias models in the literature, which were only attained previously through heuristic or indirect methods. Finally, the flexibility of this analytical framework is utilized by further deriving the angle-of-arrival (AOA) distribution of the first-arriving MPC at the mobile. This distribution gives novel insight into how environmental obstacles affect the AOA and also represents the first AOA distribution, of any kind, derived under the Boolean model. In summary, this dissertation uses the analytical tools offered by stochastic geometry to gain new insights into localization metrics by performing analyses over the entire ensemble of infrastructure or environmental realizations that a target is likely to experience in a network. / Doctor of Philosophy / The past two decades have seen a surge in the number of applications requiring precise positioning data. Modern cellular networks offer many services based on the user's location, such as emergency services (e.g., E911), and emerging wireless sensor networks are being used in applications spanning environmental monitoring, precision agriculture, warehouse and manufacturing logistics, and traffic monitoring, just to name a few. In these sensor networks in particular, obtaining precise positioning data of the sensors gives vital context to the measurements being reported. While the Global Positioning System (GPS) has traditionally been used to obtain this positioning data, the deployment locations of these cellular and sensor networks in GPS-constrained environments (e.g., cities, indoors, etc.), along with the need for reliable positioning, requires a localization scheme that does not rely solely on GPS. This has lead to localization being performed entirely by the network infrastructure itself, or by the network infrastructure aided, in part, by GPS. When speaking in terms of localization, the network infrastructure consists of what are called anchors, which are simply nodes (points) with a known location. These can be base stations, WiFi access points, or designated sensor nodes, depending on the network. In trying to determine the position of a target (i.e., a user, or a mobile), various measurements can be made between this target and the anchor nodes in close proximity. These measurements are typically distance (range) measurements or angle (bearing) measurements. Localization algorithms then process these measurements to obtain an estimate of the target position. The performance of a given localization algorithm (i.e., estimator) is typically evaluated by examining the distance, in meters, between the position estimates it produces vs. the actual (true) target position. This is called the positioning error of the estimator. There are various benchmarks that bound the best (lowest) error that these algorithms can hope to achieve; however, these benchmarks depend on the particular setup of anchors and the target. The benchmark of localization error considered in this dissertation is the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB). To determine how this benchmark of localization error behaves over the entire network, all of the various setups of anchors and the target that would arise in the network must be considered. Thus, this dissertation uses a field of statistics called stochastic geometry} to model all of these random placements of anchors and the target, which represent all the setups that can be experienced in the network. Under this model, the probability distribution of this localization error benchmark across the entirety of the network is then derived. This distribution allows network designers to examine localization performance in the network as a whole, rather than just for a specific setup, and allows one to obtain answers to questions such as: "What percentage of the time is localization error less than x meters in the network?" Next, this dissertation examines a concept called localizability, which is the probability that a target can obtain a unique position estimate. Oftentimes localization algorithms can produce position estimates that congregate around different potential target positions, and thus, it is important to know when algorithms will produce estimates that congregate around a unique (single) potential target position; hence the importance of localizability. In fifth generation (5G), millimeter wave (mm-wave) networks, only one anchor is needed to produce a unique target position estimate if the line-of-sight (LOS) path between the anchor and the target is unimpeded. If the LOS path is impeded, then a unique target position can still be obtained if two or more non-line-of-sight (NLOS) paths are available. Thus, over all possible environmental realizations likely to be experienced in the network by this single anchor-mobile pair, this dissertation derives the mobile's localizability, or in this case, the probability the LOS path or at least two NLOS paths are available. This is done by utilizing another analytical tool from stochastic geometry known as the Boolean model, which statistically characterizes the random positions, sizes, and orientations of reflectors (e.g., buildings) in the environment. Under this model, considering the availability of first-order (i.e., single-bounce) reflections as well as the LOS path, and considering the possibility that reflectors can either facilitate or block reflections, the mobile's localizability is derived. This result reveals the roles that the LOS path and the NLOS paths play in obtaining a unique position estimate of the target. Using this first-order reflection framework developed under the Boolean model, this dissertation then statistically characterizes the NLOS bias present on range measurements. This NLOS bias is a common phenomenon that arises when trying to measure the distance between two nodes via the time-of-flight (TOF) of a transmitted signal. If the LOS path is blocked, then the extra distance that the signal must travel to the receiver, in excess of the LOS path, is termed the NLOS bias. As before, assuming NLOS propagation is due to first-order reflections and that reflectors can either facilitate or block reflections, the distribution of the path length (i.e., absolute time delay) of the first-arriving multipath component (MPC) (or first-arriving ``reflection path'') is derived. This result is then used to obtain the first NLOS bias distribution in the localization literature that is based on the absolute delay of the first-arriving MPC for outdoor TOF range measurements. This distribution is shown to match exceptionally well with commonly assumed NLOS bias distributions in the literature, which were only attained previously through heuristic or indirect methods. Finally, the flexibility of this analytical framework is utilized by further deriving angle-of-arrival (AOA) distribution of the first-arriving MPC at the mobile. This distribution yields the probability that, for a specific angle, the first-arriving reflection path arrives at the mobile at this angle. This distribution gives novel insight into how environmental obstacles affect the AOA and also represents the first AOA distribution, of any kind, derived under the Boolean model. In summary, this dissertation uses the analytical tools offered by stochastic geometry to gain new insights into localization metrics by performing analyses over all of the possible infrastructure or environmental realizations that a target is likely to experience in a network.

The development of millimeter-wave (30-300 GHz) sensors and communications systems has a long history of interest, spanning back almost six decades. In particular, mm-wave radars have applications as automotive radars, in remote atmospheric sensing applications, as landing radars for air and spacecraft, and for high precision imaging applications. Mm-wave radar systems have high angular accuracy and range resolution, and, while susceptible to atmospheric attenuation, are less susceptible to optically opaque conditions, such as smoke or dust. This dissertation document will present the initial steps towards a new approach to the creation of a mm-wave radar system at 94 GHz. Specifically, this dissertation presents the design, fabrication and testing of various components of a highly integrated mm-wave a 94 Ghz monopulse radar transmitter/receiver. Several architectural approaches are considered, including passive and active implementations of RF monopulse comparator networks. These architectures are enabled by a high-performance three-dimensional rectangular coaxial microwave transmission line technology known as PolyStrataTM as well as silicon-based IC technologies. A number of specific components are examined in detail, including: a 2x2 PolyStrata antenna array, a passive monopulse comparator network, a 94 GHz SiGe two-port active comparator MMIC, a 24 GHz RF-CMOS 4-port active monopulse comparator IC, and a series of V- and W-band corporate combining structures for use in transmitter power combining applications. The 94 GHz cavity-backed antennas based on a rectangular coaxial feeding network have been designed, fabricated, and tested. 13 dB gain for a 2 x 2 array, as well as antenna patterns are reported. In an effort to facilitate high-accuracy measurement of the antenna array, an E-probe transition to waveguide and PolyStrata diode detectors were also designed and fabricated. AW-band rectangular coaxial passive monopulse comparator with integrated antenna array and diode detectors have also been presented. Measured monopulse nulls of 31.4 dB in the ΔAZ plane have been demonstrated. 94-GHz SiGe active monopulse comparator IC and 24 GHz RF-CMOS active monopulse comparator RFIC designs are presented, including detailed simulations of monopulse nulls and performance over frequency. Simulations of the W-band SiGe active monopulse comparator IC indicate potential for wideband operation, with 30 dB monopulse nulls from 75-105 GHz. For the 24-GHz active monopulse comparator IC, simulated monopulse nulls of 71 dB and 68 dB were reported for the azimuthal and elevational sweeps. Measurements of these ICs were unsuccessful due to layout errors and incomplete accounting for parasitics. Simulated results from a series of rectangular coaxial power corporate power combining structures have been presented, and their relative merits discussed. These designs include 2-1 and 4-1 reactive, Wilkinson, and Gysel combiners at V- and W-band. Measured back-to-back results from Gysel combiners at 60 GHz included insertion loss of 0.13 dB per division for a 2-1 combination, and an insertion loss of 0.3 dB and 0.14 dB for "planar" and "direct" 4-1 combinations, respectively. At 94 GHz, a measured insertion loss of 0.1 dB per division has been presented for a 2-1 Gysel combination, using a back-to-back structure. Preliminary designs for a solid-state power amplifier (SSPA) structure have also been presented. Finally, two conceptual monopulse transceivers will be presented, as a vehicle for integrating the various components demonstrated in this dissertation. / Ph. D.

Wireless network virtualization (WNV) and millimeter wave (mmW) communications are emerging as two key technologies for cellular networks. Virtualization in cellular networks enables wireless services to be decoupled from network resources (e.g., infrastructure and spectrum) so that multiple virtual networks can be built using a shared pool of network resources. At the same time, utilization of the large bandwidth available in mmW frequency band would help to overcome ongoing spectrum scarcity issues. In this context, this dissertation presents efficient frameworks for building virtual networks in sub-6 GHz and mmW bands. Towards developing the frameworks, first, we derive a closed-form expression for the downlink rate coverage probability of a typical sub-6 GHz cellular network with known base station (BS) locations and stochastic user equipment (UE) locations and channel conditions. Then, using the closed-form expression, we develop a sub-6 GHz virtual resource allocation framework that aggregates, slices, and allocates the sub-6 Ghz network resources to the virtual networks in such a way that the virtual networks' sub-6 GHz downlink coverage and rate demands are probabilistically satisfied while resource over-provisioning is minimized in the presence of uncertainty in UE locations and channel conditions. Furthermore, considering the possibility of lack of sufficient sub-6 GHz resources to satisfy the rate coverage demands of all virtual networks, we design a prioritized sub-6 GHz virtual resource allocation scheme where virtual networks are built sequentially based on their given priorities. To this end, we develop static frameworks that allocate sub-6 GHz resources in the presence of uncertainty in UE locations and channel conditions, i.e., before the UE locations and channel conditions are revealed. As a result, when a slice of a BS serves its associated UEs, it can be over-satisfied (i.e., resources left after satisfying the rate demands of all UEs) or under-satisfied (i.e., lack of resources to satisfy the rate demands of all UEs). On the other hand, it is extremely challenging to execute the entire virtual resource allocation process in real time due to the small transmission time intervals (TTIs) of cellular technologies. Taking this into consideration, we develop an efficient scheme that performs the virtual resource allocation in two phases, i.e., virtual network deployment phase (static) and statistical multiplexing phase (adaptive). In the virtual network deployment phase, sub-6 GHz resources are aggregated, sliced, and allocated to the virtual networks considering the presence of uncertainty in UE locations and channel conditions, without knowing which realization of UE locations and channel conditions will occur. Once the virtual networks are deployed, each of the aggregated BSs performs statistical multiplexing, i.e., allocates excess resources from the over-satisfied slices to the under-satisfied slices, according to the realized channel conditions of associated UEs. In this way, we further improve the sub-6 GHz resource utilization. Next, we steer our focus on the mmW virtual resource allocation process. MmW systems typically use beamforming techniques to compensate for the high pathloss. The directional communication in the presence of uncertainty in UE locations and channel conditions, make maintaining connectivity and performing initial access and cell discovery challenging. To address these challenges, we develop an efficient framework for mmW virtual network deployment and UE assignment. The deployment decisions (i.e., the required set of mmW BSs and their optimal beam directions) are taken in the presence of uncertainty in UE locations and channel conditions, i.e., before the UE locations and channel conditions are revealed. Once the virtual networks are deployed, an optimal mmW link (or a fallback sub-6 GHz link) is assigned to each UE according to the realized UE locations and channel conditions. Our numerical results demonstrate the gains brought by our proposed scheme in terms of minimizing resource over-provisioning while probabilistically satisfying virtual networks' sub-6 GHz and mmW demands in the presence of uncertainty in UE locations and channel conditions. / Doctor of Philosophy / In cellular networks, mobile network operators (MNOs) have been sharing resources (e.g., infrastructure and spectrum) as a solution to extend coverage, increase capacity, and decrease expenditures. Recently, due to the advent of 5G wireless services with enormous coverage and capacity demands and potential revenue losses due to over-provisioning to serve peak demands, the motivation for sharing and virtualization has significantly increased in cellular networks. Through wireless network virtualization (WNV), wireless services can be decoupled from the network resources so that various services can efficiently share the resources. At the same time, utilization of the large bandwidth available in millimeter wave (mmW) frequency band would help to overcome ongoing spectrum scarcity issues. However, due to the inherent features of cellular networks, i.e., the uncertainty in user equipment (UE) locations and channel conditions, enabling WNV and mmW communications in cellular networks is a challenging task. Specifically, we need to build the virtual networks in such a way that UE demands are satisfied, isolation among the virtual networks are maintained, and resource over-provisioning is minimized in the presence of uncertainty in UE locations and channel conditions. In addition, the mmW channels experience higher attenuation and blockage due to their small wavelengths compared to conventional sub-6 GHz channels. To compensate for the high pathloss, mmW systems typically use beamforming techniques. The directional communication in the presence of uncertainty in UE locations and channel conditions, make maintaining connectivity and performing initial access and cell discovery challenging. Our goal is to address these challenges and develop optimization frameworks to efficiently enable virtualization and mmW technologies in cellular networks.

Avec la croissance actuelle du marché des applications de transfert de données multimédia à très haut débit, les bandes de fréquences autour de 60 GHz sont une nouvelle alternative promettant des performances intéressantes en terme de débits mais soulèvent des défis techniques et technologiques au niveau des architectures et circuits. C'est dans ce cadre que s'inscrit cette thèse, qui propose une approche multi bande impulsionnelle MBOOK avec un récepteur à détection d'énergie, et qui analyse plus spécifiquement les verrous au niveau de l'émetteur. L'étude du canal de propagation à 60 GHz, basée sur les modèles de canaux du standard IEEE 802.15.3c, a permis de démontrer la potentialité de cette architecture et permet d'atteindre des débits de 2 Gbps à 2metres dans un environnement de type résidentiel. Le dimensionnement de l'architecture ainsi que des performances des principaux blocs ont conduit à plusieurs possibilités pour l'architecture de l'émetteur MBOOK à 60 GHz. Les critères ont été d'assurer un compromis performances, consommation. Une étude approfondie sur l'étude des imperfections de certains blocs critiques et l'impact sur l'impulsion transmise, et donc sur les performances du système ont été établies. Le banc de filtres, nécessaire à l'émission et à la réception, représente l'un des verrous, et nous proposons une solution de filtrage à base de lignes couplées. L'étude des solutions de génération d'impulsions, des étages de commutation, et des étages d'amplification de l'émetteur sont détaillées et discutées dans les deux derniers chapitres / With the current increasing market request concerning high speed data rates applications, the 60 GHz frequency bands seems to be one of the new promising alternatives for high data rate wireless communications. In this context, the development of new systems operating at these frequencies becomes a very attractive research subject. This study focuses on nomadic systems offering high data and reconfigurable rates, low complexity, low power consumption for short communications. One of the important tasks in the millimetre wave architecture design is to consider the channel propagation characteristics simultaneously with the technological performance of integrated circuits and antennas. This requires a co-design of the entire system. Therefore, we begun by studying the characteristics of the channel propagation channel at 60GHz according to the IEEE 802.15.3c and IEEE 802.11.ad models. This PHD thesis proposes a new transceiver architecture based on multi-band impulse mode, with On Off Keying modulation schema and non coherent receiver. This architecture is dedicated to nomadic systems offering high data and reconfigurable rates, low complexity, low power consumption for short communications. Analysis and performances for the proposed architecture are presented. More than 2 Gbps at 2 m are obtained. The imperfections of some critical blocks and their impact on the transmitted pulses were analysed and thus the performance of the system has been established. The potentiality of microstrip band pass filter bank presenting a constant relative bandwidth and reasonable insertion losses is presented in this study. The study of pulse generation solutions, switchers, amplification stages and antennas are detailed and discussed in the last two chaptersconstant relative bandwidth and reasonable insertion losses is presented in this study.The study of pulse generation solutions, switchers, amplification stages and antennas are detailed and discussed in the last two chapters.

Des études in vitro ont été menées pour évaluer les effets biologiques potentiels de deux types d'ondes radiofréquences. Dans une première partie, nous avons étudié les ondes radiofréquences (300 et 500 MHz) utilisées en imagerie médicale à haute résolution (IRM). Ces ondes sont en régime impulsionnel (de l'ordre de la milliseconde) et avec des puissances crêtes élevées (E= 1.8 kV/m). Toutefois, il n'existe actuellement aucune donnée dans la littérature sur l'impact biologique éventuel de ce type de signaux. Dans ce travail de thèse des cellules gliales humaines (U251 MG) en culture ont été exposées pendant 45 minutes, ou 2 heures, en condition athermique, et plusieurs analyses biologiques ont été réalisés : expression génique d'une batterie de gènes biomarqueurs du stress cellulaire et analyse par microscopie de l'intégrité cellulaire. Quel que soit le test utilisé, les résultats ont toujours été négatifs. Ceci montre qu'aucun stress cellulaire n'a eu lieu lors de l'exposition des cellules à une onde électromagnétique de 300 ou 500 MHz, de forte puissance crête. La seconde partie de ce travail de thèse porte sur l'évaluation des effets des ondes millimétriques (OMM) à 60,4 GHz, en cas de stress énergétique. Nous avons étudié l'impact de l'exposition aux OMM, en présence ou en absence de 2-déoxy-glucose, sur la production d'ATP, le potentiel redox (NADPH) et l'expression génique. Par une approche transcriptomique, nous avons observé qu' un traitement au 2-déoxy-glucose, induit une forte réponse cellulaire. La co-exposition aux OMM modifie faiblement cette réponse génique (4 gènes sur 523 semblent être différentiellement exprimés). Par contre, l'exposition est sans effet sur le potentiel redox ou sur la production d'ATP. / In vitro studies were conducted to evaluate the biological effects of two types of radiofrequency waves. In the first part, we studied the radiofrequency (300 and 500 MHz) used in medical imaging at high resolution (MRI). These radio waves are pulsed (millisecond) with strong peaks power (E = 1.8 kV/m). However, there is currently no data in the literature, on the potential biological impact of such signals. This thesis examines whether exposure to this type of signal, may or may not, trigger a cellular stress. Human glial cells (U251 MG) in culture were exposed for 45 minutes or 2 hours in athermal conditions, and several biological tests were performed: gene expression of stress biomarkers or cell integrity by Cellomics technology. Whatever the test used, no significant modification was observed between the control and the exposed cells. This strongly suggests that no cellular stress occurred during the exposure of cells to high peak power RF pulses. The second part of this thesis specifically examines the effect of millimeter waves (MMW) at 60.4 GHz in cells deprived from glucose. We investigated whether exposure to MMW, in the presence or absence of 2-deoxy-glucose has an effect on ATP production, redox potential (NADPH) and gene expression. We found no genes differentially expressed between the sham control and the exposed cells. In contrast, when cells are submitted to a metabolic stress (treated with 2dG), we found that MMW radiation significantly modifies the gene expression (4 genes out of 523 are differentially expressed). However, OMM exposure has no effect on the redox potential or ATP production.

L’évolution actuelle de la société vers un monde de plus en plus numérique et connecté nécessite des liens de communication à la fois haut-débit et bas coûts. A cette fin, les guides d’ondes en plastique proposés ces dernières années visant les bandes de fréquences millimétriques (mm) offrent un compromis performance / coût très attractif.Profitant ainsi de larges bande-passantes de l’ordre de plusieurs gigahertz (GHz), des performances des technologies CMOS avancées aux fréquences mm mais également de tolérances d’assemblage relâchées, des systèmes de communication avec de tels guides d’ondes en plastique pourraient offrir des débits de plusieurs gigabits par seconde (Gb/s) sur des distances de plusieurs mètres de manière abordable.Dans ce travail, la conception d’un guide d’ondes en plastique est tout d’abord présentée en se basant à la fois sur des résultats théoriques et de simulation électromagnétique. Bien que les promesses de faible atténuation aient effectivement été confirmées, certaines limitations du confinement et de la robustesse aux contacts extérieurs sont également apparues. L’ajout d’une mousse protectrice est brièvement investiguée, mais une géométrie innovante de guide présentant des caractéristiques améliorées est principalement détaillée.Des thématiques « systèmes » sont ensuite explorées afin de construire un système de communication utilisant ce nouveau canal de propagation. Une architecture combinant la modulation de phase en quadrature (QPSK) et le multiplexage en fréquence est ainsi introduite. L’interface entre le circuit et le guide d’ondes a par ailleurs été identifiée comme une limitation potentielle à la bande-passante globale du système. Par conséquent, une transition très large-bande a été conçue et testée pour lever ce verrou. De même, en raison des inconvénients des techniques usuelles de démodulation de signaux mm QPSK, une topologie originale utilisant les non-linéarités des oscillateurs à injection a été développée.Enfin, la conception d’un émetteur mm en technologie silicium avancée (CMOS 28 nmFD-SOI) est décrite. Les contributions majeures incluent l’introduction de coupleurs hybrides intégrés à haute-performance ainsi que la réalisation d’un circuit de synchronisation. Celui-ci présente une large plage de capture et permet un fonctionnement à faible bruit de phase lorsque le système est verrouillé sur la cinquième harmonique du signal de référence. Des mesures sur signaux modulés ont également permis de mettre en évidence la capacité de l’émetteur à transmettre des débits très élevés de plusieurs Gb/s. / In a world willfully transitioning to the Digital Age, the thirst for connectivity demands high-speed communication links at low cost. In this context, affordable plastic waveguides have been proposed as a disruptive propagation channel in the millimeter-wave (mmW) range. Benefiting from multi gigahertz (GHz) bandwidths and mmW capabilities of advanced CMOS technologies as well as relaxed assembly tolerances requirements, cost-effective communication systems based on plastic waveguides could offer multi gigabits per second (Gb/s) data rates over several meters distances.In this work, the design of plastic waveguide channels is first discussed using both a theoretical approach and Electromagnetic (EM) simulations. Although low attenuation promises have been confirmed, some limitations are also highlighted, especially as regards confinement ability and robustness to external contacts. Solutions involving foam coating are briefly investigated and an innovative plastic waveguide design demonstrating improved characteristics is introduced.System-level topics are then explored in order to build a communication system using the previously presented channel. A new architecture, which combines Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) and frequency multiplexing, is found to be much more suitable. The transition from the circuit to the plastic waveguide has also been identified as a potential bandwidth bottleneck. Consequently, a wideband microstrip to WR-12 transition has been designed. Another limitation concerning the demodulation of QPSK mmW signals is investigated and an original topology using the non-linearities of Injection Locked Oscillators (ILO) has been developed.Finally, the design of a mmW transmitter in an advanced silicon technology node (CMOS 28 nm FD-SOI) is described. Major contributions include the introduction of high-performance integrated hybrid couplers and the realization of a wide locking range synchronization circuit enabling low phase-noise operation when locked on the fifth harmonic of a reference signal. Measurements on modulated signals have validated the transmitter high data-rate capability of several Gb/s.

The band around 60 GHz is interesting for BAN applications mainly for lowerinterference than at microwave frequencies, wide available band adapted to On-Off Keying(OOK) modulation for low energy consumption and low data rate communication (under10 Mbps), antenna miniaturization. Nevertheless, due to high attenuation at this frequency,the design of a reliable and energy-effective communications for BANs requires a detailedanalysis of the body channel. A planar and compact SIW horn antenna was designed and usedfor body channel measurements at 60 GHz. The main contribution in the antenna design is thebandwidth enhancement covering the whole available band around 60 GHz compared to thesame antenna type available at this frequency. The on-body measurements with this antennashow that short-distance and LOS (Line Of Sight) links are possible at 60 GHz. The bodydynamic is taken into account by statistical off-body channel measurements. For the firsttime, measurements are done for the same scenarios at 60 GHz and another frequency in theUltra WideBand suitable with OOK impulse radio modulation. By taking into accounttransmission power standards and low power consumption receivers sensitivity in theliterature, the potentiality of 60 GHz for BAN is shown with an outage probability lower than8 % whereas this parameter is lower than 15 % at 4 GHz. When characterizing antenna onbody, difficulties arise for antenna de-embedding due to the antenna-body coupling. In fact,the antenna gain depends on transmitter-receiver distance on body. For the first time, aformulation of the vertical dipole gain on body is given. Also a new theoretical approachbased on the complex images method is proposed to compare two types of canonical antennaradiating on body. A vertical dipole and different rectangular apertures are normalizedthrough their input impedance with the same accepted power. The aperture input impedanceformulation has been developed during this study. The aperture efficiencies are 10% higherwhen antennas are at a height lower than 3 mm above the body phantom. The received powerincreases with the antenna size only for phantom direct touch, the difference among antennasis lower than 4 dB for the considered antennas limited with a monomode configuration. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Cette thèse concerne le développement de futurs appareils, systèmes et réseaux prenant en charge l’internet haute vitesse, sans fil 5éme g´enération (5G). La demande de débit très élevé nécessite une bande passante suffisante, et ainsi la bande de fréquence millimetrique (mm-wave) a beaucoup d’intérêt. Un certain nombre de technologies devront converger, coexister et interagir, et surtout, coopérer, si cette vision doit être efficace et rentable. Le concept principal de cette de 5G est l’intégration de réseaux de fibre optique et Les réseaux radio grâce à la technologie Radio-sur-Fibre (RoF) aux fréquences d’onde millimetriques, pour fournir des services à large bande passante et permettre des réseaux évolutifs et gérables sans structure d’interface très complexe et multiples protocoles superposés.Dans cette thèse, les systèmes de communication RoF à ondes millimetriques sont théoriquement étudiés et démontrés expérimentalement pour étudier les altérations du système. Le travail présenté dans cette thèse est axé sur le bruit optique représenté par le bruit de phase et d’intensité induit par la source optique et la dispersion chromatique introduite par la fibre optique. Le bruit optique est analysé et mesuré pour différentes techniques de génération optique. Deux dispositifs différents de conversion, un mélangeur et un détecteur d’enveloppe sont, appliqués pour le traitement du signal et pour décorréler la phase et le bruit d’intensité. Nous souhaitons souligner que cette étude et le modèle peuvent s’appliquer à tout type de système de génération optique hétérodyne et à toute gamme de fréquences. La corrélation entre les modes optiques en peigne à fréquence optique est examinée pour montrer l’impact de la dispersion chromatique. Cette thèse présente la distribution d’énergie des ondes millimetriques et son influence sur la portée des fibres et la façon dont l’effet de dispersion chromatique sur le réseau RoF depend des paramètres de dispersion. Ensuite, cette thèse démontre comment la décorrélation de la phase optique induite par la dispersion chromatique entraîne un bruit de partition de modes dans les réseaux de communication RoF à ondes millimétriques.Lors de la transmission de certains types de données sur le système, les résultats démontrent l’impact du bruit optique et de la dispersion chromatique sur le qualité du signal. Les résultats de simulation sont présentés et sont en très bon accord avec les résultats expérimentaux. La grandeur du vecteur d’erreur evaluée par en processus en ligne montre l’impact des altèrations du système sur les performances du système. Le débit de données et l’évolution du système présentée sont en conformité avec les normes de communication comme à ondes millimétriques. / This thesis is for the development of future devices, systems and networks supporting the 5th Generation (5G) high-speed wireless internet. The demand for very high bit rate requires a sufficient large bandwidth, and therefore Millimeter-Wave (mm-wave) frequency band has a lot of interest. Several number of technologies will need to converge, co-exist and interoperate, and most importantly, cooperate, if this vision is to be efficiently and cost-effectively realized. The main concept within this next 5G is the integration of optical fiber networks and radio networks through Radio-over-Fiber (RoF) technology at mm-wave frequencies, to provide high-bandwidth front/backhaul services and enable scalable and manageable networks without a highly complex interface structure and multiple overlaid protocols.In this thesis, the mm-wave RoF communication systems are theoretically studied and experimentally demonstrated to investigate the system impairments. The work presented in this thesis is focused on optical noise represented by phase and intensity noise induced by optical source and chromatic dispersion introduced by optical fiber. The optical noise is analyzed and measured for different optical generation techniques. Two different down-conversion stages, mixer and envelope detector, are applied for signal processing and to decorrelate phase and intensity noise. We would like to highlight that this study and the model can be applicable toany kind of optical heterodyne generation system and any frequency range. The correlation among optical modes in optical frequency comb is examined to show the impact of chromatic dispersion. This thesis also exhibits the mm-wave power distribution over fiber span and how the chromatic dispersion effect on the RoF network is modified by varying dispersion parameters. Then, this thesis demonstrates how the optical phase decorrelation induced by chromatic dispersion results in mode partition noise at mm-wave RoF communication networks.When transmitting some types of data over the system, the results demonstrate the impact of optical noise and chromatic dispersion on the signal quality. The simulation results are presented and are in very good agreement with experimental results. The error vector magnitudethrough online process shows the impact of the system impairments on the system performance. The data rate and system evolution are compliance with communication standards at mm-wave.

Dans le cadre des nouvelles applications dans la bande de fréquence millimétrique, une évaluation de la technologie CMOS 65nm SOI pour la conception de circuits est proposée. Cette évaluation s'articule autour de deux axes principaux. Tout d'abord les composants actifs et passifs spécifiques à la technologie font l'objet d'une étude en terme de performances et de modélisations. Ensuite la technologie est évaluée au travers l'exemple de circuits composant une chaîne de réception

<p>Flexible printed circuit boards (flex PCBs) are used in a wide range of electronic devices today due to their light weight, bendability, extensive wiring possibilities, and low-cost manufacturing techniques. The general trend in the flex PCB industry is further miniaturization alongside increasing functionality per device and reduced costs. To meet these demands, a new generation of low cost manufacturing technologies is being developed to enable structures with smaller lateral dimensions and higher packing densities.</p><p>Wet etching is today the most cost-efficient method for producing a large number of through-foil structures in flex PCBs. However, conventional wet etch techniques do not allow for through-foil structures with aspect ratios over 1 – a fact that either necessitates thin and mechanically weak foils or puts severe limitations on the packing density. The fabrication techniques presented in this thesis allow for through-foil structures with higher aspect ratios and packing densities using wet etching. To achieve high aspect ratios with wet etching, the flex PCB foils are pre-treated with irradiation by swift heavy ions. Each ion that passes through the foil leaves a track of damaged material which can be subsequently etched to form highly vertical pores. By using conventional flex PCB process techniques on the porous foils, high aspect ratio metallized through-foil structures are demonstrated.</p><p>The resulting structures consist of multiple sub-micrometer sized wires. These structures are superior to their conventional counterparts when it comes to their higher aspect ratios, higher possible packing densities and low metallic cross-section. Furthermore, metallized through-foil structures with larger areas and more complicated geometries are possible without losing the mechanical stability of the foil. This in turn enables applications that are not possible using conventional techniques and structures. In this thesis, two such applications are demonstrated: flex PCB vertical thermopile sensors and substrate integrated waveguides for use in millimeter wave applications.</p>