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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Participação glutamatérgica nos efeitos induzidos pela anfetamina na resposta inflamatória alérgica pulmonar de camundongos / Glutamatergic involvement in amphetamine-induced effects on pulmonary allergic inflammatory response in mice

Eduardo Kenji Hamasato 06 September 2011 (has links)
O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a participação do sistema glutamatérgico nos efeitos induzidos pela anfetamina em camundongos sensibilizados e desafiados com ovalbumina, através do tratamento prévio com MK-801, um antagonista de receptores glutamatérgicos NMDA. Em relação aos animais tratados apenas com anfetamina, observamos que o tratamento prévio com MK-801: 1) reverteu a diminuição no número de leucócitos totais bem como o número de eosinófilos e neutrófilos no lavado broncoalveolar (LBA); 2) reverteu a diminuição da porcentagem de expressão das moléculas L-selectina e ICAM-1 em granulócitos do LBA; 3) reverteu a diminuição das citocinas IL-10 e IL-13 no sobrenadante do LBA; 4) reverteu a diminuição na contração da traquéia; 5) reverteu a desgranulação de mastócitos pulmonares; 6) não alterou a produção de IgE total e IgE-OVA; 7) não reduziu os níveis de corticosterona plasmáticos. Tomados em seu conjunto, quer nos parecer que os efeitos induzidos pela anfetamina implicam na ativação do sistema glutamatérgico via receptores NMDA. Possivelmente, as diferenças dos efeitos do MK-801, da anfetamina ou a combinação de fármacos se devam a uma ativação (modulação) diferenciada sobre o eixo hipotálamo pituitária adrenal (HPA) e/ou sistema nervoso autônomo simpático (SNAS) o que poderia explicar os efeitos opostos observados na resposta inflamatória alérgica pulmonar de camundongos. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the involvement of the glutamatergic system in the effects induced by amphetamine in mice OVA-sensitized and challenged by the pretreatment with MK-801, an NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist. In relation to animals treated only with amphetamine we found that pretreatment with MK-801: 1) reverted the decrease in the total leukocytes and in the total number of eosinophils and neutrophils within the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) 2) reverted the decrease in the percentage of expression of adhesion molecules L-selectin and ICAM-1 in BAL granulocytes, 3) reverted the decrease in IL-10 and IL-13 in BAL supernatant and 4) reverted the decrease in methacoline-induced tracheal contraction; 5) reverted the degranulation of mast cells in the lungs; 6) did not alter the production of total IgE and IgE-OVA, 7) did not decrease the plasma levels of corticosterone. Taken together, it seems feasible to suggest that the effects induced by amphetamine requires the participation of the glutamatergic system via NMDA receptors. Possibly, differences in MK-801, amphetamine or MK-801 + amphetamine effects on hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (HPA) and/or sympathetic autonomic nervous system (SNAS) might explain the opposite effects now observed for these drugs given alone or in combination in the pulmonary allergic inflammatory response in mice.
12

Efeito de antagonistas do receptor NMDA sobre a metilação do DNA / Effect of NMDA receptor antagonists upon DNA methylation

Karina Montezuma 30 September 2016 (has links)
A depressão é uma doença com alta incidência na população mundial e os antidepressivos atualmente disponíveis não são completamente eficazes. Esses fármacos apresentam uma latência de 2-4 semanas para induzir uma melhora significativa dos sintomas e cerca de 45% dos pacientes não respondem ao tratamento, cujo mecanismo é baseado na facilitação da neurotransmissão monoaminérgica no SNC. Por outro lado, recentemente tem sido demonstrado que a ketamina, antagonista do receptor de glutamato do tipo NMDA induz um efeito antidepressivo rápido e sustentado em animais e pacientes. No entanto, o uso dessa droga para o tratamento da depressão possui diversas limitações e, assim, o entendimento dos mecanismos subjacentes à sua ação antidepressiva pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento de novas e melhores alternativas terapêuticas. Estes mecanismos parecem ser mais complicados do que simplesmente o bloqueio do receptor NMDA, dado que tal bloqueio com o antagonista MK-801, por exemplo, induz efeito tipo-antidepressivo no teste do nado forçado (FST) por até 3 horas, mas sem reproduzir os efeitos prolongados da ketamina. Por isso, a cascata de eventos neuroquímicos iniciada após a administração de ketamina que culmina com a regulação da expressão gênica e síntese de proteínas relacionadas aos processos de plasticidade neural têm sido alvo de grande investigação a fim de se compreender o mecanismo de ação subjacente ao efeito antidepressivo rápido e sustentado dessa droga. A expressão desses genes pode ser modulada por mecanismos epigenéticos, como a metilação do DNA, um processo realizado por DNA metiltransferases (DNMTs), que também tem apresentado grande relevância para a neurobiologia da depressão. Diante disso, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da administração de antagonistas do receptor NMDA, ketamina e MK-801, em doses e protocolos de tratamento que promovam efeito tipo-antidepressivo no FST, sobre a metilação do DNA em estruturas encefálicas importantes para a neurobiologia da depressão, em animais submetidos ou não ao estresse de nado forçado. Para tanto, primeiramente, foram delineados protocolos experimentais para análise do efeito tipo-antidepressivo destas drogas: Em ratos, administração sistêmica aguda de S(+)-ketamina 10 mg/Kg ou MK-801 0,025 mg/Kg 23 horas após a sessão pré-teste e 1 hora ou 7 dias antes da sessão teste do FST, permitiu a análise de um efeito tipo-antidepressivo rápido e sustentado induzido pela ketamina e apenas rápido pelo MK-801. Em seguida, utilizando estes protocolos, avaliou-se os efeitos do estresse do pré-teste do FST e do tratamento com tais antagonistas do receptor NMDA sobre os níveis de metilação global do DNA e expressão de DNMT3a e DNMT3b no córtex frontal, hipocampo ventral e dorsal dos animais. Foram encontradas alterações nas quantificações realizadas, sugerindo que o estresse e o tratamento podem induzir efeitos importantes sobre a metilação do DNA nas estruturas analisadas. Além disso, o tratamento com ketamina ou MK-801 parecem induzir efeitos diferenciais em algumas regiões, o que poderia estar associado aos efeitos também distintos que apresentam sobre a ação antidepressiva / Although depression presents a high incidence in the world population, currently available antidepressants exhibit a latency of 2-4 weeks to induce a significant improvement of symptoms and around 45% of patients do not respond to these drugs. On the other hand, it has been recently shown that ketamine, a NMDA receptor antagonist, induces a rapid and sustained antidepressant effect in animals and patients. However, the use of this drug for depression treatment has several limitations and, thus, the understanding of the mechanisms underlying its antidepressant action could present a significant importance for the development of new and better therapeutic alternatives. These mechanisms appear to be more complex than the initial blockade of the NMDA receptor, since such blockade by MK-801, for example, reduces the immobility time of mice submitted the forced swimming test (FST) for up to 3 hours, without reproducing the sustained effects of ketamine. Therefore, the cascade of neurochemical events that are initiated after ketamine administration that culminate in the regulation of gene expression and syntehsis of proteins related to neuronal plasticity has been the focus of intense investigation. These genes, in turn, can be modulated by epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, a process performed by DNA methyltransferase (DNMTs), which has also shown a high relevance to the neurobiology of depression and its treatment. Based on that, the present study aimed at investigating the effects induced by ketamine and MK-801, at doses and treatment protocols that promote antidepressant-like effect in the FST, upon DNA methylation in brain structures of animals submitted or not to the forced swim stress. The first experimental protocols were designed for the analysis of acute and sustained drug-induced antidepressant-like effects: In rats, acute systemic administration of S(+)-Ketamine 10 mg/Kg or MK-801 0.025 mg/Kg 23 hours after the pretest session and 1 hour or 7 days before the test session of FST was investigated. Based on these protocols, the effects of stress (FST) and of treatment with NMDA receptor antagonists were investigated on global DNA methylation levels and DNMT3a and Dnmt3b expression in the rat frontal cortex, ventral and dorsal hippocampus. Both, stress and treatment, induced changes in DNA methylation and DNMT3 expression in some of the brain regions analised. In addition, treatment with MK-801 and ketamine seem to induce differential effects in some areas, which could also be associated with different effects that they present on antidepressant action.
13

Expression de la protéine Gas6 chez le rat Sprague-Dawley : effet de l'apport alimentaire de vitamine K à différents âges

Lavoie, Marie-Ève January 2005 (has links)
Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.
14

Efeitos Comportamentais da Cetamina em Ratos Expostos ao Labirinto em t Elevado: Possível Envolvimento da Via de Sinalização de Bdnf/trkb na Matéria Cinzenta Periaquedutal

SILOTE, G. P. 06 April 2016 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-01T23:21:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_9838_019 - Dissertação Mestrado PPGBF Gabriela Pandini Silote.pdf: 2711420 bytes, checksum: 8b1f99cd99fbf2d5e2e1a4b0070122d6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-06 / A cetamina é um antagonista não competitivo dos receptores glutamatérgicos do tipo N-metil-D-aspartato (NMDA). Estudos pré-clínicos e clínicos têm sugerido que ela apresenta efeito antidepressivo de início rápido e relativamente persistente. O mecanismo de ação envolvido nesse efeito parece ser mais complexo do que o simples bloqueio dos receptores NMDA, envolve a ativação dos receptores α-amino-3-hidroxi-5-metil-4-isoazolepropiônico (AMPA) e da via de sinalização do fator neurotrófico derivado do cérebro (BDNF) e do receptor de tirosina cinase B (TrκB). Diversos fármacos antidepressivos são eficazes no tratamento do transtorno de ansiedade generalizada (TAG) e no transtorno do pânico (TP) somente após tratamento crônico, é possível que a cetamina apresente efeito ansiolítico ou panicolítico de forma rápida e persistente. O labirinto em T elevado (LTE) é um modelo que permite avaliar, no mesmo procedimento, dois tipos de ansiedade: a ansiedade aprendida (esquiva inibitória), relacionada com o Transtorno de Ansiedade Generalizada (TAG), e a ansiedade inata (fuga), relacionada com Transtorno de Pânico (TP). O objetivo do estudo foi investigar os efeitos comportamentais induzidos pela cetamina em ratos expostos ao LTE e o possível envolvimento da via BDNF/ TrκB na MCP (matéria cinzenta periaquedutal) nesses efeitos. Os resultados mostraram que a cetamina de 10 e 30 mg/Kg (doses subanestésicas) administrada de forma aguda não alteraram o comportamento dos ratos no LTE. Já a dose anestésica (80 mg/Kg), prejudicou a fuga 1, o que pode sugerir efeito tipo-panicolítico rápido. Quando a cetamina 10 mg/Kg foi administrada 24 horas antes do teste no LTE, houve facilitação da Fuga 1, o que pode sugerir um efeito tipo-panicogênico tardio. Já a dose anestésica da cetamina administrada 24 horas antes do teste facilitou à esquiva, o que sugere um efeito tipo-ansiogênico tardio, e ao mesmo tempo prejudicou a fuga 1, sugerindo um efeito tipo-panicolítico persistente. E o 5-metil-10,11-dihidroxi-5Hdibenzo(a,d)ciclo-heten-5,10-imina ; 0,05mg/Kg (MK-801; 0,05 mg/Kg) 24 horas antes do teste não alterou o comportamento dos animais. Quando a cetamina foi administrada diretamente na MCPD (matéria cinzenta periaquedutal dorsal) observou-se que apenas a dose mais baixa, de 2µg, facilitou a fuga 1, o que caracteriza um efeito tipo-panicogênico rápido. Além disso, nenhum dos esquemas de administração e doses empregados alteraram a atividade locomotora dos animais no campo aberto. Para investigar o envolvimento da via de sinalização de BDNF/TrκB nos efeitos da cetamina e do MK-801 na ansiedade no LTE, foi realizado a quantificação de TrκB total e fosforilado nos resíduos 706/707 e 515 de tirosina (Y-706/707 e Y-515) da MCP de ratos. A cetamina 80mg/Kg e o MK-801 0,05 mg/Kg administrados agudamente antes da coleta da MCP, não induziram alteração estatisticamente significante na quantidade de pTrκB nos resíduos Y-706/707 e Y-515. Adicionalmente, a cetamina 10 e 80 mg/Kg, administrada aproximadamente 24 horas antes da coleta da MCP, não induziu alteração estatisticamente significante na quantidade de pTrκB no resíduo Y-706/707 e Y-515. Em conclusão, os resultados encontrados mostraram que a cetamina pode ter um efeito muito discreto no pânico, sendo que esse efeito depende tanto da dose quanto do esquema de administração. Ainda, pelo menos o efeito panicogênico da cetamina parece envolver a MCPD
15

Möjlig efterträdare till skolflygplan SK 60 / Possible successor of the training aircraft SK 60

Bystedt, Rasmus January 2014 (has links)
The SK 60 Aircraft has been a workhorse for the Air Force’s training of future pilots since the late 1960s. The aging SK60 aircraft is going out of style, and the system has merely a few years of total running time left. A replacement for the SK 60 needs to be implemented in the coming years, and the Armes Forces Flying School has been commissioned to conduct flight tests on suitable replacement systems. This study will conduct a system analysis of two aircrafts mentioned in the Flying Schools report. The systems are mainly valued on their suitability as a replacement for the SK 60 from a training perspective. The systems are also valued based on the possibility of expanding the military utility of each system such as their ability to carry out attack operations. Based on the sample the Pilatus Aircraft PC -21 and BAE Systems Hawk MK 120 aircrafts were chosen for evaluation. The two planes are different yet comparable which makes them suitable for comparison in this study. Hawk MK 120 was deemed as the most suitable replacement for the SK 60. The MK 120 appeared as slightly more favorable than the PC-21 after valuation and appraisal, both from an educational point of view but also with regard to its ability for extended military purposes.
16

Differential Effects of NMDA Receptor Antagonism on Spine Density

Ruddy, Rebecca Marie 17 July 2013 (has links)
Recent studies have demonstrated that an acute, low dose of ketamine, a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, provides rapid and sustained antidepressant effects in patients with major depressive disorder. Studies in rodents have shown that the antidepressant properties of ketamine are due to an increase in dendritic spine density in the cortex. Our goal was to determine whether these effects are specific to ketamine and whether they are dependent on dose, drug regimen and brain region. We observed that the effects of ketamine on spine density were dependent on dose and drug regimen and were also brain region specific. In addition, MK-801, another NMDA receptor antagonist, did not demonstrate the same effects on spine density as ketamine. Furthermore, genetic NMDA receptor hypofunction significantly reduced spine density. Our studies demonstrate that while acute ketamine treatment leads to an increase in cortical spine density, chronic administration has opposite and potentially detrimental effects.
17

Differential Effects of NMDA Receptor Antagonism on Spine Density

Ruddy, Rebecca Marie 17 July 2013 (has links)
Recent studies have demonstrated that an acute, low dose of ketamine, a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, provides rapid and sustained antidepressant effects in patients with major depressive disorder. Studies in rodents have shown that the antidepressant properties of ketamine are due to an increase in dendritic spine density in the cortex. Our goal was to determine whether these effects are specific to ketamine and whether they are dependent on dose, drug regimen and brain region. We observed that the effects of ketamine on spine density were dependent on dose and drug regimen and were also brain region specific. In addition, MK-801, another NMDA receptor antagonist, did not demonstrate the same effects on spine density as ketamine. Furthermore, genetic NMDA receptor hypofunction significantly reduced spine density. Our studies demonstrate that while acute ketamine treatment leads to an increase in cortical spine density, chronic administration has opposite and potentially detrimental effects.
18

Evaluation of the Differential Effects of MK-801 and MMP-2200 on Dopamine Receptor 1- and 2-Agonist-Induced Abnormal Involuntary Movements

So, Lisa, Falk, Torsten, Regan, John January 2014 (has links)
Class of 2014 Abstract / Specific Aims: The specific aim of this study was to measure the severity of dopamine receptor 1 (D1R)- and dopamine receptor 2 (D2R)-induced abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) when administered with the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 or opioid glycopeptide MMP-2200. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with 6-hydroxydopamine to cause unilateral loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and subsequent striatal dopamine loss. Levodopa (7 mg/kg; i.p.) injection for 21 consecutive days caused the rats to develop levodopa-induced dyskinesias, termed AIMs in this preclinical rat model. The rats were first primed with the D1R agonist SKF81297, then co-administered with MK-801 or MMP-2200 and AIMs scores were recorded to determine the severity of the dyskinesias. Then the same procedure was performed with the D2R agonist quinpirole. Main Results: MK-801 worsened D1R-induced limb, axial and orolingual (LAO) AIMs (p<0.05) whereas there was no change in locomotor AIM scores. MK-801 reduced D2R-induced LAO AIMs by 89% (p<0.001). However, MK-801 induced ipsiversive rotations, which is a parkinsonian symptom in this model. MMP-2200 had no effect on D1R-induced LAO AIMs but significantly reduced locomotor AIMs by 50% (p<0.05). MMP-2200 significantly decreased both D2R-induced LAO and locomotor AIMs by 40% and 90%, respectively (p<0.01). Conclusion: Both MK-801 and MMP-2200 had differential effects on the rodent direct and indirect striatofugal pathways with regards to AIMs. These results support that MK-801, an NMDA receptor antagonist, and MMP-2200, a mixed mu and delta opioid receptor agonist, modulate levodopa-induced dyskinesias through the dopaminergic and glutaminergic pathways.
19

Výběr a optimalizace metody stanovení volných mastných kyselin / The selection and optimization of the method for assessment of free fatty acids

Koval, Dominik January 2018 (has links)
This master´s thesis deals with optimization and validation of method for determination of free fatty acids. The theoretical part is focused on possibilities of extraction, extract separation, esterification, gas chromatography determination and brief description of the most important validation parameters. All with main emphasis on applying on free fatty acids. The experimental part describes the selection and procedure of optimizing individual steps of the method. Extraction of lipids was performed by solvent mixture (diethylether/petroleumether), based on the standard ČSN EN ISO 1735, for the extraction of free fatty acid solid phase extraction was tested. The acid catalyzed esterification based on ČSN EN ISO 5509 using methanolic solution BF3 was used for derivatization of free fatty acids and a gas chromatograph with a flame ionization detector was used for their determination. Subsequently, selected validation parameters of the method were verified: repeatability, reproducibility, linearity, limits of detection and quantitation. Sunflower oil and emmental type cheese, bought in common food market, were used as model samples for selection and optimatization of the method.
20

Možnosti analytického stanovení volných mastných kyselin / The possibilities of assessment of free fatty acids

Hornáková, Miroslava January 2015 (has links)
This thesis deals with the determination of free fatty acids in natural and processed cheese. In the theoretical part the possibilities of extraction, fractionation and determination of lipid fractions, characterization of fatty acids and various methods of their determination are described, including the determination of free fatty acids. In the experimental part the selected method for determination of free fatty acids was optimized and partly validated; this method was then applied to samples of processed cheese analogues and natural Gouda type cheese. For extraction of lipids from the sample the method according to ČSN 0107 was selected, solid phase extraction (SPE) was used for separation of free fatty acids. The method according to ČSN EN ISO 5509, using methanol solution of potassium hydroxide, was applied for esterification, fatty acids methyl esters were determined by gas chromatography with FID detection.

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