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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Avaliação não invasiva de modelos murinos para doenças musculares genéticas / Non-invasive evaluation of murine models for genetic muscle diseases

Bach, Aurea Beatriz Martins 12 May 2015 (has links)
Novas abordagens terapêuticas vêm sendo introduzidas para doenças musculares genéticas como distrofias musculares e miopatias congênitas, distúrbios que permanecem sem cura até o momento. Estes recentes avanços motivaram um interesse renovado e crescente por métodos não invasivos para a caracterização e monitoramento do músculo afetado, particularmente durante e após intervenções terapêuticas. Neste contexto, modelos animais são essenciais para uma melhor compreensão dos mecanismos das doenças e para testar novas terapias. Recentemente, avanços significativos na avaliação não invasiva de modelos murinos para doenças musculares genéticas foram alcançados. Entretanto, diversas linhagens de camundongos ainda não foram caracterizadas de maneira não invasiva, e ainda é necessário o desenvolvimento de métodos sensíveis para a identificação precoce de alterações sutis no músculo de camundongos afetados. A proposta desta tese é aplicar técnicas não invasivas inovadoras no estudo do músculo de modelos murinos para doenças musculares genéticas com fenótipos variados. Três modelos murinos para distrofias musculares (mdx, Largemyd, mdx/ Largemyd) e um modelo murino para miopatia congênita (KI-Dnm2R465W) foram estudados com métodos de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (RMN). Duas linhagens distróficas (Largemyd, mdx/ Largemyd) e camundongos normais após injúria foram estudados através de micro-Tomografia Computadorizada (micro-CT). Em RMN, todas as linhagens de camundongos afetados apresentaram aumento de T2 muscular, o que foi relacionado a diversas anomalias na análise histológica, como necrose e inflamação, mas também a conjuntos de fibras em regeneração ou a fibras com citoarquitetura alterada. A combinação de RMN com análise de textura permitiu a identificação não ambígua de todas as linhagens distróficas, sendo que apenas a comparação dos valores de T2 muscular não permitiu esta diferenciação. Camundongos mdx mostraram alterações funcionais e morfológicas na rede vascular do músculo. Estudo piloto em camundongos KI-Dnm2R465W revelou tendências de comprometimento da função muscular. Por fim, imagens de micro-CT não permitiram a detecção de diferenças na composição muscular em camundongos distróficos. Este conjunto de resultados não apenas enriquece o painel de modelos murinos para doenças musculares genéticas caracterizados de maneira não invasiva, mas também demonstra um certo grau de especificidade nas anomalias observadas nas imagens, como revelado pela análise de textura. Estes resultados também mostraram que métodos não invasivos de RMN podem ser suficientemente sensíveis para identificar alterações sutis no fenótipo muscular murino, mesmo em estágios precoces. Esta tese foi desenvolvida sob acordo de co-tutela internacional entre a França e o Brasil, e compreendeu uma importante transferência de conhecimento, com os primeiros estudos não invasivos de músculo murino realizados no Brasil. / Novel therapeutic approaches are being introduced for genetic muscle diseases such as muscle dystrophies and congenital myopathies, all of them having remained without cure so far. These recent developments have motivated a renewed and augmented interest in non-invasive methods for muscle characterization and monitoring, particularly during and after therapeutic intervention. In this context, animal models are essential to better understand the disease mechanisms and to test new therapies. Recently, significant advances in the non-invasive evaluation of mouse models for genetic muscle diseases have been achieved. Nevertheless, there were still several mouse strains not characterized non-invasively, and it was necessary to develop sensitive methods to identify subtle alterations in the murine affected muscle. The purpose of this thesis was to apply non-invasive techniques in the study of murine models for genetic muscle diseases with variable phenotypes. Three mouse models for muscle dystrophy (mdx, Largemyd, mdx/ Largemyd) and one mouse model for congenital myopathy (KI-Dnm2R465W) were studied with Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) methods. Two dystrophic strains (Largemyd, mdx/ Largemyd) and normal mice after injury were studied through micro-Computed Tomography (micro-CT). On NMR, all affected mouse strains presented increased muscle T2, which could be related to variable features in the histological evaluation, including necrosis and inflammation, but also to clusters of fibers under regeneration or with altered cytoarchitecture. The combination of NMR and texture analyses allowed the unambiguous differential identification of all the dystrophic strains, although it was not feasible when comparing the muscle T2 measurements only. Mdx mice showed functional and morphological alterations of vascular network. In the KI-Dnm2R465W mice, a pilot study revealed tendencies of functional impairment. Finally, micro-CT images were unable to detect differences in muscle´s content in dystrophic mice. Altogether, these results not only increased the number of murine models for genetic muscle diseases non-invasively characterized, it also demonstrated some degree of specificity of the imaging anomalies, as revealed by texture analysis. It also showed that non-invasive NMR methods can be sensitive enough to identify subtle alterations in murine muscle phenotype, even in early stages. This thesis was developed under an international joint supervision between France and Brazil, and comprised an important transfer of technology, with the first non-invasive studies of murine muscles performed in Brazil.
2

Avaliação não invasiva de modelos murinos para doenças musculares genéticas / Non-invasive evaluation of murine models for genetic muscle diseases

Aurea Beatriz Martins Bach 12 May 2015 (has links)
Novas abordagens terapêuticas vêm sendo introduzidas para doenças musculares genéticas como distrofias musculares e miopatias congênitas, distúrbios que permanecem sem cura até o momento. Estes recentes avanços motivaram um interesse renovado e crescente por métodos não invasivos para a caracterização e monitoramento do músculo afetado, particularmente durante e após intervenções terapêuticas. Neste contexto, modelos animais são essenciais para uma melhor compreensão dos mecanismos das doenças e para testar novas terapias. Recentemente, avanços significativos na avaliação não invasiva de modelos murinos para doenças musculares genéticas foram alcançados. Entretanto, diversas linhagens de camundongos ainda não foram caracterizadas de maneira não invasiva, e ainda é necessário o desenvolvimento de métodos sensíveis para a identificação precoce de alterações sutis no músculo de camundongos afetados. A proposta desta tese é aplicar técnicas não invasivas inovadoras no estudo do músculo de modelos murinos para doenças musculares genéticas com fenótipos variados. Três modelos murinos para distrofias musculares (mdx, Largemyd, mdx/ Largemyd) e um modelo murino para miopatia congênita (KI-Dnm2R465W) foram estudados com métodos de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (RMN). Duas linhagens distróficas (Largemyd, mdx/ Largemyd) e camundongos normais após injúria foram estudados através de micro-Tomografia Computadorizada (micro-CT). Em RMN, todas as linhagens de camundongos afetados apresentaram aumento de T2 muscular, o que foi relacionado a diversas anomalias na análise histológica, como necrose e inflamação, mas também a conjuntos de fibras em regeneração ou a fibras com citoarquitetura alterada. A combinação de RMN com análise de textura permitiu a identificação não ambígua de todas as linhagens distróficas, sendo que apenas a comparação dos valores de T2 muscular não permitiu esta diferenciação. Camundongos mdx mostraram alterações funcionais e morfológicas na rede vascular do músculo. Estudo piloto em camundongos KI-Dnm2R465W revelou tendências de comprometimento da função muscular. Por fim, imagens de micro-CT não permitiram a detecção de diferenças na composição muscular em camundongos distróficos. Este conjunto de resultados não apenas enriquece o painel de modelos murinos para doenças musculares genéticas caracterizados de maneira não invasiva, mas também demonstra um certo grau de especificidade nas anomalias observadas nas imagens, como revelado pela análise de textura. Estes resultados também mostraram que métodos não invasivos de RMN podem ser suficientemente sensíveis para identificar alterações sutis no fenótipo muscular murino, mesmo em estágios precoces. Esta tese foi desenvolvida sob acordo de co-tutela internacional entre a França e o Brasil, e compreendeu uma importante transferência de conhecimento, com os primeiros estudos não invasivos de músculo murino realizados no Brasil. / Novel therapeutic approaches are being introduced for genetic muscle diseases such as muscle dystrophies and congenital myopathies, all of them having remained without cure so far. These recent developments have motivated a renewed and augmented interest in non-invasive methods for muscle characterization and monitoring, particularly during and after therapeutic intervention. In this context, animal models are essential to better understand the disease mechanisms and to test new therapies. Recently, significant advances in the non-invasive evaluation of mouse models for genetic muscle diseases have been achieved. Nevertheless, there were still several mouse strains not characterized non-invasively, and it was necessary to develop sensitive methods to identify subtle alterations in the murine affected muscle. The purpose of this thesis was to apply non-invasive techniques in the study of murine models for genetic muscle diseases with variable phenotypes. Three mouse models for muscle dystrophy (mdx, Largemyd, mdx/ Largemyd) and one mouse model for congenital myopathy (KI-Dnm2R465W) were studied with Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) methods. Two dystrophic strains (Largemyd, mdx/ Largemyd) and normal mice after injury were studied through micro-Computed Tomography (micro-CT). On NMR, all affected mouse strains presented increased muscle T2, which could be related to variable features in the histological evaluation, including necrosis and inflammation, but also to clusters of fibers under regeneration or with altered cytoarchitecture. The combination of NMR and texture analyses allowed the unambiguous differential identification of all the dystrophic strains, although it was not feasible when comparing the muscle T2 measurements only. Mdx mice showed functional and morphological alterations of vascular network. In the KI-Dnm2R465W mice, a pilot study revealed tendencies of functional impairment. Finally, micro-CT images were unable to detect differences in muscle´s content in dystrophic mice. Altogether, these results not only increased the number of murine models for genetic muscle diseases non-invasively characterized, it also demonstrated some degree of specificity of the imaging anomalies, as revealed by texture analysis. It also showed that non-invasive NMR methods can be sensitive enough to identify subtle alterations in murine muscle phenotype, even in early stages. This thesis was developed under an international joint supervision between France and Brazil, and comprised an important transfer of technology, with the first non-invasive studies of murine muscles performed in Brazil.
3

Petrografia de rochas reservatório areníticas e relação com diferentes técnicas de obtenção de parâmetros petrofísicos

Teixeira, Jonatã Barbosa 09 February 2017 (has links)
Submitted by Biblioteca de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica BGQ (bgq@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-02-09T16:54:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissertaçãoJonatãBarbosaTeixeira.pdf: 5990535 bytes, checksum: 8add030cb936a2464b4cf4e4276b8dc6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-09T16:54:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissertaçãoJonatãBarbosaTeixeira.pdf: 5990535 bytes, checksum: 8add030cb936a2464b4cf4e4276b8dc6 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências- Geoquímica Ambiental. Niterói, RJ / O conhecimento da petrografia sedimentar de rochas reservatório areníticas fornece informações importantes para a indústria do petróleo no sentido de viabilizar a exploração de um poço. Para o presente estudo foi avaliado o potencial de técnicas para estimativas petrofísicas e a influência de fatores diagenéticos e petrográficos nessas estimativas. Com este objetivo foram selecionadas sete amostras de arenitos (Berea – BE; Briarhill – BR; Buff Berea – BU; Crab Orchad – CO; Boise Idaho Brown – IB; Leapord – LE; e Parker – PA) de análogos de rochas reservatório, consideradas padrão (benchmarks) da indústria do petróleo, e por isso alvo de estudos petrofísicos. Foram considerados na caracterização aspectos mineralógicos, grau de empacotamento, aspectos granulométricos, seleção, aspecto textural, maturidade textural e processos diagenéticos. Essas análises foram feitas com auxílio da difração de raios X (DRX), microtomografia de raios X (μ-CT), susceptibilidade magnética e lâminas petrográficas. Os testes de petrofísica foram feitos pela ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN) de baixo campo e comparados/complementados pelo μ-CT, cujas amostras foram imageadas nas resoluções espaciais de 5 μm e 40-42 μm. Os resultados encontrados permitiram classifica-los em: quartzoarenitos, subarcósios, sublitoarenito e arcósio. Quanto à mineralogia, os arenitos são compostos por quartzo, feldspatos, fragmentos líticos, biotita, muscovita, caulinita, zeólita (clinoptilolita), clorita, illita e opacos. A dissolução de feldspatos, micas e infiltração de illita foram responsáveis pela formação de epimatriz, provendo também a porosidade intragranular vista nas amostras. Estes processos explicam a microporosidade obtida por RMN. A macroporosidade vista nos espectros de RMN teve relação direta com a morfologia dos grãos e a intensidade dos processos diagenéticos tardios. A resolução de 5 μm do μ-CT apresentou-se como a melhor para o processamento e segmentação das imagens em relação a resolução de 40 μm, para análise de aspectos petrofísicos e diagenéticos em amostras heterogêneas ou com range de tamanho de poros alto a resolução de 40 μm se mostrou melhor. O μ-CT tendeu a subestimar os resultados de porosidade gerados pelo porosímetro (rotina). O RMN foi a técnica com maior acurácia na estimativa de porosidade. Entretanto, na estimativa de permeabilidade o μ-CT se mostrou muito mais confiável que a RMN. Quanto à distribuição de poros, foi possível estabelecer relação direta entre as técnicas de RMN e μ-CT. O arenito com mesoporosidade alta teve caráter unimodal (distribuição contínua) nos espectros de RMN. Os arenitos com baixa mesoporosidade tiveram distribuição de T2 com caráter bimodal / The knowledge of sandstone sedimentary petrography reservoir rocks provides important information for the oil industry to enable the operation of a well. Techniques for making petrophysical estimates and the influences of petrographic and diagenetic factors were evaluated. With this objective, seven sandstones samples were selected (Berea – BE; Briarhill – BR; Buff Berea – BU; Crab Orchad – CO; Boise Idaho Brown – IB; Leapord – LE; e Parker – PA). These samples are reservoir rocks analogues, considered benchmarks of the oil industry, and so that used in petrophysical studies. Packing, granulometric aspects, selection, textural appearance, textural maturity and diagenetic processes were considered in characterizing mineralogical aspects. These analyses were performed using the X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray microtomography (μ-CT), magnetic susceptibility and petrographic thin sections. The petrophysical tests were made by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in downfield and compared/complemented with μ-CT analysis, imaging the samples in two different spatial resolutions (5 μm and 40-42 μm). The results made it possible to classifies the sandstones as: quartz sandstones, subarkoses, sublithic sandstone and arkoses. Their mineralogy included quartz, feldspar, lithic fragments, biotite, muscovite, kaolinite, zeolite (clinoptilolite), chlorite, illite and opaques. The dissolution of feldspar and mica, and illite infiltration were responsible for epimatriz formation also providing intragranular porosity seen in samples. These processes explain microporosity obtained by NMR. The macroporosity seen in the NMR spectra was directly related to the morphology of the grains and the intensity of the late diagenetic processes. The 5 μm resolution was better than 40 μm for the properties estimation. However for heterogeneous sandstones or large pore size range, the resolution of 40 μm was better. μ-CT tended to subestimate the porosimeter porosity results. NMR showed greater accuracy in estimating porosity compared to μ-CT. For permeability estimative, μ-CT showed better results. The porous size distribution viewed through μ-CT agreed with NMR results. The sandstone sample with high mesoporosity had unimodal character (continuous distribution) in the NMR spectra. The sandstone samples with low mesoporosity had T2 distribution with bimodal character
4

Modifications structurales, coordination de métaux et auto-assemblage de foldamères d’oligoquinolines carboxamides / Structural modifications, metal coordination and self-assembly of quinoline oligoamide foldamers

Wang, Jinhua 18 July 2019 (has links)
Les foldamères d’oligoquinoline carboxamide forment des structures hélicoïdales en solution et dans le solide. Ces structures sont stabilisées par liaisons hydrogène, empilement aromatique et interactions électrostatiques. Dans une première partie de ce manuscrit, les fonctions amide connectant les unités quinolines ont été substituées par des fonctions vinylène, isostères de celles-ci. Ces composés quinolynènes-vinylènes, seuls, forment principalement des structures étendues en solution. Toutefois lorsque ces nouvelles unités sont en faible proportion au sein de l’oligomères contenant principalement de connections amides, des architectures hélicoïdales ont pu être obtenues. Dans une seconde partie, des ions Cu (II) ont été introduits au centre des hélices d’oligoquinoline carboxamide. Ces ions sont liés aux atomes d’azote des quinolines, et à ceux des fonctions amides après leur déprotonation. Une organisation linéaire de ces ions a été observée dans le solide. L’auto-assemblage d’hélices, en faisceaux, par empilement aromatique d’unités acridines portées par les chaines latérales a été entrepris dans une troisième partie de ce manuscrit. De faibles associations ont pu être mises en évidence en solution. Dans le solide ces interactions, bien que faibles, ont permis le contrôle de l’organisation des hélices dans le cristal. Dans une dernière partie de ce manuscrit, la coordination de métaux a été utilisée afin de permettre l’assemblage d’hélices d’oligoquinoline carboxamide. Des ligands acridine et pyridine ont été fixés sur la périphérie de l’hélice de façon à permettre la coordination par des métaux de transition tel que le palladium (II). Ces assemblages d’hélices induits par le palladium, ont été caractérisés par RMN en solution et par diffraction des rayons X dans le solide. / Oligo-quinolinecarboxamide foldamers form stable helical structures in solution and in the solid state. These helices are stabilized by hydrogen bonds, π-π stacking and electrostatic interactions. In a first part of this manuscript, vinyl functions have been introduced as isosteres of amides. The resulting quinolylene-vinylene oligomers form mainly extended structures in solution. Helical folded conformations can nevertheless be stabilized by attaching two segments of oligoamides at both ends of an oligoquinolylene-vinylene. In a second part, copper (II) ions have been loaded into the single helices of quinolinecarboxamide foldamers. The copper (II) ions coordinate the nitrogen atoms of the quinoline units and also deprotonated amide nitrogen atoms. A one dimensional alignment of the copper (II) ions was observed in the solid state. In a third part, acridine functionalized foldamers were prepared in order to test their self-assembly into bundles through interactions between aromatic functions at the exterior of helices. Associations of the acridine functionalized oligoamides are weak in organic solution. In contrast, in the solid state, interactions between helices are mainly governed by acridine units. In a fourth part, metal coordination has been used to promote helix-helix assembly of quinoline oligoamides foldamers. Acridine and pyridine rings have been attached on the side chains of these oligomers to allow coordination with metals, palladium (II) in this case. The helix-helix assembly of quinoline oligoamides by palladium coordination has been confirmed by NMR and x-ray diffraction.
5

Complexation de triterpènes pentacycliques par des cyclodextrines : caractérisations physicochimiques et activités biologiques / Complexation of pentacyclic triterpenes by cyclodextrines : physicochemical characterization and biological activities

Fontanay, Stéphane 20 December 2012 (has links)
Le manque de thérapies innovantes en chimiothérapie humaine incite la communauté scientifique à s'intéresser à de nouvelles sources de composés bioactifs. Nous pouvons citer les métabolites secondaires de plantes, auxquels appartiennent les acides hydroxy pentacycliques triterpénoiques (AHPTs) et plus particulièrement les Acides Ursolique (AU), Oléanolique (AO) et Bétulinique (AB). Ces molécules font l'objet de nombreuses études qui tendent à démontrer leurs propriétés : anti-infectieuses, anticancéreuses, antiprolifératives, anti-inflammatoires, hépatoprotectrices. Le principal obstacle à leur utilisation à des fins thérapeutiques, reste l'insolubilité de ces AHPTs dans l'eau. L'objectif de ce travail a donc été d'augmenter leur hydrosolubilité. Dans un premier temps, en accord avec les recommandations et/ou normes existantes, nous avons démontré que le spectre d'activité antibactérienne de l'AU et de l'AO se limitait aux bactéries à Gram positif. Aucun AHPT n'a montré d'activité antifongique. Seul l'AB a montré une activité intéressante sur le Cytomégalovirus humain (hCMV) ; aucune activité antivirale n'ayant été retrouvée sur le Poliovirus. Enfin, l'AB, mais encore plus l'AU ont montré une activité anticancéreuse à l'encontre de cellules modèles de leucémie myéloïde chronique (LMC). Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons procédé à la fabrication et à l'étude de complexes entre les AHPTs et des cyclodextrines. Nous avons retenu la gamma-cyclodextrine (gamma-CD), qui présentait l'avantage de complexer les 3 AHPTs avec une constante de formation « moyenne » à « élevée ». Ces complexes AHPTs :gamma-CD ont été caractérisés en utilisant diverses techniques : chromatographiques, thermiques et spectrométriques. Nous avons conclu à l'obtention de complexes d'inclusion qui ont permis d'augmenter la solubilité des AHPTs. Dans une dernière partie, nous avons évalué les activités biologiques des complexes AHPTs : gamma-CD. Les résultats montrent que les complexes AU : gamma-CD et AO : gamma-CD restent actifs à l'encontre des bactéries à Gram positif (mais avec une efficacité plus faible) ; tandis que le complexe AB : gamma-CD se révèle être actif sur certaines bactéries. Le complexe AB : gamma-CD, et de façon surprenante le complexe AU : gamma-CD présentent une activité antivirale à l'encontre du hCMV. Enfin, la diminution de la cytotoxicité liée à la complexation des AHPTs accroit l'intérêt des molécules d'AU et d'AB sur les cellules de LMC / The lack of innovative therapies in human chemotherapy incites the scientific community to be interested in new sources of bioactive compounds. We can quote the secondary metabolites of plants, to which belong hydroxy pentacyclic triterpene acids (HPTAs) and more particularly Ursolic (UA), Oleanolic (OA) and Betulinic Acids(BA). These molecules are the subjetc of numerous studies which tend to demonstrate their properties: anti-infective, anticancer, antiproliferatives, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotectrive. The main obstacle to their use in therapeutic purposes stays the insolubility of these AHPTs in the water. Thus the objective of this work was to increase their hydrosolubility. At first, in agreement with the recommendations and/or the existing standards, we demonstrated that the antibacterial spectra of UA and OA are limited to Gram-positive bacteria. No HPTA showed antifungal activity. Only the BA showed an interesting antiviral activity on human Cytomegalovirus (hCMV); no antiviral activity was on Poliovirus. Finally, the BA, but even more UA showed an anticancer activity against cellular model of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Secondly, we proceeded to the manufacturing and to the study of complexes between HPTAs and cyclodextrines. We retained gamma-cyclodextrine (gamma-CD), which presented the advantage to complex the 3 AHPTs with a constant of "average" to "raised". These HPTAs:gamma-CD complexes were characterized by using diverse techniques: chromatographic, thermal and spectrometric. We concluded in the obtaining of inclusion complexes which allowed increasing the solubility of the HPTAs. In a last part, we estimated the biological activities of the HPTAs:gamma-CD complexes. The results show that the UA:gamma-CD and OA:gamma-CD complexes remain active against Gram-positive bacteria (but with a weaker efficiency); whereas the BA:gamma-CD complex shows to be active on certain bacteria. The BA:gamma-CD complex, and in a surprising way the UA:gamma-CD complex presents an antiviral activity against the hCMV. Finally, the decrease of the cytotoxicity linked to the complexation of the HPTAs believes the interest of UA and of BA on CML cells

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