Nesse trabalho estudamos o sistema evidencial da língua Karitiana, subfamília Arikém, família Tupi. Essa língua é falada em Rondônia pela etnia de mesmo nome. O sistema evidencial do karitiana contava, segundo a literatura com dois evidenciais e uma construção evidencial. Nesse trabalho, analisamos esses dados, testamos novas possibilidades de coocorrência entre os evidenciais e morfemas de modo e negação. Verificamos também a possibilidade de encaixamento de evidenciais em orações subordinadas. Como resultados desse estudo, mostramos ser possível utilizar o evidencial reportado em conjunto com todos os modos da língua e com a negação, podendo assim, utilizar a dupla negação em uma sentença. Ainda como resultado, observamos o fenômeno de imperative by proxy, fenômeno nunca encontrado em outras línguas da família tupi. As conclusões a que chegamos ao observar os dados são as de que, no momento, a língua parece ter somente um evidencial gramatical de acordo com o pano de fundo teórico adotado. O outro morfema tratado como evidencial na literatura, para nós, tem como principal sentido a marcação de tempo. Por isso, não deve ser considerado um evidencial, tampouco a construção evidencial, pois um evidencial em nosso panorama, é somente o morfema que possui a evidencialidade como seu sentido principal. / In this work we study the evidential system of Karitiana language, Arikém subfamily, Tupi family. In this language the literature says that we have two evidentials and one evidential construction. We argue that this language has only one evidential according to the theoretical background adopted and we show data to corroborate that. We tested evidentials of Karitiana with all morphemes of mood, with negation, with the two tenses of the language (future and non-future), aspect and in subordinates. Our results show the possibility of cooccurrence of evidentials and morphemes of mood and negation and show that reported evidential can be used in negative concord and can be used with the imperative mood morpheme to express imperative by proxy, something never attested in Tupi family yet.

L'objet de cette thèse est de proposer une position originale dans le débat sur le réalisme scientifique, l'empirisme modal, et d'en démontrer la fructuosité quand il s'agit de tirer des enseignements du contenu cognitif des théories scientifiques. L'empirisme modal est une position empiriste, suivant laquelle le but de la science n'est pas de produire des théories vraies, mais des théories empiriquement adéquate. Cependant, il propose d'adopter un cadre plus large que les versions traditionnelles d'empirisme pour penser l'expérience, en incorporant un engagement envers les modalités naturelles, ou l'idée qu'il y a du possible dans la nature, et des contraintes sur les possibles. Nos théories sont empiriquement adéquates si elles délimitent correctement l'étendue des expériences possibles. Cette position s'appuie sur une conception située et pragmatique des modalités naturelles et de la confrontation empirique. Nous prétendons qu'elle est à même de rendre justice au succès empirique des sciences, sans pour autant faire face au problème du changement théorique qui mine le réalisme scientifique. Nous expliquons comment les contraintes de nécessité sur les phénomènes peuvent être connues à l'issue d'une induction, et en quoi cette façon de voir s'accorde avec la pratique scientifique. Enfin, nous affirmons qu'un engagement envers les modalités naturelles offre une richesse interprétative à même de renouveler, dans un cadre pragmatiste, plus ouvert que le réalisme, certaines questions métaphysiques tout en les ramenant à l'expérience. / The aim of this thesis dissertation is to propose a novel position in the debate on scientific realism, modal empiricism, and to show its fruitfulness when it comes to interpreting the cognitive content of scientific theories. Modal empiricism is an empiricist position, according to which the aim of science is to produce empirically adequate theories rather than true theories. However, it suggests adopting a broader comprehension of experience than traditional versions of empiricism, through a commitment to natural modalities. Following modal empiricism, there are possibilities in nature, and constraints on what is possible, and a theory is empirically adequate if it correctly delimits the range of possible experiences. The position rests on a situated and pragmatic conception of natural modalities and of empirical confrontation. We claim that it can do justice to the empirical success of science, while not falling prey to the problem of theory change that undermines scientific realism. We explain how constraints of necessity on phenomena can be known by induction, and how this modal epistemology fits with scientific practice. Finally, we claim that a commitment to natural modalities allows for a rich interpretation of the cognitive content of theories. Modal empiricism could renew some metaphysical debates within a pragmatist framework, by tying them to experience and not being constrained by realist prejudices.

Thesis. 1979. Ph.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND HUMANITIES. / Includes bibliographical references. / by George E. Smith. / Ph.D.

The analysis and automatic affect estimation system from human expression has been acknowledged as an active research topic in computer vision community. Most reported affect recognition systems, however, only consider subjects performing well-defined acted expression, in a very controlled condition, so they are not robust enough for real-life recognition tasks with subject variation, acoustic surrounding and illumination change. In this thesis, an artificial intelligence system is proposed to continuously (represented along a continuum e.g., from -1 to +1) estimate affect behaviour in terms of latent dimensions (e.g., arousal and valence) from naturalistic human expressions. To tackle the issues, feature representation and machine learning strategies are addressed. In feature representation, human expression is represented by modalities such as audio, video, physiological signal and text modality. Hand- crafted features is extracted from each modality per frame, in order to match with consecutive affect label. However, the features extracted maybe missing information due to several factors such as background noise or lighting condition. Haar Wavelet Transform is employed to determine if noise cancellation mechanism in feature space should be considered in the design of affect estimation system. Other than hand-crafted features, deep learning features are also analysed in terms of the layer-wise; convolutional and fully connected layer. Convolutional Neural Network such as AlexNet, VGGFace and ResNet has been selected as deep learning architecture to do feature extraction on top of facial expression images. Then, multimodal fusion scheme is applied by fusing deep learning feature and hand-crafted feature together to improve the performance. In machine learning strategies, two-stage regression approach is introduced. In the first stage, baseline regression methods such as Support Vector Regression are applied to estimate each affect per time. Then in the second stage, subsequent model such as Time Delay Neural Network, Long Short-Term Memory and Kalman Filter is proposed to model the temporal relationships between consecutive estimation of each affect. In doing so, the temporal information employed by a subsequent model is not biased by high variability present in consecutive frame and at the same time, it allows the network to exploit the slow changing dynamic between emotional dynamic more efficiently. Following of two-stage regression approach for unimodal affect analysis, fusion information from different modalities is elaborated. Continuous emotion recognition in-the-wild is leveraged by investigating mathematical modelling for each emotion dimension. Linear Regression, Exponent Weighted Decision Fusion and Multi-Gene Genetic Programming are implemented to quantify the relationship between each modality. In summary, the research work presented in this thesis reveals a fundamental approach to automatically estimate affect value continuously from naturalistic human expression. The proposed system, which consists of feature smoothing, deep learning feature, two-stage regression framework and fusion using mathematical equation between modalities is demonstrated. It offers strong basis towards the development artificial intelligent system on estimation continuous affect estimation, and more broadly towards building a real-time emotion recognition system for human-computer interaction.

O objeto deste trabalho é a influência da intervenção de terceiros em textos escritos em contexto acadêmico por uma pesquisadora em formação em nível de iniciação científica. Mais especificamente, analisa a extensão dos efeitos das pontuações de seu orientador e de representantes de órgãos de fomento no uso da modalidade linguística, em poucas palavras, a marca material da relação do falante com suas palavras. A modalidade linguística também pode ser definida como [...] a intervenção do falante a propósito do conteúdo de sua mensagem (ILARI, 2010. p. 34). A hipótese central da pesquisa é aquela segundo a qual as transformações na modalidade linguística, expressa pelos verbos empregados, podem ser correlacionadas com alterações da imagem que o jovem pesquisador faz: de si próprio, de seus potenciais leitores e do próprio texto. Assim, tendo como objetivo geral descrever as alterações que podem ser correlacionadas com as intervenções dos leitores na utilização da modalidade linguística, este trabalho examina versões de textos cujo objetivo último é compor o relatório de pesquisa, quais sejam: versões de relatórios de três iniciações científicas realizadas no Programa Institucional de Bolsa de Iniciação científica (PIBIC) de uma universidade pública paulista. Os relatórios foram escritos por uma mesma informante no período de março de 2007 a março de 2009. A dissertação foi, portanto, norteada pela seguinte pergunta de pesquisa: em que medida é possível correlacionar as intervenções feitas por terceiros na utilização da modalidade linguística por uma pesquisadora em formação em versões de seu relatório de iniciação científica?A análise dos dados permitiu verificar que, depois de devolutivas de leitores como, por exemplo, as do orientador, quando questiona uma versão de texto apresentada pela aluna existem inequívocas alterações na composição textual e também no uso das modalidades. Pode-se dizer, portanto, que o uso das modalidades é um retrato dos ajustes textuais que o pesquisador em formação se vê convidado a fazer na medida em que refina a imagem da comunidade acadêmica em que está inserido. Realizando o cotejamento da alteração do uso da modalidade nos três relatórios analisados, foi possível notar que o processo não é linear nem teleológico. Nos dois primeiros relatórios de pesquisa, aparentemente houve uma evolução da qualidade da escrita. No segundo relatório, a informante mostrou-se mais capaz de ajustar seu texto às expectativas de seu orientador com relação ao que seja fazer um trabalho acadêmico e também para incluir o seu leitor por causa da quantidade de intervenção e reescrita. Na terceira pesquisa, entretanto, parte desse processo não teve continuidade. Como a informante mudou de tema de pesquisa, aparentemente, se viu mais interessada em construir um lugar enunciativo próprio do que investir na forma canônica do texto. Assim, paradoxalmente, o relatório mais elaborado do ponto de vista ideacional é o menos trabalhado no que tange à elaboração textual. Aqui, o leitor externo, por meio das operações de recusa, suplementação e silêncio, voltou a ganhar importância no processo de escrita e, desse modo, acolheu a mudança de patamar ambicionado pela jovem, possibilitando a ressignificação de seu engajamento na pesquisa. / The object of this work is the influence of institutional readers intervention in texts written in academic context by a researcher from undergraduate level. More specifically, it examines the extent of the effects of the scores from her advisor and a representative of funding agencies in the use of linguistic modality, which, can be referred as the material evidence from the speakers\' relationship with their own words. The linguistic modality can also be defined as \"[...] the intervention of the speaker concerning the content of his message\" (ILARI, 2010, p. 34). The central hypothesis of the research is that the changes in the linguistic modality expressed by the verbs employed, can be correlated with changes in the image that makes the young researcher: of herself, of her potential text readers and of the text itself. Thus, with the overall aim to describe the changes that can be correlated with assistance from readers in the use of linguistic modality, this paper examines versions of texts whose ultimate goal is to compose the research report, namely: three versions of initiations scientific reports performed in Programa Institucional de Bolsa de Iniciação científica - PIBIC (Institutional Scholarship Program for Scientific Initiation) at a public university in São Paulo. These reports are from the same informant, written in the period March 2007 to March 2009. The dissertation was therefore guided by the following research question: to what extent it is possible to correlate the interventions made by others in the use of linguistic modality for a researcher in development, in versions of her report? Data analysis showed that, after feedback from readers - as, for example, the advisor, when he questions the text version presented by the student - there are clear changes in the text composition, and also in the use of modalities. One can therefore say that the use of modalities is a picture of the textual adjustments that a researcher in training makes, in other words, it also represents the way through which she refines the image of the academic community in which her paper is inserted. Performing the comparison of the change of the use of linguistic modality in three reports analyzed, it was noticeable that the process is not linear or teleological. In the first two research reports, apparently there was a change in the quality of her writing. In the second report, the informant was more able to: adjust her text to the expectations of her advisor about what is making an academic paper; and also to include her reader because of the amount of intervention and rewriting. In the third research, however, part of this process was not followed. As the informant changed her subject\'s study, apparently, she found herself more interested in building a proper place of enunciation than investing in a canonical text. Thus, paradoxically, the more elaborated the report from an ideational point of view is, the least worked regarding the textual construction it is. Here, the external reader, through the operations of \"refusal\", \"supplementation\" and \"silence\", regained importance in the writing process and thus welcomed the step change taken by the young researcher, enabling the redefinition of her engagement in research.

Nesse trabalho estudamos o sistema evidencial da língua Karitiana, subfamília Arikém, família Tupi. Essa língua é falada em Rondônia pela etnia de mesmo nome. O sistema evidencial do karitiana contava, segundo a literatura com dois evidenciais e uma construção evidencial. Nesse trabalho, analisamos esses dados, testamos novas possibilidades de coocorrência entre os evidenciais e morfemas de modo e negação. Verificamos também a possibilidade de encaixamento de evidenciais em orações subordinadas. Como resultados desse estudo, mostramos ser possível utilizar o evidencial reportado em conjunto com todos os modos da língua e com a negação, podendo assim, utilizar a dupla negação em uma sentença. Ainda como resultado, observamos o fenômeno de imperative by proxy, fenômeno nunca encontrado em outras línguas da família tupi. As conclusões a que chegamos ao observar os dados são as de que, no momento, a língua parece ter somente um evidencial gramatical de acordo com o pano de fundo teórico adotado. O outro morfema tratado como evidencial na literatura, para nós, tem como principal sentido a marcação de tempo. Por isso, não deve ser considerado um evidencial, tampouco a construção evidencial, pois um evidencial em nosso panorama, é somente o morfema que possui a evidencialidade como seu sentido principal. / In this work we study the evidential system of Karitiana language, Arikém subfamily, Tupi family. In this language the literature says that we have two evidentials and one evidential construction. We argue that this language has only one evidential according to the theoretical background adopted and we show data to corroborate that. We tested evidentials of Karitiana with all morphemes of mood, with negation, with the two tenses of the language (future and non-future), aspect and in subordinates. Our results show the possibility of cooccurrence of evidentials and morphemes of mood and negation and show that reported evidential can be used in negative concord and can be used with the imperative mood morpheme to express imperative by proxy, something never attested in Tupi family yet.

O objeto deste trabalho é a influência da intervenção de terceiros em textos escritos em contexto acadêmico por uma pesquisadora em formação em nível de iniciação científica. Mais especificamente, analisa a extensão dos efeitos das pontuações de seu orientador e de representantes de órgãos de fomento no uso da modalidade linguística, em poucas palavras, a marca material da relação do falante com suas palavras. A modalidade linguística também pode ser definida como [...] a intervenção do falante a propósito do conteúdo de sua mensagem (ILARI, 2010. p. 34). A hipótese central da pesquisa é aquela segundo a qual as transformações na modalidade linguística, expressa pelos verbos empregados, podem ser correlacionadas com alterações da imagem que o jovem pesquisador faz: de si próprio, de seus potenciais leitores e do próprio texto. Assim, tendo como objetivo geral descrever as alterações que podem ser correlacionadas com as intervenções dos leitores na utilização da modalidade linguística, este trabalho examina versões de textos cujo objetivo último é compor o relatório de pesquisa, quais sejam: versões de relatórios de três iniciações científicas realizadas no Programa Institucional de Bolsa de Iniciação científica (PIBIC) de uma universidade pública paulista. Os relatórios foram escritos por uma mesma informante no período de março de 2007 a março de 2009. A dissertação foi, portanto, norteada pela seguinte pergunta de pesquisa: em que medida é possível correlacionar as intervenções feitas por terceiros na utilização da modalidade linguística por uma pesquisadora em formação em versões de seu relatório de iniciação científica?A análise dos dados permitiu verificar que, depois de devolutivas de leitores como, por exemplo, as do orientador, quando questiona uma versão de texto apresentada pela aluna existem inequívocas alterações na composição textual e também no uso das modalidades. Pode-se dizer, portanto, que o uso das modalidades é um retrato dos ajustes textuais que o pesquisador em formação se vê convidado a fazer na medida em que refina a imagem da comunidade acadêmica em que está inserido. Realizando o cotejamento da alteração do uso da modalidade nos três relatórios analisados, foi possível notar que o processo não é linear nem teleológico. Nos dois primeiros relatórios de pesquisa, aparentemente houve uma evolução da qualidade da escrita. No segundo relatório, a informante mostrou-se mais capaz de ajustar seu texto às expectativas de seu orientador com relação ao que seja fazer um trabalho acadêmico e também para incluir o seu leitor por causa da quantidade de intervenção e reescrita. Na terceira pesquisa, entretanto, parte desse processo não teve continuidade. Como a informante mudou de tema de pesquisa, aparentemente, se viu mais interessada em construir um lugar enunciativo próprio do que investir na forma canônica do texto. Assim, paradoxalmente, o relatório mais elaborado do ponto de vista ideacional é o menos trabalhado no que tange à elaboração textual. Aqui, o leitor externo, por meio das operações de recusa, suplementação e silêncio, voltou a ganhar importância no processo de escrita e, desse modo, acolheu a mudança de patamar ambicionado pela jovem, possibilitando a ressignificação de seu engajamento na pesquisa. / The object of this work is the influence of institutional readers intervention in texts written in academic context by a researcher from undergraduate level. More specifically, it examines the extent of the effects of the scores from her advisor and a representative of funding agencies in the use of linguistic modality, which, can be referred as the material evidence from the speakers\' relationship with their own words. The linguistic modality can also be defined as \"[...] the intervention of the speaker concerning the content of his message\" (ILARI, 2010, p. 34). The central hypothesis of the research is that the changes in the linguistic modality expressed by the verbs employed, can be correlated with changes in the image that makes the young researcher: of herself, of her potential text readers and of the text itself. Thus, with the overall aim to describe the changes that can be correlated with assistance from readers in the use of linguistic modality, this paper examines versions of texts whose ultimate goal is to compose the research report, namely: three versions of initiations scientific reports performed in Programa Institucional de Bolsa de Iniciação científica - PIBIC (Institutional Scholarship Program for Scientific Initiation) at a public university in São Paulo. These reports are from the same informant, written in the period March 2007 to March 2009. The dissertation was therefore guided by the following research question: to what extent it is possible to correlate the interventions made by others in the use of linguistic modality for a researcher in development, in versions of her report? Data analysis showed that, after feedback from readers - as, for example, the advisor, when he questions the text version presented by the student - there are clear changes in the text composition, and also in the use of modalities. One can therefore say that the use of modalities is a picture of the textual adjustments that a researcher in training makes, in other words, it also represents the way through which she refines the image of the academic community in which her paper is inserted. Performing the comparison of the change of the use of linguistic modality in three reports analyzed, it was noticeable that the process is not linear or teleological. In the first two research reports, apparently there was a change in the quality of her writing. In the second report, the informant was more able to: adjust her text to the expectations of her advisor about what is making an academic paper; and also to include her reader because of the amount of intervention and rewriting. In the third research, however, part of this process was not followed. As the informant changed her subject\'s study, apparently, she found herself more interested in building a proper place of enunciation than investing in a canonical text. Thus, paradoxically, the more elaborated the report from an ideational point of view is, the least worked regarding the textual construction it is. Here, the external reader, through the operations of \"refusal\", \"supplementation\" and \"silence\", regained importance in the writing process and thus welcomed the step change taken by the young researcher, enabling the redefinition of her engagement in research.

Much ado has been made regarding Descartes's understanding of the creation of what he called the "eternal truths" because he described them, paradoxically, as both the free creations of God, and necessary. While there are many varying interpretations of Cartesian modality, the issue has heretofore been treated in a vacuum, as a niche issue having little import beyond being an interesting puzzle for Descartes Scholars. I argue that this treatment is misguided, and that in order to properly understand Cartesian philosophy at all, one must properly understand Descartes's theory of modality. This, however, is no small feat; in order to understand Descartes's seemingly peculiar view on modality, one must first make sense of what Descartes understood the nature of God to be. One reason for this, I argue, is the systematic nature of Cartesian philosophy; indeed when dealing with a dense inter-connection of philosophical issues, one must move from what is more known in itself to what is more known to us, and not the other way around. I argue that in the literature on Cartesian modality, insufficient attention has been paid to the influence of the French School of Spirituality (in particular the work of Cardinal Bérulle) on the Cartesian notion of the divine. I argue that this influence pushed Descartes to criticize traditional attempts (Aquinas's in particular) to split the horns of Plato's Euthyphro dilemma as violating a proper understanding of the doctrine of divine simplicity. Descartes's commitment to a radical form of the doctrine of divine simplicity leads him to a version of divine voluntarism wherein all `things' depend on God for their existence, and God cannot have had antecedent reason to prefer the creation of anything over anything else. There is little doubt that Descartes embraced the voluntarist horn of the Euthyphro dilemma, but just what that means for Cartesian modality and philosophy generally remains a contentious issue. I argue that Descartes is best read as what I call an `agnostic quietist' regarding God (and modality generally) given textual, historical, and systematic considerations. One virtue of an agnostic quietist reading is that I am able to square the passages where Descartes discusses the inconceivability of God's power with the conclusions reached regarding God's non-deceiving nature in the Meditations and elsewhere. Further virtues that I explore are the effects that a quietist reading has on the Cartesian scientific programme, the infamous mind-body problem, Descartes's seemingly inconsistent view regarding human free-will and Descartes's refusal to engage in "theology." Traditionally, Cartesian epistemology has been understood to be a purely a priori undertaking, which succumbs to deep and insurmountable problems. One of the greatest problems facing the Cartesian was the move from the mind to the world. Simon Blackburn, for example, says of the Cartesian epistemological project in the Meditations that Descartes "has put himself on a desert island from which there is no escape." This view is echoed by, and even motivates some of the contemporary views concerning Cartesian modality. I argue, however, that a proper understanding of the Cartesian doctrine of clear and distinct ideas circumvents this famous problem. By highlighting the proper understanding and application of the doctrine of clear and distinct ideas, I show that such ideas not only guarantee the existence of an external truth-maker, but also that such ideas do not do much more than show that there is a truth-maker. I argue that in instances of clear and distinct perception, the truth of the idea is normatively certain, but what makes it true is yet to be established. In this way, clear and distinct ideas are both powerful, in terms of guaranteeing truth, and relatively unhelpful, in that further work is required in order to determine to what the ideas conform. I argue that this is the case not only for actual truths, but for some clearly intuited truths about possibility. As an illustration of my overall thesis, I address the Cartesian argument for the separability of mind and body, and entertain the various interpretations of Descartes's view of human freedom. I argue that in order to understand Cartesian views on either of these issues, one must first make sense of his modal commitments. In both of these cases Descartes claims that finite minds can know that something is possible, even though what makes it possible is well beyond what they can understand.

In this dissertation, I develop an interpretation of Leibniz on modality and free will. I do so for two reasons: first, I am attempting to revitalize the notion that Leibniz is the predecessor of contemporary modal semantics; second, I am using Leibniz's philosophical system to motivate responses to contemporary philosophical issues in modality and free will. In Chapter One, I argue that Leibniz's basic principles are plausible theoretical tools that ought to be used by contemporary philosophers in developing their philosophical systems. In Chapter Two, I develop Leibniz's views on the nature of individuals. I argue that possible individuals are actually of the same sort as individuals in the actual world--possible individuals and actual individuals are complete creatures that do not differ ontologically from each other. In Chapter Three, I argue that Leibniz's views on possible individuals make him a modal realist and compare his view with contemporary modal realism in order to support this claim. I also argue that counterparts avoid many of the problems set for them by contemporary thinkers; I end with the ways that Leibniz's view differs from contemporary accounts. In Chapter Four, I argue that Leibniz provides two different analyses of modality. The first is an infinite analysis account; the second is a possible worlds account. I argue that these two accounts are compatible and amount to two different descriptions of the same theory of modality. I address objections to each account in order to show this. In Chapter Five, I argue that Leibniz is a compatibilist about free will. Importantly, I argue that it is precisely Leibniz's account of modality that allows for this compatibilism, as against a necessitarian like Spinoza. I then use Leibniz's account to challenge contemporary libertarians about free will on the basis of the principle of sufficient reason. I also show how Leibniz can help semicompatibilism avoid a worry concerning necessitarianism. At the end of the day, I claim that adopting elements of Leibniz's system can help us better understand modality and the freedom of the will and can be an aid in furthering contemporary philosophical theory.

Individuals with disabilities often have a limited tact repertoire. This study compared the acquisition and generalization of tacts taught using different stimulus modes within discrete trial training (DTT) with children who have a limited tacting repertoire. The three stimulus modes that were compared were videos, pictures, and 3D objects. This research replicated Gómez’s (2015) methodology with a participant pool with lower tacting skills. In addition, this study assessed for generalization of the acquired tacts to a novel exemplar. In this study, tact training required fewer sessions when the picture and 3D object were used as stimulus modes. These results were then replicated across stimulus sets with Abraham and Alex. Finally, in this study greater generalization was observed for the tacts trained with a 3D object.