This study provides insight into the compositional features of the monophonic ballata, a genre developed in the early to mid-fourteenth century in northern Italy. In analyzing the formal structure, melodic contour, application of musica ficta, and relationship between text and melody, I suggest ways in which performers of this repertoire can highlight the exceptional qualities of this music while remaining rooted in a historically-informed tradition of early music performance practice. Using principles of Schenkerian ideas of prolongation, Salzerian approaches to constructing voice-leading analyses of early music, and Steve Larson's theory of musical forces as criteria for well-formed melodies, I created a method that shows every note as structural or ornamental at every given level. The use of these theoretical approaches serves to highlight what about this music is compelling and what can be brought out as 'familiar' in a piece, what repeats, and what connects sections and how. I conclude that counterpoint is behind the organization of these works at the structural level, even as monophonic songs. I acknowledge that there are features we could construe as "tonal," but that information is only useful to a performer familiar with tonal elements, and it is therefore only one of many layers of understanding that should be accessed by the modern performer.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo proporcionar aos estudantes que precisem da lógica modal como ferramenta um texto conciso mas suficientemente completo. Embora seja um texto de cunho matemático, procura-se manter o equilíbrio entre os conceitos matemáticos e suas motivações filosóficas, pela crença de que tal equilíbrio é essencial para situar o pensamento em um texto introdutório. O primeiro capítulo começa com um breve histórico filosófico e trabalha os conceitos fundamentais de um ponto de vista sintático. O segundo capítulo retoma os conceitos do primeiro capítulo de um ponto de vista semântico e faz a conexão entre sintaxe e semântica. O terceiro capítulo trabalha o conceito de bissimulação e apresenta ferrametas que abrirão caminho para aplicações. / The goal of this work is to provide the studens who need to deal with modal logic as a tool with a text which might be concise but complete enough at the same time. Although this is a rather mathematical text, an effort is made in order to maintain the equilibrium between mathematical concepts and their philosophical origins for believing this equilibium is of great importance for clarifing the ideas in a work for beginners. The first chapter starts with a brief historical approach of logic and then discusses some fundamental concepts from a syntactical point of view. The second chapter discusses the same concepts from a semantical point of view and links syntact and semantics. The third chapter presents the concept of bisimulation and paves the way for working with applications.

This thesis concerns the source of modal truth. I aim to answer the question: what is it in virtue of which there are truths concerning what must have been the case as a matter of necessity, or could have been the case but isn't. I begin by looking at a dilemma put forward by Simon Blackburn which attempts to show that any realist answer to this question must fail, and I conclude that either horn of his dilemma can be resisted. I then move on to clarify the nature of the propositions whose truth I am aiming to find the source of. I distinguish necessity de re from necessity de dicto, and argue for a counterpart theoretic treatment of necessity de re. As a result, I argue that there is no special problem concerning the source of de re modal facts. The problem is simply to account for what it is in virtue of which there are qualitative ways the world could have been, and qualitative ways it couldn't have been. I look at two ways to answer this question: by appealing to truthmakers in the actual world, or by appealing to non-actual ontology. I develop a theory of truthmakers, but argue that it is unlikely that there are truthmakers for modal truths among the ontology of the actual. I look at the main possibilist ontology, David Lewis' modal realism, but argue that warrant for that ontology is unobtainable, and that we shouldn't admit non-actual possibilia into our ontology. I end by sketching a quasi-conventionalist approach to modality which denies that there are modal facts, but nevertheless allows that we can speak truly when we use modal language.

Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Philosophy, 1975 / Includes bibliographical references. / by Ken Siegel. / Ph. D. / Philosophy

The purpose of this dissertation is to account for the syntactic and semantic traits of Tłı̨chǫ modal clauses within a cross-linguistic typology of conditional clauses. This dissertation provides a comprehensive description and analysis of clauses that are introduced by nı̨dè, a Tłı̨chǫ word with cognates in many Dene languages. Clauses that are introduced by nı̨dè are modal adjuncts, which cover predictions about the future (future temporal adverbial clauses, when), hypothetical scenarios (conditional clauses, if) and generic or habitual generalisations about the world (restrictive clauses, whenever). I provide a unified account for all of these uses by showing that they are all in the realm of modality. I then hypothesise that nı̨dè is a complementiser which introduces a modal adjunct clause. I follow von Fintel (2006) and Kratzer (2012) and suggest that nı̨dè restricts a modal operator in its apodosis. This account explains apparent gaps in the Tłı̨chǫ grammar, and in particular within concessive adjunct clauses ('even though...'), which cannot be introduced by nı̨de, and attributes this mismatch to the difference between the factivity of concessive adjunct clauses on the one hand and modality in clauses introduced by nı̨dè on the other hand. I contrast this with concessive conditional clauses ('if.... even...'), which can be introduced by nı̨dè, and in which nı̨dè scopes over the concessive adverb kò (following Bennett, 1982, 2003). This work highlights the ways in which Tłı̨chǫ conditionals are different from, and similar to, previous cross-linguistic generalisations of conditionals. Conditionals in Tłı̨chǫ and other Dene languages differ from many accounts of conditionals, which focus on the role of the verbal form in communicating speaker attitudes about the hypotheticality of the proposition in the conditional (Iatridou, 2000; Karawani, 2014). In contrast, Tłı̨chǫ uses verb aspect inside clauses to indicate the action as complete or incomplete, much like in matrix clauses. Tłı̨chǫ speakers communicate their attitudes of the likelihood and hypotheticality of the proposition using other means, such as adverbs and evidentials. However, Tłı̨chǫ is also similar to other languages, in extending the modal nature of conditional clauses to a subtype of conditionals called premise conditionals, which communicate rhetorical devices and a variety of metatextual comments (Dancygier, 1993, 1999). This is unexpected, as I argue that nı̨dè must introduce a modal clause, whereas premise conditionals seemingly deal with facts. I argue that despite first impressions, Tłı̨chǫ premise conditionals are still within the realm of modality, as they are either used to express propositions that are not accepted as fact by the speaker, or are used to restrict a modal in the adjoined clause, much like hypothetical conditionals. The structure of Tłı̨chǫ premise conditionals is likewise similar to the structure that has been proposed in the past for other languages (Haegeman, 2003, 2010). / Graduate

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-03-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:48:43Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 fiamengui_ahr_me_sjrp.pdf: 596311 bytes, checksum: b8e894f003eee92f2103df18db92947e (MD5) / A sílaba átona em final de palavra é a posição mais sujeita à perda de segmentos consonantais no Português do Brasil, afetando tanto palavras monomorfêmicas quanto bimorfêmicas. No caso das últimas, essa perda ocasiona a não-concordância entre todos os elementos do sintagma nominal, contrariando, assim, as normas prescritas pela gramática. Ainda que fatores fonéticos de natureza articulatória contribuam para a perda de marcas explícitas de pluralidade, a queda dessas marcas está certamente sujeita a outros fatores internos ao sistema e também externos (fatores sociais e situacionais). A esse respeito, já foi documentado (SCHERRE, 1988; SCHERRE e NARO, 1993, 1998), principalmente em relação à oralidade, que a marcação de pluralidade no sintagma nominal representa uma regra variável em diversos dialetos do território nacional. A partir disso, o presente estudo submete dados de marcação variável de plural no sintagma nominal a um tratamento variacionista, de base quantitativa. Os dados de análise foram obtidos a partir de subamostras de dois córpus, um representativo de língua escrita e um representativo de língua falada, compostos por informantes de idades e níveis de escolaridade equivalentes, coletados na região de São José do Rio Preto. O trabalho procura examinar se as modalidades escrita e falada apontam para comportamentos diversos em relação à marcação de pluralidade e se os fatores linguísticos e sociais que a condicionam são distintos para cada uma delas. A análise geral dos resultados mostra que os fatores extralinguísticos “modalidade”, “gênero” e “idade” são selecionados para as duas perspectivas – atomística e não-atomística e para ambas as modalidades – fala e escrita. Já o fator linguístico “posição linear e classe gramatical” é relevante, na perspectiva atomística, para ambas as modalidades... / Weak syllable at the end of word is the most susceptible position to consonantal segment loss in Brazilian Portuguese. This loss affects monomorphemic and bimorphemic words. In the case of the last ones, this loss causes the non-agreement among the noun phrase constituents, opposing normative grammar rule. Although phonetic factors of articulatory nature contribute to the loss of explicit marks, this loss is certainly subject to other linguistic and extralinguistic factors (social and situational factors). About this, it was documented (SCHERRE, 1888; SCHERRE e NARO 1993, 1998), mainly to the orality, that plurality marking in noun phrase represents a variable rule in different dialects of the national territory. Start from this variability, this research employs a variationist and quantitative method to analyse noun phrase data taken from two corpora collected in the area of São José do Rio Preto. The sample of these corpora employed comprehends informants with the same age and education level. This work aims to investigate if the writing and oral modalities point to different behaviors in relation to plurality marking, and if linguistic and social factors that regulate the variation are diverse for each one of the modalities. The general analysis shows that extra-linguistic factors “modality”, “gender” and “age” are selected to both atomic and nonatomic perspectives and to both modalities. The linguistic factor “linear position and grammatical class” is relevant in atomic perspective for the two modalities. The writting also selected “education level” and “noun and adjective formality”, and the talk selected “syllable number of singular lexical item” and “analysed constituent precedent marks”. In nonatomic perspective, “plurality context” was selected to the two modalities; “syntagmatic cohesion” and “education level” were... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of English

There is a lack of exhaustively investigation for the public speech and the modality of politicians’ speech is been researched for the very first time. The society is highly interested in politics and it has a big influence on the users of language. The paper deals with the modality conception and its expression ways in politicians’ speech. The political discussions program’s “Spaudos klubas” materials are used for studies. After analysis of politicians spoken language was made, some bents for modality usage came to light. In a case of epistemic modality possibility and reality, that embrace real facts, are expressed in politicians’ speech. And in a case of deontic modality possibility and necessity, that encompass will acts, are expressed. The usage of dynamic modality in politicians’ speech is very rare. Realis is put into words by indicative mood and irrealis – by subjunctive and imperative mood. Another way politicians express irrealis is future tense. All basic senses of primary modality - reality, possibility and necessary, are introduced in politicians’ spoken language. In discussions programs politicians mostly use reality meaning sentences (65,35 percent). In telecasts people in politics use all types of basic modal sentences. Direct sentences are used in the most part, it is evade a usage of incentive sentences and the number of interrogative sentences is the least. Secondary modality categorical reliability expression cases are more frequent than the problematic... [to full text]