This study explored the relationship between the use of motivational strategies by Albanian and Japanese teachers and the observed and reported motivation of missionaries at the Missionary Training Center (MTC) for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Provo, Utah. The aim of this study was to collect baseline data about the motivational strategies already employed by teachers in the Albanian and Japanese areas of the MTC and to explore the relationship that the teachers' use of these strategies has with the motivation of the respective missionaries. The data for this study was collected from seven teachers and 28 learners during a series of observations using a modified version of the Motivation Orientation of Language Teaching (MOLT), a classroom observation instrument developed by Guilloteaux and Dörnyei (2008). The MOLT is used to record the observable motivated behavior of learners as well as the motivational practices of the teachers according to Dörnyei's (2001) foreign language classroom motivational strategy framework. Each participating class was observed using the MOLT three times during the missionaries' nine-week stay in the MTC. The data from the observations was supplemented with teacher and learner surveys administered during the first and final weeks of the study period. Not only was this study useful for collecting valuable information about teaching practice at the MTC, but it also adds a new dimension to the empirical research that has been done in motivation in second language acquisition by expanding the research to English speakers being taught in foreign languages, whereas most research had been focused in ESL and EFL contexts. It is the first study to combine surveys with an observation component in target languages other than English. The results of this study support previous findings that teacher use of motivational strategies does indeed correlate significantly with learner motivation.

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Small birds likely face energetic challenges in temperate zone winters posed by cold weather coupled with food scarcity. These challenges are often assumed to occur, but are rarely experimentally tested. I hypothesized that the naturally occurring, lower abundances of food in temperate zone winters limit a bird's ability to acquire optimal energy and ultimately limit fitness. In this dissertation, I show that supplementation of food decreased mortality and improved traits potentially associated with future reproductive success of wild swamp sparrows (Melospiza georgiana), supporting the hypothesis that winter food abundance limits fitness. These results come from a replicated and controlled food supplementation experiment conducted over three years. First, I demonstrated that following food addition, immigration increased, leading to higher densities, and that all age/sex classes experienced higher survival and maintained larger energy reserves (Chapter I). Survival was positively related to energy reserves, indicating that food availability limits survival through a bird's ability to maintain sufficient fat. In addition to causing mortality in winter, food limitation of energy reserves may carry over to affect future reproductive success by influencing timing of preparations for breeding, including migration. In Chapter II, I show that swamp sparrows decreased fat reserves over each winter, despite unlimited food availability, indicating that they adaptively regulated fat reserves, potentially to balance starvation and depredation risks. Fat reserves of control birds tracked recent temperature and control birds lost muscle throughout the winter, indicating that they were limited by food and were unable to reach optimal fat levels on a daily basis. These results suggest that limitation of energy reserves by food availability can be influenced by temperature and predator abundance. Lastly, I demonstrated that food abundance limits the timing of molt in the wild (Chapter III), an unprecedented finding. Because molt, migration, and breeding typically do not overlap, early molt might lead to earlier migration and breeding. Therefore, we hypothesize that timing of molt is another mechanism by which winter food abundance can limit reproductive success. These results provide strong evidence that food availability can limit wintering temperate migrants in a variety of ways. / Ph. D.

En Nouvelle-Calédonie il y a une forte volonté politique pour diversifier l'aquaculture qui repose encore aujourd'hui sur la crevetticulture. Dans ce contexte le crabe de palétuvier est considéré comme une espèce à fort potentiel. Un des principaux verrous au développement de la carcinoculture en Nouvelle-Calédonie est la disponibilité d'un aliment granulé commercial. Ainsi le principal objectif de cette thèse est d'améliorer notre connaissance des besoins nutritionnels du crabe de palétuvier afin d'être en mesure de formuler un aliment équilibré pour son élevage. Cependant avant d'aborder les études nutritionnelles nous avons vérifié le nombre d'espèces de crabes de palétuvier présentes en Nouvelle-Calédonie.Nos résultats d'études morphologiques et génétiques de 63 individus provenant de 9 sites des côtes Ouest et Nord-Est de la Nouvelle-Calédonie ont confirmé l'existence d'une unique espèce commercialisée: Scylla serrata. C'est donc sur cette espèce que nous avons travaillé en nutrition avec deux séries expérimentales ayant pour objectifs: i) d'évaluer le concentré protéique de soja (CPS) en comparaison avec la farine de poisson comme principale source en protéines et ii) de déterminer le taux optimum d'incorporation du CPS pour la mue et la croissance tissulaire des animaux. Nous avons ainsi observé deux phases de croissance tissulaire au cours d'un cycle de mue (CM): une phase rapide (CTR) qui démarre après la mue et dure jusqu'au début de l'intermue (elle représente 30% du CM) suivi d'une phase de croissance lente (CTL) sur toute la durée de l'intermue et jusqu'à la mue suivante (elle représente 70% du CM). L'accumulation des protéines et des lipides au cours du CM a suivi le même profil de croissance tissulaire contrairement aux cendres qui ont augmenté de façon rapide durant 5 jours suivant l'ecdysis pour atteindre un plateau jusqu'à la prochaine mue. Les deux phases de croissance étaient corrélées avec une prise de l'aliment par les animaux maximale pendant les deux premières semaines suivant la mue. Elle a diminué de moitié sur les 5 semaines suivantes et s'est maintenue ensuite à un niveau de base jusqu'à la prochaine mue. L'énergie ingérée était allouée principalement à la croissance et à l'entretient respectivement durant les périodes CTR et CTL. Durant la phase de croissance lente, 28% de l'énergie ingérée étaient mise en réserve en prévision de la prochaine mue. Le remplacement de la farine de poisson par la CPS n'a pas modifié la croissance tissulaire,l'efficience de l'aliment et le bilan énergétique des animaux quelque soit la phase de croissance considérée. Le taux d'incorporation dans l'aliment de 42% de CPS a permis la meilleure croissance (fréquence de mue et croissance tissulaire, efficience de l'aliment et la rétention de l'énergie des protéines et des lipides. L'hypothèse d'une toxicité de l'ammonium issu de la dégradation des protéines en excès ou des facteurs antinutritionnels du soja est avancée pour expliquer les effets négatifs observés avec les aliments renfermant des taux d'incorporation élevés en CPS. En conclusion, nos travaux apportent des informations originales sur la croissance tissulaire et les dépenses énergétiques durant un cycle de mue et la capacité du crabe juvénile d'utiliser le CPS comme principale source de protéines. Sur ces bases nous somme en mesure de préconiser des contraintes nutritionnelles permettant de formuler un aliment équilibré sans farine de poissons pour l'élevage du crabe de palétuvier S.serrata. / In New Caledonia, there is the strong political will to diversify aquaculture which is mainly based on shrimp farming. In this context, mud crabs have been considered as a potential species for aquaculture development. One of the main constraints to develop crab farming is the availability of formulated feed. Thus, the main purpose of this thesis is to get information on the crab nutritional requirements in order to formulate a balanced diet. However, we had to clarify first how many species of mud crab were present in New-Caledonia. The result of our morphological and genetic investigations carried out on 63 specimens from 9 areas of the west and northeast coast of New-Caledonia confirmed that only one species, Scylla serrata, is commercialized in this country. Consequently, S. serrata was used in our nutritional study based on two experiments to: i) evaluate the soy protein concentrate (SPC) compared with the fishmeal as the main protein source and ii) determine the optimum level of SPC in the diet for molting and tissue growth. We observed two tissue growth phases within one molt cycle (MC): a fast tissue growth (FTG) occurred after ecdysis until early intermolt stage (30% of MC) which is followed by a slow tissue growth (STG) period from intermolt to ecdysis (70% of MC). Protein and lipid deposition followed the same trend than tissue growth while ash level increased quickly during five days after molt and then remained stable until the next molt. The two growth phases were correlated with the voluntary feed intakes (VFI) which was maximum during 2 weeks after ecdysis and then decreased by 50% over the five following weeks to reach a baseline until the next molt. Intake energy was allocated mainly for growth during FTG period and for maintenance during STG period. During STG, 28% of the ingested energy was accumulated for the next ecdysis. Replacement of fishmeal by SPC as main protein source did not affect tissue growth, efficiency of feed utilization and energy budget of crabs whatever the tissue growth period considered. The dietary SPC inclusion of 42% in the diet promoted growth (molt frequency and tissue growth), feed efficiency and retention of energy, protein and lipid. Hypothesis related to ammonia toxicity from catabolism of proteins in excess or anti-nutritional factors from soybean could explain the negative effects of higher inclusion of SPC in the diet for juvenile crabs. In conclusion, our work brings novel information on tissue growth, energy budget during a molt cycle and the ability of juvenile crab to use SPC as a main source of protein. On this basis we suggest to formulate nutritionally balanced diet without fishmeal to farm juvenile mud crabs S. serrata.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:37:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FelipePC_DISSERT.pdf: 3868183 bytes, checksum: 4cc0a56bf7df8a84365150889da2418c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-27 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / One of the factors that may interfere with the cultivation of Litopenaeus vannamei is the population density. This study aimed to assess the effect of density on growth, mortality, physical integrity and behavior of shrimp. The study was divided into two stages. At first, the shrimp were placed in tanks at densities of 50, 75 and 100 shrimp m-2. The animals were monitored in relation to the degree of proventricular filling, the stage of the molt cycle and physical integrity three times a week and in relation to the weight and length once a week. Mortality, growth and proventricular filling were not influenced by the density; frequency of records in specific stages of the molt cycle varied according to the density. The lower proportion of broken appendages and higher frequency of necrotic lesions occurred in lower density. The second stage of the research, conducted in aquaria, was divided into two parts. The first described social or feeding behavioral categories: slow displacement by contact, slow displacement by approximation, abrupt displacement by contact, abrupt displacement by approximation, reactivity, cannibalism, occupying the tray, get feed in the tray and get feed outside the tray. In the second part, these and other behavioral categories, described in the literature, were recorded in densities of 50, 75 and 100 shrimp m-2. Mortality was more frequent in higher density. The frequency of most behaviors mentioned above was very low, not differing between densities or being too low to determine differences between them. The behavioral profile of animals in different densities was, in general, very similar, with no difference in exploration, digging and cleaning between the densities. Even so, inactivity, feeding, crawling, burrowing, swimming, and proximity between animals were influenced by the density. These results suggest that some behaviors suffer greater interference from population density. However, the density may not have a broader influence on the animals when other factors, such as physico-chemical parameters of water and feed offering, are adequate / Um dos fatores que podem interferir no cultivo de Litopenaeus vannamei ? a densidade populacional. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo verificar a influ?ncia da densidade sobre o crescimento, a taxa de mortalidade, a integridade f?sica e o comportamento dos camar?es. A pesquisa foi dividida em duas etapas. Na primeira, os camar?es foram acondicionados em tanques nas densidades de 50, 75 e 100 camar?es m-2. Os animais eram monitorados quanto ao grau de enchimento proventricular, ao est?gio do ciclo de muda e ? integridade f?sica tr?s vezes por semana e quanto ao peso e ao comprimento uma vez por semana. A mortalidade, o crescimento e o grau de enchimento proventricular n?o foram influenciados pela densidade; a frequ?ncia de registros dos est?gios do ciclo de muda variou de acordo com a densidade. A menor propor??o de quebras de ap?ndices e a maior frequ?ncia de les?es necr?ticas ocorreram na menor densidade. A segunda etapa da pesquisa, realizada em aqu?rios, foi dividida em duas partes. Na primeira, foram descritas categorias comportamentais sociais ou relativas ? alimenta??o: afastamento lento por contato, afastamento lento por aproxima??o, afastamento abrupto por contato, afastamento abrupto por aproxima??o, reatividade, canibalismo, ocupar bandeja, pegar alimento na bandeja e pegar alimento fora da bandeja. Na segunda, esses e outros comportamentos, descritos na literatura, foram observados nas densidades de 50, 75 e 100 camar?es m-2. A mortalidade foi mais elevada na maior densidade. A frequ?ncia da maioria dos comportamentos citados acima foi muito reduzida, n?o diferindo entre densidades ou sendo baixa demais para se determinar diferen?as entre elas. O perfil comportamental dos animais nas diferentes densidades foi, em geral, bastante similar, n?o havendo diferen?a na explora??o, cava??o e limpeza entre as densidades. Mesmo assim, inatividade, alimenta??o, rastejamento, enterramento, nata??o e proximidade entre os animais foram influenciados pela densidade. Esses resultados sugerem que alguns comportamentos sofrem maior interfer?ncia da densidade populacional. No entanto, a densidade pode n?o ter uma influ?ncia mais abrangente sobre os animais se outros fatores, como par?metros f?sicoqu?micos da ?gua e quantidade de alimento ofertado, estiverem adequados

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:54:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 183039 bytes, checksum: b094ae15fafe623b510bd03b4d73b265 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-07 / Two experiments were driven in the Section of Aviculture of the Department of Zootecnia of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, with the objective of determining the best method of forced seedling for Japanese and rising quail to determine the best fast period and his/her reflex about the parameters of productive acting and egg quality. In the experiment I 315 Japanese quails were used with 60 weeks of age. The phase changes forced it consisted of the supply of differentiated diets (treatments) during a period of 10 days and phase powderseedling consisted of 10 periods of 7 days each. The treatments were: T1 - ration of comfortable posture (it controls), T2 - ration fast for 2 days and 8 days of ration of it recreates, T3 - 5 days of posture ration with excess of Zn (10.000ppm) and 5 days with ration of it recreates, T4 - posture ration with deficiency in Na and T5 - supply during 5 days of corn maize flour and 5 days of ration of it recreates. Fast hídrico was not used. Delineamento was used casualizado entirely with 5 treatments, 7 repetitions and 9 birds for experimental unit. In the experiment II 168 Japanese quails were used with 62 weeks of age. The phase changes forced it consisted of the supply of differentiated diets (treatments) during a period of 10 days and phase powder- seedling consisted of 12 periods of 7 days each. The treatments were: T1 - posture ration the will (it controls), T2 - ration fast for 2 days and 8 days of ration of it recreates, T3 - ration fast for 3 days and 7 days of ration of it recreates. Fast hídrico was not used. Delineamento was used casualizado entirely with 3 treatments, 7 repetitions and 8 birds for experimental unit. The parameters analyzed for the two experiments were consumption of ration bird day (CRAD), production of eggs (POAD), marketable eggs (OC), weight of eggs (PO), egg mass (MO), alimentary conversion for egg mass (CAMO), alimentary conversion for dozen of egg (CADZO), gravity specifies (GE), viability (VIAB) and I weigh corporal (PI, PF, GP and PP). For the experiment I there was not significant difference (p>0,05) among the analyzed parameters CRAD, PO and GE. For POAD there was difference (P <0,05), and the birds of T2 obtained better acting, however the same treatment resulted in high mortality. For CADZO and CAMO there was significant difference (P <0,05), and the best values went to the treatment to control (T1) and the treatment with 2 days of fast and 8 days of ration of it recreates (T2). This way the forced seedling for quail doesn't result in improvement in the analyzed parameters. For the experiment II there was not significant effect (p>0,05) of the treatments for none of the appraised parameters. However, it was observed that in absolute values, POAD of the treatment controls (T1) it was superior to 10,45% in relation to the treatment fast of 2 days (T2) and superior to 4,44% to the treatment fast of 3 days (T3). Para VIAB the treatment controls (T1) it was inferior to 4,76% in relation to the treatment fast of 2 days (T2) and inferior to 1,86% to the treatment fast of 3 days (T3). this way it is not viable the practice of the alimentary fast for 2 or 3 days as technique of forced seedling for Japanese quail. / Foram conduzidos dois experimentos no Setor de Avicultura do Departamento de Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Viçosa UFV, com o objetivando-se avaliar diferentes métodos de muda forçada para codorna japonesa sobre os parâmetros de desempenho produtivo e qualidade de ovo. No experimento I foram utilizadas 315 codornas japonesas com 60 semanas de idade. A fase muda forçada consistiu no fornecimento de dietas diferenciadas (tratamentos) durante um período de 10 dias e fase pós-muda consistiu em 10 períodos de 7 dias cada. Os tratamentos foram: T1 ração de postura à vontade (controle), T2 - jejum de ração por 2 dias seguidos de 8 dias de ração de recria à vontade, T3 - 5 dias de ração de postura à vontade com excesso de Zn (10.000ppm) seguidos de 5 dias com ração de recria à vontade, T4 - ração de postura à vontade com deficiência em Na e T5 - 5 dias de milho moído seguidos de 5 dias de ração de recria à vontade. Não foi utilizado jejum hídrico. Utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 5 tratamentos, 7 repetições e 9 aves por unidade experimental. No experimento II foram utilizadas 168 codornas japonesas com 62 semanas de idade. A fase de muda forçada consistiu no fornecimento de dietas diferenciadas (tratamentos) durante um período de 10 dias e fase pós-muda consistiu em 12 períodos de 7 dias cada. Os tratamentos foram: T1 ração de postura à vontade (controle), T2 - jejum de ração por 2 dias seguidos de 8 dias de ração de recria à vontade, T3 - jejum de ração por 3 dias seguidos de 7 dias de ração de recria à vontade. Não foi utilizado jejum hídrico. Utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 3 tratamentos, 7 repetições e 8 aves por unidade experimental. Os parâmetros analisados para os dois experimentos foram consumo de ração ave dia (CR), produção de ovos (POAD), ovos comercializáveis (OC), peso de ovos (PO), massa de ovo (MO), conversão alimentar por massa de ovo (CAMO), conversão alimentar por dúzia de ovo (CADZO), gravidade especifica (GE), viabilidade (VIAB) e peso corporal (PI, PF, GP e PP). Para o experimento I não houve diferença significativa (p>0,05) para os parâmetros analisados (CRAD, PO e GE). Para POAD houve diferença (P<0,05), sendo que as aves do tratamento com 2 dias de jejum e 8 dias de ração de recria (T2) obtiveram melhor desempenho, no entanto o mesmo tratamento resultou em elevada mortalidade. Para CADZO e CAMO houve diferença significativa (P<0,05), sendo que os melhores valores foram para o tratamento controle (T1) e o tratamento com 2 dias de jejum e 8 dias de ração de recria (T2). O método de jejum alimentar por 2 dias, seguidos de 8 dias de ração de recria à vontade, é o melhor para induzir muda forçada em codorna japonesa, porém, a muda forçada realizada por meio das técnicas testadas não foi capaz de promover melhora da produtividade das codornas japonesas no período pós muda. Para o experimento II não houve efeito significativo (p>0,05) dos tratamentos para nenhum dos parâmetros avaliados. No entanto, observouse que em valores absolutos, a POAD do tratamento controle (T1) foi superior a 10,45% em relação ao tratamento jejum de 2 dias (T2) e superior a 4,44% ao tratamento jejum de 3 dias (T3). Para VIAB o tratamento controle (T1) foi inferior a 4,76% em relação ao tratamento jejum de 2 dias (T2) e inferior a 1,86% ao tratamento jejum de 3 dias (T3). O método de jejum alimentar por 3 dias, seguidos de 7 dias de ração de recria à vontade, é o melhor para induzir muda forçada em codorna japonesa, porém, a muda forçada realizada por meio das técnicas testadas não foi capaz de promover melhora da produtividade das codornas japonesas no período pós muda.