Many sources of protein have been investigated to reduce the use of fish meal (FM) in aquaculture feeds, including soybean meal (SBM). However, FM replacement in feeds for carnivorous species is limited by problems with feed intake, growth rate, and overall health associated with reduced digestibility and anti-nutritional factors found in SBM. However, soy processing strategies can reduce the effects of anti-nutritional factors and improve utilization. Therefore, we examined the possibility of further FM replacement in SBM maximized feeds for hybrid striped bass using refined soy products, soy protein concentrate (SPC) and soy protein isolate (SPI). Results indicate that further FM sparing is possible, beyond what can be achieved with SBM. For example, it is possible to reduce dietary FM content as low as 5% using SPC, and though this negatively affects growth rate, this effect may be reversed by the addition of a betaine-based attractant. Replacement with SPI resulted in such a degree of feeding reluctance that starvation and cannibalization became issues during the trial. Reducing FM content below 5-10% resulted in more variable production performance and, when using SPI, increased incidence of cannibalism. No differences in stress tolerance were observed during the trials; however, there was a trend of increasing handling mortality in fish fed the SPC diets. Refined soy proteins can be used in conjunction with SBM to spare FM, but the cost of these products, along with their acceptability to aquatic livestock, will determine the extent of their utilization in aquafeeds.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Atualmente, hà grande esforÃo de pesquisa no sentido de se substituir, parcial ou totalmente, a farinha de peixe das raÃÃes artificiais por fontes protÃicas vegetais, visando menores custos, e maior previsibilidade de produÃÃo. O presente trabalhou objetivou avaliar o desempenho zootÃcnico de juvenis do camarÃo marinho Litopenaeus vannamei (1,59  0,46 g) cultivados em laboratÃrio sob condiÃÃes controladas durante 72 dias, sendo estocados em 50 tanques circulares de polietileno de 500 L, na densidade de 40 camarÃes/tanque (70 camarÃes/mÂ). No estudo, o concentrado protÃico de soja foi o principal substituto da farinha de peixe, e o Ãleo de soja o principal substituto do Ãleo de peixe. Oito raÃÃes experimentais foram formuladas combinando quatro nÃveis de inclusÃo de farinha de peixe e dois nÃveis de inclusÃo de Ãleo de peixe (120/20, 120/ 10, 85/20, 85/10, 50/20, 50/10, 0/20 e 0/10), o primeiro nÃmero se refere à inclusÃo de farinha de peixe em g kg-1 e o segundo nÃmero se refere à inclusÃo de Ãleo de peixe em g kg-1. Houve diferenÃa significativa no crescimento semanal, peso final, consumo total de raÃÃo, FCA, produtividade e TEP em funÃÃo do percentual de inclusÃo de farinha de peixe nas dietas, jà para sobrevivÃncia e VPP nÃo houve diferenÃa significativa. Pode ser concluÃdo que à possÃvel diminuir o nÃvel de inclusÃo de farinha de peixe na dieta de 120 g.kg- 1 para 85 g.kg-1 sem comprometer o crescimento dos camarÃes somente se a dieta contiver, no mÃnimo, 10 g.kg-1 de Ãleo de peixe. Se o nÃvel de inclusÃo de Ãleo de peixe cair para 10 g kg-1, a inclusÃo mÃnima de farinha de peixe sem prejuÃzo zootÃcnico serà para 85 g kg-1. Houve perda significativa na taxa de crescimento do L. vannamei quando se retirou por completo a farinha de peixe da dieta, independentemente do nÃvel de inclusÃo de Ãleo de peixe testado (20 ou 10 g kg-1). Trabalhos futuros sÃo requeridos para avaliar outros nÃveis de inclusÃo, tÃcnicas de produÃÃo baratas, ingredientes alternativos à farinha de peixe etc / Currently, there are many studies to replace total or part of fishmeal in the artificial feeds by plant protein sources in order to lower costs and greater predictability of production. The study aimed to evaluate the growth performance of juvenile shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (1.59  0.46 g) reared in the laboratory under controlled conditions for 72 days. They were stored in 50 polyethylene circular tanks of 500 L at the density of 40 shrimp/tank (70 shrimp/m2). Soybean protein concentrate was the main substitute for fish meal and the soybean oil was the main substitute for fish oil. Eight experimental feeds were formulated combining four levels of inclusion of fish meal and two levels of fish oil (120/20, 120/10, 85/20, 85/10, 50/20, 50/10, 0//20 and 0/10). The first number refers to the inclusion of fishmeal (g kg-1) and the second number refers to the inclusion of fish oil (g kg-1). Differences were significant in weekly growth, weight gain, final weight, total feed intake, FCR, yield and PER based on the percentage of inclusion of fishmeal in diets. Survival and ANPU were not significant. Results showed that it is possible to reduce the level of inclusion of fishmeal in the diet of 120 g kg-1 to 85 g.kg-1 and this doesnât compromise the shrimp growth only if the diet contains at least 10 g.kg -1 of fish oil. If the level of inclusion of fish oil decreases to 10 g kg-1, the minimum inclusion of fish meal, without prejudice, will be subject to 85 g kg-1. There was a reduction in growth rate of L. vannamei when it was removed completely from the fish meal diet. This fact occurred regardless of inclusion level of tested fish oil (20 or 10 g kg-1). Further work is required to evaluate other levels of inclusion, cheap production techniques, alternative ingredients to fish meal etc

Orientador : Yong Kun Park / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T01:01:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lui_MariaCristinaYoun_M.pdf: 779941 bytes, checksum: aa1237e20c91ff048441111b62275d6b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Mestrado / Mestre em Ciência de Alimentos

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CORDEIRO JÚNIOR, Evandro Lima. Concentrado protéico de soja e óleo de soja em rações experimentais para o camarão marinho Litopenaeus vannamei. 2011. 54 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca, Fortaleza-CE, 2011 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-07-13T15:09:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_elcodeirojúnior.pdf: 916213 bytes, checksum: bd808548b8b802d6b66ada4e3a7fc8e2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-07-13T15:10:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_elcodeirojúnior.pdf: 916213 bytes, checksum: bd808548b8b802d6b66ada4e3a7fc8e2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-13T15:10:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_elcodeirojúnior.pdf: 916213 bytes, checksum: bd808548b8b802d6b66ada4e3a7fc8e2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Currently, there are many studies to replace total or part of fishmeal in the artificial feeds by plant protein sources in order to lower costs and greater predictability of production. The study aimed to evaluate the growth performance of juvenile shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (1.59 ± 0.46 g) reared in the laboratory under controlled conditions for 72 days. They were stored in 50 polyethylene circular tanks of 500 L at the density of 40 shrimp/tank (70 shrimp/m2). Soybean protein concentrate was the main substitute for fish meal and the soybean oil was the main substitute for fish oil. Eight experimental feeds were formulated combining four levels of inclusion of fish meal and two levels of fish oil (120/20, 120/10, 85/20, 85/10, 50/20, 50/10, 0//20 and 0/10). The first number refers to the inclusion of fishmeal (g kg-1) and the second number refers to the inclusion of fish oil (g kg-1). Differences were significant in weekly growth, weight gain, final weight, total feed intake, FCR, yield and PER based on the percentage of inclusion of fishmeal in diets. Survival and ANPU were not significant. Results showed that it is possible to reduce the level of inclusion of fishmeal in the diet of 120 g kg-1 to 85 g.kg-1 and this doesn’t compromise the shrimp growth only if the diet contains at least 10 g.kg -1 of fish oil. If the level of inclusion of fish oil decreases to 10 g kg-1, the minimum inclusion of fish meal, without prejudice, will be subject to 85 g kg-1. There was a reduction in growth rate of L. vannamei when it was removed completely from the fish meal diet. This fact occurred regardless of inclusion level of tested fish oil (20 or 10 g kg-1). Further work is required to evaluate other levels of inclusion, cheap production techniques, alternative ingredients to fish meal etc / Atualmente, há grande esforço de pesquisa no sentido de se substituir, parcial ou totalmente, a farinha de peixe das rações artificiais por fontes protéicas vegetais, visando menores custos, e maior previsibilidade de produção. O presente trabalhou objetivou avaliar o desempenho zootécnico de juvenis do camarão marinho Litopenaeus vannamei (1,59 ± 0,46 g) cultivados em laboratório sob condições controladas durante 72 dias, sendo estocados em 50 tanques circulares de polietileno de 500 L, na densidade de 40 camarões/tanque (70 camarões/m²). No estudo, o concentrado protéico de soja foi o principal substituto da farinha de peixe, e o óleo de soja o principal substituto do óleo de peixe. Oito rações experimentais foram formuladas combinando quatro níveis de inclusão de farinha de peixe e dois níveis de inclusão de óleo de peixe (120/20, 120/ 10, 85/20, 85/10, 50/20, 50/10, 0/20 e 0/10), o primeiro número se refere à inclusão de farinha de peixe em g kg-1 e o segundo número se refere à inclusão de óleo de peixe em g kg-1. Houve diferença significativa no crescimento semanal, peso final, consumo total de ração, FCA, produtividade e TEP em função do percentual de inclusão de farinha de peixe nas dietas, já para sobrevivência e VPP não houve diferença significativa. Pode ser concluído que é possível diminuir o nível de inclusão de farinha de peixe na dieta de 120 g.kg- 1 para 85 g.kg-1 sem comprometer o crescimento dos camarões somente se a dieta contiver, no mínimo, 10 g.kg-1 de óleo de peixe. Se o nível de inclusão de óleo de peixe cair para 10 g kg-1, a inclusão mínima de farinha de peixe sem prejuízo zootécnico será para 85 g kg-1. Houve perda significativa na taxa de crescimento do L. vannamei quando se retirou por completo a farinha de peixe da dieta, independentemente do nível de inclusão de óleo de peixe testado (20 ou 10 g kg-1). Trabalhos futuros são requeridos para avaliar outros níveis de inclusão, técnicas de produção baratas, ingredientes alternativos à farinha de peixe etc

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of this study was to evaluate the viability of using diets composed of ingredients of plant and animal origin in the feeding of post-larvae jundiá (Rhamdia quelen) and its influence on the development of animals. Experiments were carried out where it is tested in the first (E1) the total replacement (30%) and partial (15%) of the liver poultry for fish meal (FJ) and / or protein soy concentrate (CPS) on the standard diet containing 30% liver poultry. In the second (E2) substitution levels (5; 10; 15; 20 and 25%) of the liver by FJ and third (E3) of the liver levels for CPS replacement (15, 20, 25 and 30%) supplemented with taurine (CPST). Performance parameters were analyzed (weight, total length, condition factor, specific growth rate, daily weight gain, survival and product weight versus survival), muscle development (fiber diameter, number of fibers / mm² and total number of fibers ) and enzymatic activity (trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, amylase and maltase). The best performance of jundiá post-larvae was from 15FJ diets (E1 and E2) and 15CPST (E3). In the muscle development is found larger diameter and total number of fibers with the above mentioned diets. The development of the digestive system was not affected by the diets provided to post-larvae in this study. The enzymes assessed were already present and active at the first feeding. The enzyme activity varied during all experimental periods, with reduced activity of trypsin and chymotrypsin for diets with higher percentages of CPST over those with a lower percentage. According to the results we conclude that the combination of the sources of animal and plant improved the diet, helping improve the development of post-larvae of jundiá. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a viabilidade da utilização de dietas compostas por ingredientes de origem animal e vegetal na alimentação de pós-larvas de jundiás (Rhamdia quelen) e sua influência no desenvolvimento dos animais. Foram realizados três experimentos onde testou-se no primeiro (E1) a substituição total (30%) e parcial (15%) do fígado de aves por farinha de peixe (FJ) e/ou concentrado proteico de soja (CPS) na dieta padrão contendo 30% de fígado de aves. No segundo (E2) níveis de substituição (5; 10; 15; 20 e 25%) do fígado por FJ e no terceiro (E3) níveis de substituição do fígado por CPS (15; 20; 25 e 30%) suplementado com taurina (CPST). Foram analisados parâmetros de desempenho (peso, comprimento total, fator de condição, taxa de crescimento específico, ganho em peso diário, sobrevivência e produto peso versus sobrevivência), desenvolvimento muscular (diâmetro da fibra, número de fibras/mm² e número total de fibras) e atividade enzimática (tripsina, quimotripsina, lipase, amilase e maltase). O melhor desempenho das pós-larvas de jundiá foi a partir das dietas 15FJ (E1 e E2) e 15CPST (E3). No desenvolvimento muscular encontrou-se maiores diâmetros e número total de fibras com as dietas citadas acima. O desenvolvimento do sistema digestório não foi prejudicado pelas dietas fornecidas às pós-larvas neste estudo. As enzimas analisadas já estavam presentes e ativas no momento da primeira alimentação. A atividade das enzimas oscilou durante todos os períodos experimentais, apresentando redução da atividade da tripsina e quimotripsina para as dietas com maiores percentuais de CPST em relação aquelas com menor percentual. De acordo com os resultados concluimos que a combinação das fontes de origem animal e vegetal aprimorou a dieta, contribuindo para melhorar o desenvolvimento das pós-larvas de jundiá.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:56:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4557.pdf: 2660137 bytes, checksum: e6d326cb231ca1671c56c791ae984575 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-30 / Soy protein concentrate (SPC) is used as an ingredient for food and animal feed. It is obtained from defatted soybean meal by extracting sugars and other soluble compounds. The main consequence of the extraction process is removal or inactivation of most anti-nutritional factors of soybean, which makes this product can be used in place of animal proteins in special diets. This work aimed to study the process of protein hydrolysis as an alternative to increase the value of the SPC through the improvement of their nutritional value. Hydrolysis process has been done many years ago with the purpose of improving physico-chemical, organoleptic and nutritional value of food proteins. Enzymatic hydrolysis is the most appropriate when the objective is to improve the nutritional value, because the chemical methods cause many unwanted effects. We studied two commercial alkaline proteases, Alcalase® and Novo-ProD®. Novo-ProD® showed superior activity than Alcalase® in all pH conditions tested. The process conditions that maximized efficiency of the hydrolysis of SPC by Novo-ProD® were: 55°C, pH 9 and enzyme/substrate ratio of 0.5% (enzyme mass / protein mass). The maximum degree of hydrolysis obtained in three hours reaction under these conditions was approximately 15.2% in bench scale and 12.8% in pilot scale. Increasing solid concentration of the reaction medium from 10 to 30%, maximum degree of hydrolysis of 11.2% was obtained in the same conditions. Digestibility trial was conducted with SPC hydrolyzate with 3,3% against SPC unhydrolyzed in adult dogs and turkeys in the initial growth phase. In dogs, hydrolysis increased apparent digestibility of dry matter from 76.5 to 86.2%, crude protein from 83.9 to 90.6% and metabolizable energy increased by approximately 5%. In turkeys, the increase was from 54.6 to 62.9% for dry matter digestibility and 9% increase in metabolizable energy. / O concentrado proteico de soja (SPC) é utilizado como ingrediente para alimentos e ração animal. É obtido a partir do farelo de soja desengordurado através da extração de açucares e outros compostos solúveis. A principal consequência do processo de extração é a remoção ou inativação de grande parte dos fatores antinutricionais da soja, o que faz com que este produto possa ser utilizado em substituição de proteínas de origem animal em dietas especiais. Este trabalho teve o objetivo de estudar o processo de hidrólise proteica como alternativa de aumentar a valor agregado do SPC através do melhoramento do seu valor nutricional. O processo de hidrólise tem sido feito há muitos anos com finalidade de melhorar propriedades físico-químicas, organolépticas e valor nutricional de proteínas alimentares. A hidrólise enzimática é a mais adequada quando o objetivo é melhorar o valor nutricional, pois os métodos químicos causam inúmeros efeitos indesejados. Foram estudadas duas proteases alcalinas comerciais: Alcalase® e Novo-Pro D®. A Novo-Pro D® apresentou atividades superiores às da Alcalase® em todas as condições de pH testadas. As condições de processo que maximizaram a eficiência da hidrólise do SPC pela Novo-Pro D® foram: 55°C, pH 9 e relação enzima/substrato de 0,5% (massa de enzima/massa de proteína). O grau de hidrólise máximo obtido, em três horas de reação nestas condições, foi de aproximadamente 15,2% em escala de bancada e 12,8% em escala piloto. Aumentando-se a concentração de sólidos do meio de reação de 10 para 30%, o grau de hidrólise máximo obtido foi de 11,2%, nas mesmas condições citadas. Avaliou-se a digestibilidade de nutrientes e metabolizabilidade da energia de um SPC hidrolisado com grau de hidrólise de 3,3% contra um SPC não hidrolisado em cães adultos e perus em fase inicial. Em cães, a hidrólise aumentou os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca de 76,5 para 86,2%, da proteína bruta de 83,9 para 90,6% e a energia metabolizável aumentou em aproximadamente 5%. Em perus, o aumento foi de 54,6 para 62,9% para a digestibilidade da matéria seca e 9% de aumento da energia metabolizável.

En Nouvelle-Calédonie il y a une forte volonté politique pour diversifier l'aquaculture qui repose encore aujourd'hui sur la crevetticulture. Dans ce contexte le crabe de palétuvier est considéré comme une espèce à fort potentiel. Un des principaux verrous au développement de la carcinoculture en Nouvelle-Calédonie est la disponibilité d'un aliment granulé commercial. Ainsi le principal objectif de cette thèse est d'améliorer notre connaissance des besoins nutritionnels du crabe de palétuvier afin d'être en mesure de formuler un aliment équilibré pour son élevage. Cependant avant d'aborder les études nutritionnelles nous avons vérifié le nombre d'espèces de crabes de palétuvier présentes en Nouvelle-Calédonie.Nos résultats d'études morphologiques et génétiques de 63 individus provenant de 9 sites des côtes Ouest et Nord-Est de la Nouvelle-Calédonie ont confirmé l'existence d'une unique espèce commercialisée: Scylla serrata. C'est donc sur cette espèce que nous avons travaillé en nutrition avec deux séries expérimentales ayant pour objectifs: i) d'évaluer le concentré protéique de soja (CPS) en comparaison avec la farine de poisson comme principale source en protéines et ii) de déterminer le taux optimum d'incorporation du CPS pour la mue et la croissance tissulaire des animaux. Nous avons ainsi observé deux phases de croissance tissulaire au cours d'un cycle de mue (CM): une phase rapide (CTR) qui démarre après la mue et dure jusqu'au début de l'intermue (elle représente 30% du CM) suivi d'une phase de croissance lente (CTL) sur toute la durée de l'intermue et jusqu'à la mue suivante (elle représente 70% du CM). L'accumulation des protéines et des lipides au cours du CM a suivi le même profil de croissance tissulaire contrairement aux cendres qui ont augmenté de façon rapide durant 5 jours suivant l'ecdysis pour atteindre un plateau jusqu'à la prochaine mue. Les deux phases de croissance étaient corrélées avec une prise de l'aliment par les animaux maximale pendant les deux premières semaines suivant la mue. Elle a diminué de moitié sur les 5 semaines suivantes et s'est maintenue ensuite à un niveau de base jusqu'à la prochaine mue. L'énergie ingérée était allouée principalement à la croissance et à l'entretient respectivement durant les périodes CTR et CTL. Durant la phase de croissance lente, 28% de l'énergie ingérée étaient mise en réserve en prévision de la prochaine mue. Le remplacement de la farine de poisson par la CPS n'a pas modifié la croissance tissulaire,l'efficience de l'aliment et le bilan énergétique des animaux quelque soit la phase de croissance considérée. Le taux d'incorporation dans l'aliment de 42% de CPS a permis la meilleure croissance (fréquence de mue et croissance tissulaire, efficience de l'aliment et la rétention de l'énergie des protéines et des lipides. L'hypothèse d'une toxicité de l'ammonium issu de la dégradation des protéines en excès ou des facteurs antinutritionnels du soja est avancée pour expliquer les effets négatifs observés avec les aliments renfermant des taux d'incorporation élevés en CPS. En conclusion, nos travaux apportent des informations originales sur la croissance tissulaire et les dépenses énergétiques durant un cycle de mue et la capacité du crabe juvénile d'utiliser le CPS comme principale source de protéines. Sur ces bases nous somme en mesure de préconiser des contraintes nutritionnelles permettant de formuler un aliment équilibré sans farine de poissons pour l'élevage du crabe de palétuvier S.serrata. / In New Caledonia, there is the strong political will to diversify aquaculture which is mainly based on shrimp farming. In this context, mud crabs have been considered as a potential species for aquaculture development. One of the main constraints to develop crab farming is the availability of formulated feed. Thus, the main purpose of this thesis is to get information on the crab nutritional requirements in order to formulate a balanced diet. However, we had to clarify first how many species of mud crab were present in New-Caledonia. The result of our morphological and genetic investigations carried out on 63 specimens from 9 areas of the west and northeast coast of New-Caledonia confirmed that only one species, Scylla serrata, is commercialized in this country. Consequently, S. serrata was used in our nutritional study based on two experiments to: i) evaluate the soy protein concentrate (SPC) compared with the fishmeal as the main protein source and ii) determine the optimum level of SPC in the diet for molting and tissue growth. We observed two tissue growth phases within one molt cycle (MC): a fast tissue growth (FTG) occurred after ecdysis until early intermolt stage (30% of MC) which is followed by a slow tissue growth (STG) period from intermolt to ecdysis (70% of MC). Protein and lipid deposition followed the same trend than tissue growth while ash level increased quickly during five days after molt and then remained stable until the next molt. The two growth phases were correlated with the voluntary feed intakes (VFI) which was maximum during 2 weeks after ecdysis and then decreased by 50% over the five following weeks to reach a baseline until the next molt. Intake energy was allocated mainly for growth during FTG period and for maintenance during STG period. During STG, 28% of the ingested energy was accumulated for the next ecdysis. Replacement of fishmeal by SPC as main protein source did not affect tissue growth, efficiency of feed utilization and energy budget of crabs whatever the tissue growth period considered. The dietary SPC inclusion of 42% in the diet promoted growth (molt frequency and tissue growth), feed efficiency and retention of energy, protein and lipid. Hypothesis related to ammonia toxicity from catabolism of proteins in excess or anti-nutritional factors from soybean could explain the negative effects of higher inclusion of SPC in the diet for juvenile crabs. In conclusion, our work brings novel information on tissue growth, energy budget during a molt cycle and the ability of juvenile crab to use SPC as a main source of protein. On this basis we suggest to formulate nutritionally balanced diet without fishmeal to farm juvenile mud crabs S. serrata.