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Three saponin-rich extracts (20, 60, 100% methanol), four 100% methanol subfractions and seven independently acquired fractions (A-G) from guar meal, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L. (syn. C. psoraloides), were evaluated for antimicrobial and hemolytic activities. These activities were compared against quillaja bark (Quillaja saponaria), yucca (Yucca schidigera), and soybean (Glycine max) saponins in 96-well plates using eight concentrations (0.01 to 1.0 and 0.1 to 12.5 mg extract/mL). Initial guar meal butanol extract was 4.8 ± 0.6% of the weight of original material dry matter (DM). Butanol extract was purified by preparative reverse-phase C-18 chromatography. Two fractions eluted with 20, and one each with 60, and 100% methanol with average yields of 1.72 ± 0.47, 0.88 ± 0.16, 0.91 ± 0.16 and 1.55 ± 0.15% of DM, respectively. Further purification of the 100% methanol fraction using normal-phase silica gel preparatory high pressure liquid chromatography eluted 4 peaks at 16, 39, 44 and 46 min. Only the 100% methanol fraction, its 16 min peak, F and G fractions, and quillaja saponin, exhibited both hemolytic and antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella Typhimurium and E. coli, but 20 and 60% methanol fractions stimulated Lactobacillus spp. growth. Guar meal (0 or 5%) was added to diets fed to chicks from 1 to 21 days of age. Chicks fed both diets were unchallenged or challenged with 5 x 103 Eimeria tenella sporulated oocysts at 10 days. Guar meal diets reduced oocysts shed per gram of feces, body weight, and feed efficiency. Adding 2.5% guar meal, 1% guar gum, or 0.125% saponin-rich guar meal extract to diets fed to chicks to 21 days of age showed that guar meal increased the cfu concentrations of digesta more than controls following a challenge with 107 cfu of Clostridium perfringens at 14 days. Body weights of chicks fed guar meal and saponin-rich extract were significantly lower than control body weights at 21 days of age, whereas the weekly feed to gain ratio of chicks fed saponin-rich extract was higher than controls. Guar meal reduced severity of Eimeria tenella infection and guar saponin-rich extract exhibited antimicrobial activity against several common poultry pathogens.

Primitive peoples have used saponins for many years to kill fish and as a detergent. In more recent times saponin has been shown to inhibit the growth of chicks, reduce the egg production of laying hens, and to be a possible factor in bloat of ruminant animals.

Fotossensibilização refere-se ao aumento da resposta à radiação ultravioleta da luz solar, causada por um agente fotodinâmico na pele. A sensibilidade à fotossensibilização de 80 cordeiros mestiços desmamados e manejados em lotação rotativa, durante 120 dias, foi avaliada em pastagem de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu. Os cordeiros foram suplementados a 1% do seu peso corporal com os tratamentos, a saber: A - suplemento basal com 12% PB; B - suplemento com 18% de PB; C - suplemento com 18% de PB + propionato de Zn e D - suplemento com 18% de PB + cloreto de colina protegida. Ao término do experimento os animais foram abatidos. Os objetivos foram: avaliar o efeito da adaptação dos animais suplementados às condições de manejo em Brachiaria brizantha e a toxidez da planta aos cordeiros; caracterizar as causas da fotossensibilização; viabilizar o possível controle da verminose associada ao manejo de cordeiros em lotação rotativa e à suplementação mineral e proteica, com ou sem adição de aditivos; relacionar os teores de saponina e a presença de esporos de Pithomyces chartarum em amostras da forragem à ocorrência de casos de fotossensibilização hepatógena. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos completos e casualizados, com quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições, num total de 5 animais por tratamento. Realizou-se a análise da variância para as variáveis e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste t-Student ao nível de significância de 5%. Foram observadas baixas contagens de esporos de Pithomyces chartarum (0 - 15.000 esporos) na parte senescente da planta. A concentração de saponina protodioscina variou de 0,52 a 0,65%. Do 8º ao 58º dia ocorreram 20% de mortalidade dos animais. A avaliação histopatológica, do fígado dos animais que vieram a óbito, foi compatível com as lesões causadas pela saponina. Os padrões histológicos das lesões hepáticas encontradas nos animais, ao final do experimento, não diferiram entre os tratamentos, bem como para as análises bioquímicas: colesterol, triglicerídeos, bilirrubinas, proteína total, albumina, creatinina, ureia, AST, GGT. Ocorreram diferenças nas concentrações séricas de bilirrubinas, proteínas, albumina, AST, GGT, ureia, creatinina, colesterol, triglicerídeos, entre cordeiros sobreviventes e os que morreram. O método rotativo foi efetivo no controle da verminose, ficando a contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG) abaixo de 500 ao final do experimento, não ocorrendo diferença entre os suplementos proteicos e entre os aditivos utilizados. Não houve efeito no desempenho dos cordeiros, que chegaram ao final do experimento, pela inclusão de suplementos proteicos e de aditivos. / Photosensitization refers to increase in response to ultraviolet radiation from sunlight, caused by a photodynamic agent into the skin. The sensitivity of the photosensitization at 80 crossbred lambs weaned was evaluated on Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu managed in rotational grazing for 120 days. Lambs were supplemented to 1% of their body weight with different treatments: A - basal supplement with 12% CP; B - supplement with 18% CP; C - supplement with18% CP + zinc proprionate and D - supplement with18 % of CP + protected choline chloride. At the end of the experiment the animals were slaughtered. The objectives were to evaluate the effect of adaptation of animals supplemented to handling Brachiaria brizantha and toxicity of the plant to lambs weaned; to characterize the causes of photosensitivity, the possible control of parasitism associated with the management of sheep grazing on rotational grazing, mineral supplementation and protein with or without the addition of additives; to relate the levels of saponin and the presence of spores Pithomyces chartarum in samples of forage and the occurrence of hepatic photosensitization. The experimental design was a complete randomized block design and assigned to four treatments and four replications for a total of five animals per treatment. The analysis of variance was performed and the means test t-Student a significance level of 5% for the effect of each treatment was used. Low count of Pithomyces chartarum spores (spores 0-15,000) in the senescent part of the plant was observed. The concentration of saponin protodioscine ranged from 0.52 to 0.65 %. Occurred between the 8º and 58º day mortality of 20 % of the animals. Histopathology of the liver of animals that died during the experiment was consistent with lesions determined by saponin. The histological patterns of liver lesions found in animals at the end of the experiment did not differ between treatments, as well as, for biochemical analysis: cholesterol, triglycerides, bilirubin, total protein, albumin, creatinine, urea, AST and GGT. There were differences in serum bilirubin, protein, albumin, AST, GGT, urea, creatinine, cholesterol and triglycerides between survivors and that died. The rotational grazing system was effective in the control of nematode parasites getting below 500 EPG at the end of the experiment, there was no difference between the protein concentrations, nor for the additives used. The additives zinc oxide and choline chloride did not improve the performance of sheep.

Submitted by Leticia Schettini (leticia@ufrrj.br) on 2017-04-27T12:32:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2003 - Patricia Miranda da Costa.pdf: 2556665 bytes, checksum: 84eaee321ba021876a1fd855d0767602 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-27T12:32:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2003 - Patricia Miranda da Costa.pdf: 2556665 bytes, checksum: 84eaee321ba021876a1fd855d0767602 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-11-28 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Solvent partition and chromatographic fractionation of metanolic extract from the leaves and wood of L. arianeae lead to the isolation of triterpenes, one carboidrate, saponin and flavonoid. 3b,6b,19a -trihydroxiursa-12-en- 28-oic acid, 3b,6b,24-trihydroxiursa-12-en- 28-oic acid, 3,5,7-trihydroxi-4?-metoxi,6-flavone-( sulfonate), 3b-hydroxiolean-12-en-28- ?ico acid, 3b-O-b-D-galactopiranosyl-(6?-1 para hydroxi benzoil)-ursa-12-en-28-oic acid, 1-metyl glycopiranosyl and mixture of two flavonoids. The 3,5,7-trihydroxi-4?-metoxi,6- flavone-(sulfonate) and 3b-O-b-D-galactopiranosyl-(6?-1 para hydroxi benzoil)-ursa-12-en- 28-oic acid are being descricted for the first time in the literature. The IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and MS spectra analysis was used for structural determination. / O fracionamento dos extratos das folhas e madeira de L. arianeae atrav?s de processo de parti??o com solventes e t?cnicas cromatogr?ficas conduziu ao isolamento dos ?cidos 3b,6b, 19a -triidroxiursan-12-eno-28-?ico, 3b,6b,24,19a-tetraidroxiursan-12-eno-28-?ico, 3b-hidroxiolean-12-eno-28-?ico, da 3,5,7-triidroxi, 4?-metoxi, 6-sulfonato, flavona, da 3b- O-b-D-galactopiranosil-(6?-p-hidroxi-benzo?la)-ursan-12-eno-28-?ico, da 1-metil glicose, e da mistura de flavon?ides. As estruturas das subst?ncias foram deduzidas atrav?s da an?lise dos espectros de IV, RMN de 1H e 13C, incluindo experimentos 2D e espectro de massas das subst?ncias naturais e dos derivados. Este ? o primeiro registro destes constituintes no g?nero Licania. A flavona e saponina est?o sendo descritos pela primeira vez na literatura. As folhas e as cascas da esp?cie E. longipes foram submetidas a extra??o com solventes org?nicos e os extratos foram fracionados atrav?s de parti??o e t?cnicas cromatogr?ficas. As fra??es reunidas foram submetidas a t?cnicas cromatogr?ficas e cristaliza??o. Esses processamentos conduziram ao isolamento dos ?cidos 1a,2b,3a,19a -tetraidroxiursan-12- eno-28-?ico, da saponina 3b-O-b-D-glicopiranosil-sitosterol e dos triterpenos fridelinol e 3b,24-diidroxifridelano. As estruturas das subst?ncias foram deduzidas atrav?s das t?cnicas citadas acima. Este ? o primeiro registro desta saponina no g?nero Eschweilera. O triterpeno 3b,24-diidroxifridelano foi descrito pela primeira vez na literatura (COSTA, P.M. & Carvalho, M. G., Annais da Academia Brasileira de Ci?ncias, 2003).

The alfalfa seed chalcid, Bruchophagus ruddi Guss., is a jet-black hymenopteran wasp. The destructive nature of this pest has been recognized since the latter part of the nineteenth century. Every year thousands of acres of alfalfa seed are destroyed, with infestation reaching as high as 8 5 percent in some areas. In Utah the chalcid annually ruins from 5 to 25 percent of the alfalfa seed. Much of this damage goes unnoticed, as infested seed is commonly blown out in the trash during harvesting and cleaning operations . The extent of damage is not restricted to the United States. Wherever alfalfa is grown for seed, the alfalfa seed chalcid is known to have caused considerable reductions in seed yields.

Fotossensibilização refere-se ao aumento da resposta à radiação ultravioleta da luz solar, causada por um agente fotodinâmico na pele. A sensibilidade à fotossensibilização de 80 cordeiros mestiços desmamados e manejados em lotação rotativa, durante 120 dias, foi avaliada em pastagem de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu. Os cordeiros foram suplementados a 1% do seu peso corporal com os tratamentos, a saber: A - suplemento basal com 12% PB; B - suplemento com 18% de PB; C - suplemento com 18% de PB + propionato de Zn e D - suplemento com 18% de PB + cloreto de colina protegida. Ao término do experimento os animais foram abatidos. Os objetivos foram: avaliar o efeito da adaptação dos animais suplementados às condições de manejo em Brachiaria brizantha e a toxidez da planta aos cordeiros; caracterizar as causas da fotossensibilização; viabilizar o possível controle da verminose associada ao manejo de cordeiros em lotação rotativa e à suplementação mineral e proteica, com ou sem adição de aditivos; relacionar os teores de saponina e a presença de esporos de Pithomyces chartarum em amostras da forragem à ocorrência de casos de fotossensibilização hepatógena. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos completos e casualizados, com quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições, num total de 5 animais por tratamento. Realizou-se a análise da variância para as variáveis e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste t-Student ao nível de significância de 5%. Foram observadas baixas contagens de esporos de Pithomyces chartarum (0 - 15.000 esporos) na parte senescente da planta. A concentração de saponina protodioscina variou de 0,52 a 0,65%. Do 8º ao 58º dia ocorreram 20% de mortalidade dos animais. A avaliação histopatológica, do fígado dos animais que vieram a óbito, foi compatível com as lesões causadas pela saponina. Os padrões histológicos das lesões hepáticas encontradas nos animais, ao final do experimento, não diferiram entre os tratamentos, bem como para as análises bioquímicas: colesterol, triglicerídeos, bilirrubinas, proteína total, albumina, creatinina, ureia, AST, GGT. Ocorreram diferenças nas concentrações séricas de bilirrubinas, proteínas, albumina, AST, GGT, ureia, creatinina, colesterol, triglicerídeos, entre cordeiros sobreviventes e os que morreram. O método rotativo foi efetivo no controle da verminose, ficando a contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG) abaixo de 500 ao final do experimento, não ocorrendo diferença entre os suplementos proteicos e entre os aditivos utilizados. Não houve efeito no desempenho dos cordeiros, que chegaram ao final do experimento, pela inclusão de suplementos proteicos e de aditivos. / Photosensitization refers to increase in response to ultraviolet radiation from sunlight, caused by a photodynamic agent into the skin. The sensitivity of the photosensitization at 80 crossbred lambs weaned was evaluated on Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu managed in rotational grazing for 120 days. Lambs were supplemented to 1% of their body weight with different treatments: A - basal supplement with 12% CP; B - supplement with 18% CP; C - supplement with18% CP + zinc proprionate and D - supplement with18 % of CP + protected choline chloride. At the end of the experiment the animals were slaughtered. The objectives were to evaluate the effect of adaptation of animals supplemented to handling Brachiaria brizantha and toxicity of the plant to lambs weaned; to characterize the causes of photosensitivity, the possible control of parasitism associated with the management of sheep grazing on rotational grazing, mineral supplementation and protein with or without the addition of additives; to relate the levels of saponin and the presence of spores Pithomyces chartarum in samples of forage and the occurrence of hepatic photosensitization. The experimental design was a complete randomized block design and assigned to four treatments and four replications for a total of five animals per treatment. The analysis of variance was performed and the means test t-Student a significance level of 5% for the effect of each treatment was used. Low count of Pithomyces chartarum spores (spores 0-15,000) in the senescent part of the plant was observed. The concentration of saponin protodioscine ranged from 0.52 to 0.65 %. Occurred between the 8º and 58º day mortality of 20 % of the animals. Histopathology of the liver of animals that died during the experiment was consistent with lesions determined by saponin. The histological patterns of liver lesions found in animals at the end of the experiment did not differ between treatments, as well as, for biochemical analysis: cholesterol, triglycerides, bilirubin, total protein, albumin, creatinine, urea, AST and GGT. There were differences in serum bilirubin, protein, albumin, AST, GGT, urea, creatinine, cholesterol and triglycerides between survivors and that died. The rotational grazing system was effective in the control of nematode parasites getting below 500 EPG at the end of the experiment, there was no difference between the protein concentrations, nor for the additives used. The additives zinc oxide and choline chloride did not improve the performance of sheep.

No / Various saponins, plant glycosides with favorable anti-tumorigenic properties, have been used to inhibit tumor cell growth by cell cycle arrest and apoptosis with IC50 values of up to 0.2 μM. We describe several groups of saponins (dioscins, saikosaponins, julibrosides, soy saponins, ginseng saponins and avicins) currently investigated for their use in tumor therapy. We focus on cellular and systemic mechanisms of tumor cell growth inhibition both in vitro and in vivo, combinational approaches with saponins and conventional tumor treatment strategies, and successful syntheses of saponins. The increasing interest in saponins for tumor therapy is very promising for the future development of sophisticated anti-cancer drugs.

The aim of this research was to investigate the phytochemistry of two species Sanicula europaea and Teucrium davaeanum which are traditionally used in treatment of wounds. Four compounds were isolated from the 80% methanolic extract of S. europaea; bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (1), palmitic acid (2), rosmarinic acid (3), saniculoside N (4). Compounds 1 and 2 were isolated for the first time from this species. The structure elucidation of the isolated compounds was on the basis of 1D, 2D NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry measurements. Two compounds were isolated from the crude glycosides extract of T.davaeanum; 6 is a phenylethanoid glycoside and 8 is an iridoid glycoside, from the data available these may be new compounds for which the names davaeanuside A and davaeanuside B are proposed respectively." The total polyphenol content of S. europaea L, T. davaeanum leaves-flowers and T. davaeanum stem were found to be 5.0, 1.20 and 0.65 mg per 100 mg dried plant material respectively. A study of the antioxidant activity of the 50 % ethanol extracts of S. europaea and T. davaeanum showed that on a mg/mg basis S. europaea and T. davaeanum have approximately 5%, 8 % antioxidant capacity of Trolox respectively. A study of the cytotoxic activity of davaeanuside A (6), iridoid glycoside (7), davaeanuside B (8) and saponin compound (10) isolated from the crude glycosides extract of T. davaeanum revealed that saponin compound (10) inhibited the growth of Hela cells by 50 % at 50 μg/ml, P< 0.001, but the other compounds did not show activities against the tested cell lines at 100 μg/ml. The results of this work provide some basis for the traditional use of these species in the treatment of wounds. / Ministry of high education in Libya

The aim of this research was to investigate the phytochemistry of two species Sanicula europaea and Teucrium davaeanum which are traditionally used in treatment of wounds. Four compounds were isolated from the 80% methanolic extract of S. europaea; bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (1), palmitic acid (2), rosmarinic acid (3), saniculoside N (4). Compounds 1 and 2 were isolated for the first time from this species. The structure elucidation of the isolated compounds was on the basis of 1D, 2D NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry measurements. Two compounds were isolated from the crude glycosides extract of T.davaeanum; 6 is a phenylethanoid glycoside and 8 is an iridoid glycoside, from the data available these may be new compounds for which the names davaeanuside A and davaeanuside B are proposed respectively." The total polyphenol content of S. europaea L, T. davaeanum leaves-flowers and T. davaeanum stem were found to be 5.0, 1.20 and 0.65 mg per 100 mg dried plant material respectively. A study of the antioxidant activity of the 50 % ethanol extracts of S. europaea and T. davaeanum showed that on a mg/mg basis S. europaea and T. davaeanum have approximately 5%, 8 % antioxidant capacity of Trolox respectively. A study of the cytotoxic activity of davaeanuside A (6), iridoid glycoside (7), davaeanuside B (8) and saponin compound (10) isolated from the crude glycosides extract of T. davaeanum revealed that saponin compound (10) inhibited the growth of Hela cells by 50 % at 50 μg/ml, P< 0.001, but the other compounds did not show activities against the tested cell lines at 100 μg/ml. The results of this work provide some basis for the traditional use of these species in the treatment of wounds.