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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
91

Archéographie et ingénierie du corps / Archaeography and body engineering

Robin, Cindy 28 September 2015 (has links)
Animé par les évolutions industrielles et les prouesses scientifiques, technologiques et biologiques, l’homme contemporain semble préparer le terrain de sa métamorphose. Après avoir cherché à contrôler son environnement, il semble désormais vouloir contrôler son être et devenir maître et cause de lui-même. En effet, aujourd’hui plus que jamais l’homme bricole, traite, cultive, modifie son anatomie de toutes les manières possibles, chirurgies esthétiques, interventions génétiques ou encore opérations technologiques. Le corps du XXIe siècle, dont il est question d’analyser les mutations, les causes et les éventuelles conséquences, devient – comme le soulèvent de nombreux artistes contemporains au travers de nouvelles poïétiques – de plus en plus un élément composite, un amalgame de substances, de normes scientifico-culturelles et de manipulations techno-biologiques, il se fait artefact. Ce travail théorique soutenu par une pratique artistique se propose de nous interroger sur la condition humaine contemporaine, inscrite dans un contexte sociétal qui semble être sous la coupe d’un phénomène de scientifisation très marqué. Une condition humaine, menacée par des idéologies post-humanistes souhaitant prendre en main l’évolution et organiser les générations artificiellement. / Led by industrial developments as well as scientific, technological and biological prowess, modern man seems to lay the ground for his metamorphosis. Having sought to gain control over his environment, he now apparently wants to control his own being and become his own master and cause. As a matter of fact, today more than ever, man tinkers with his anatomy, processes it, cultivates and changes it, be it through aesthetic surgery, genetic intervention or technological operations. The 21st century body, that of which the mutations, causes and possible consequences are being analyzed, increasingly becomes – as many contemporary artists have shown through new poietics – a composite element, a hotchpotch of scientific-cultural norms and techno-biological manipulations, it becomes an artefact. This theoretical work, backed by an artistic practice, seeks to raise questions about the contemporary human condition in a societal context that is seemingly dominated by a very strong scientification phenomenon. A human condition threatened by post-humanist ideologies wishing to take evolution into man’s own hands and to artificially organize generations.
92

Molecular characterization of mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes from breast cancer families in Taiwan

Lin, Yuan-Ping 06 July 2003 (has links)
Abstract Breast cancer is a common malignancy affecting women around the world. Approximately 10 percent of breast cancer patients have a hereditary form of the disease. Women with an inherited alteration in one of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes have an increased risk of developing these cancers at a young age (before menopause), and often have multiple family members with the disease. A total of 6 families with multiple cases of breast cancer were identified from southern Taiwan, and five of these families were found to have missense mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes. One novel missense mutation of A5885C (Gln1886Pro), as well as new silent mutation of A4806G (Thr1526), in the exon 11 of the BRCA2 gene was found in one(A) family. The second(F) family was found to have three missense mutations of C2731T (Pro871Leu), A3232G (Glu1038Gly) and A3667G (Lys1183Arg) in the exon 11 of the BRCA1 gene. It is very unusual to have three previously reported BRCA1 mutations in the same family and these three mutations are located on the same chromosome. Two missense mutations of A3232G (Glu1038Gly) in exon 11 and A4956G (Ser1613Gly) in exon 16, as well as silent mutations of T2430C (Leu771) and T4427C (Ser1436), of the BRCA1 gene were found in the third(E) family. The missense mutation of A4956G (Ser1613Gly) in exon 16, as well as silent mutation of T4427C (Ser1436), of the BRCA1 are found in the fourth(C) and fifth(D) family. The sixth(B) families were found to possess only one silent mutation of T4035C (Val1269) in the BRCA2 gene. The amino acid changes might cause the protein structure unstable and these could explain the moderate role of BRCA mutations in the pathogenesis of breast cancer.
93

Molecular analysis of the foraging microregion in the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster

Osborne, Kathleen Amy. January 2000 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--York University, 2000. Graduate Programme in Biology. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pNQ56253.
94

Dynamiques théorique et expérimentale des taux de mutations / Experimental and theoric dynamic of mutation rate

Viraphong Caudwell, Larissa 23 October 2015 (has links)
Les mutations constituent une des principales sources de variation sur lesquelles agit la sélection naturelle, permettant ainsi l'évolution des organismes vivants. Comprendre la dynamique d'accumulation des mutations, ainsi que les biais pouvant influer leur apparition, est donc indispensable pour mieux appréhender les processus évolutifs. Dans cette thèse, j'ai exploré ces deux aspects dans un contexte évolutif.Dans une première partie, je me suis intéressée à la dynamique des taux de mutation au cours du temps évolutif. En effet, les mutations pouvant être bénéfiques, neutres ou délétères, la dynamique des taux de mutation est régie par deux forces opposées que sont l'adaptabilité (la capacité à évoluer) et la stabilité du génome. Cette dynamique a été très étudiée de façon théorique, mais les études expérimentales sont plus limitées, et surtout à des périodes de temps courtes.Dans une seconde partie, je me suis intéressée aux biais mutationnels. En effet, de précédentes études ont montré que les taux de mutation pouvaient varier au sein d'un même génome. Ainsi, certaines mutations peuvent se produire de façon plus fréquente que d'autres, le taux de mutation d'un nucléotide pouvant par exemple être influencé par les nucléotides avoisinants.Ces analyses ont été réalisées dans le contexte de l'expérience d'évolution à long terme initiée en 1988 par Richard Lenski (Michigan State University, USA). Douze populations ont été initiées à partir d'un ancêtre commun Escherichia coli et sont propagées depuis plus de 25 ans par repiquages quotidiens dans un milieu frais. Des échantillons ont été prélevés et le génome de clones évolués séquencé à différents temps, permettant une étude phénotypique et génomique des taux de mutations sur plus de 50 000 générations.J'ai ainsi pu mettre en évidence une dynamique importante des taux de mutation, avec l'émergence de génotypes hypermutateurs suivie de phénomènes de compensation multiples. D'autre part, j'ai pu observer des biais mutationnels importants dont l'impact des nucléotides avoisinant les mutations silencieuses dans les populations. / Mutations are the ultimate source of variation that allow living organisms to adapt through natural selection. Understanding the dynamics of mutation accumulation and how they are biased stands as a keystone to understand evolutionary processes. In this work, I explored these two aspects of mutation accumulation in an evolutionary framework.First, I studied the dynamics of mutation rates over evolutionary time. As mutations may be beneficial, neutral or deleterious, the dynamics of mutation rates will be a function of two opposite driving forces: evolvability or the ability to evolve and genome stability. The resulting dynamics has been widely studied theoretically but experimental studies are scarce and mostly limited to short periods of time.Second, I focused on mutational biases. Previous studies showed that mutation rates might vary within given genomes, as a function for example of both their localization and neighboring nucleotides.All studies from this Ph.D thesis were performed in the context of the long-term evolution experiment which has been started in 1988 by Richard Lenski (Michigan State University, USA). Twelve populations were initiated from a common ancestor strain of Escherichia coli and have been propagated ever since for more than 25 years by daily transfers in fresh medium. Samples were collected and genomes of evolved clones were sequenced at regular time point intervals, allowing both the phenotypic and genomic studies of the mutation rate for more than 50,000 generations.In this study, I showed that mutation rates are highly dynamic: the emergence of hypermutator genotypes is followed by multiple compensation events. I also observed large mutational biases, including the impact of the neighboring nucleotides on resulting aminoacid changes.
95

Etude génétique de familles consanguines atteintes de diverses formes de la maladie de Charcot-Marie-Tooth

Boubaker, Chokri 15 February 2013 (has links)
La maladie de Charcot-Marie-Tooth représente un groupe hétérogène de maladies tant sur le plan clinique que sur le plan génétique. A ce jour, on dénombre 60 gènes décrits dans la maladie de CMT. En Tunisie, le fort taux de consanguinité est un facteur majeur de l'apparition des maladies génétiques en particulier des formes autosomiques récessives parmi lesquelles, on trouve la maladie de Charcot-Marie-Tooth. Deux formes de CMT ont été identifiées dans cette population, il s'agit de la forme CMT4A et la forme de CMT4B2. Mes travaux de thèse ont consisté à identifier de nouveaux gènes chez des familles tunisiennes consanguines atteintes de CMT en utilisant différentes approches de criblages. J'ai poursuivi aussi des travaux de localisation réalisées chez deux familles libanaises consanguines et pour lesquelles les analyses n'ont pas permis d'identifier une région homozygote par descendance. Nous avons pu caractériser les formes CMT4H, CMT4C et CMT1A dans la population tunisienne. Nous avons identifié une nouvelle mutation dans le gène FGD4 impliquée dans la forme CMT4H. Nous avons pu caractériser la forme CMT4C par l'identification d'une nouvelle mutation dans le gène SH3TC2. En utilisant la technique d'hybridation génomique comparative sur des puces CGH , le criblage nous a permis de mettre en évidence la forme dominante CMT1A chez des patients tunisiens. / My research is entitled "Molecular analysis of consanguineous families Tunisian and Lebanese with clinical signs of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease". The objectives of the PhD research were to identify and localize the genes implicated in these clinic forms of CMT and to elucidate the functional impact of mutations and the associated physiopathology mechanisms. For this purpose several technologies were used such as Fluorescent Direct Sequencing of known genes published in CMT disease. We have identified two novel mutations in patients from consanguineous Tunisian families: the first mutation (c.514_514insG; p.Ala172Glyfs*27) was detected in FGD4 by Fluorescent direct sequencing. Skin and nerve biopsy structure of these patients were studied under a microscope. Furthermore, the expression profile of FRABIN was studied by western blot. The cellular localization of this protein is under further examinations with the use of immunofluorescent. The second mutation (c.2968delC; p.Leu990Trpfs*24) was identified using High throughput sequencing in the SH3TC2 gene, The duplication of CMT1A in patients from Tunisia was demonstrated by Array CGH technique. The identified mutations will be subjected to functional studies to determine their impact on protein and to investigate the pathophysiology of this disease. Detail data analysis is currently underway for these projects using High throughput sequencing and other methods as appropriate in both Tunisian and Lebanese families.
96

Detection of a mutation in a human LCAT gene

Hornby, Ann Elizabeth January 1988 (has links)
LCAT deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by low levels of plasma HDL and an inability of the enzyme lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) to esterify cholesterol. An understanding of the structure and function of the LCAT protein will add significantly to the understanding of reverse cholesterol transport. This understanding can be gained, in part, by studying different mutations within the LCAT gene and their resultant phenotypes. Recombinant DNA technology has been used to determine the nature of a mutation in an LCAT gene of a previously described homozygote with this disorder. Southern blot analysis determined there were no major rearrangements in the genomic DNA at the LCAT locus. An attempt was made to follow segregation of the mutant alleles in three generations of a large pedigree by linkage analysis. There are known polymorphisms at the haptoglobin (Hp) locus, which is linked to LCAT on the long arm of chromosome 16, and in the adenosine phosphoribotransferase (APRT) and choesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) loci which are also on the long arm of chromosome 16, but have not been shown linked to LCAT. The information gained was uninformative in this pedigree. An extensive restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) search in the immediate vicinity of the LCAT gene did not reveal any polymorphic sites. 2.4 kb of the ⋋ phage clone SF1020, obtained from one of the homozygotes, containing exons 1-5 plus 0.5 kb of DNA 5¹ to the LCAT gene, but not exon 6, was subcloned into M13 and sequenced. A cytosine to thymidine (C->T) transition was discovered in exon 4. This would result in a substitution of tryptophan for arginine at amino acid 135. The amino acid arginine is positively charged and resides in one of the most highly charged segments along the amino acid chain of the LCAT protein indicating that this region is likely involved in protein folding. Tryptophan, on the other hand is the most hydrophobic of the amino acids and would, therefore, severely disrupt the interaction of charged amino acids in that region, preventing normal folding of the LCAT protein. / Medicine, Faculty of / Medical Genetics, Department of / Graduate
97

Identifier les variations conduisant au cancer dans le génome non codant et du transcriptome / Identifying cancer driver variations in the non-coding genome andtranscriptome

Li, Jia 14 December 2015 (has links)
L'annotation fonctionnelle de mutations somatiques est un point focal des études de génomique du cancer. Jusque récemment, la recherche s'est concentré sur des mutations dans la fraction codante du génome, pour lesquelles de puissants outils bioinformatiques ont été développés afin de distinguer des mutations délétères des mutations neutres. On identifie un nombre croissant de variants associés à des maladies dans le génome non-codant. L'interprétation des mutations non-codantes dans le cancer est donc devenue une tâche urgente. Des projets de grande envergure tels que ENCODE ont rendu possible l'interprétation fonctionnelle de variants dans les cancers. Plusieurs programmes ont été produits sur la base de ces informations fonctionnelles. Ces outilssont encore limités, notamment, une bas précision de la prédiction, le manque d'information de la mutation de cancer et biais de constatation importante. Dans le chapitre 2 de cette thèse, pour interpréter fonctionnellement les mutations non-codantes dans les cancers, nous avons développé deux modèles de forêts aléatoires indépendants, appelées SNP et SOM. Compte tenu de la combinaison de caractéristiques fonctionnelles à une position donnée du génome, le modèle SNP prédit la fraction de SNP rares (une mesure de la sélection négative), et le modèle SOM prédit la densité de mutations somatiques attendue à cette position. Nous avons appliqué nos deux modèles pour évaluer des clinvariant and HGMD variants asociés à des maladies, et un ensemble de SNP-contrôle aléatoires. Les résultats ont montré que les variants associés à des maladies ont des scores plus élevés que les SNP-contrôle avec le modèle SNP et inférieures avec le modèle SOM, confortant notre hypothèse selon laquelle la sélection négative, telle que mesurée par fraction de SNP rares et de densité de mutation somatiques, nous informe sur l'impact fonctionnel des mutations tumorales dans le génome non-codant. Jusqu'à présent, les chercheurs ont surtout considéré les gènes protéiques comme critiques dans l'initiation et la progression des cancers. Toutefois, des preuves récentes ont montré que les ARN non-codants, en particulier les lncRNAs, sont activement impliqués dans divers processus de cancer. Un chapitre de cette thèse est consacré à cette classe de transcripts non codants. Comme pour les gènes codants, il pourrait exister un grand nombre de lncRNAs driver de cancer. Le développement d'outils bioinformatiques pour identifier et hiérarchiser les lncRNA et autres ARN non-codants est devenu un important objet de recherche en oncologie.La dernière partie de cette thèse est consacrée à la mise en œuvre de méthodes pour découvrir des éléments non-codants potentiellement driver de cancer. Nous avons d'abord appliqué trois outils tierces, CADD, funSeq2, GWAVA, ainsi que nos modèles SNP et SOM, pour évaluer l'impact des mutations non-codantes dans tout le génome. Pour chaque locus, nous calculons la moyenne des scores de tous les variants observés à l'aide de l'un des modèles, et nous prenons au hasard le même nombre de variants et calculons leur score moyen 1 million de fois pour former une distribution nulle et obtenir une P-valeur pour ce locus. Pour valider notre hypothèse et notre modèle de permutation, nous avons testé ce système sur 452 gènes codants et 61 lncRNA liés au cancer, en utilisant des données de mutation somatique de cancer du foie, cancer du poumon, CLL et mélanome. Nous avons constaté que les lncRNAs et gènes codants associés au cancer avaient des valeurs-P significativement plus faibles que l'ensemble de lncRNAs et gènes codant. Appliquer ce test de permutation à des lncRNAs avec cinq systèmes de notation différents nous a permis de prioriser les centaines de candidats potentiellement liés au cancer.Ces candidats peuvent maintenant être soumis à validation expérimentale. / Functional annotation of somatic mutations have been a consistent hotspot of cancer genomics studies. In the past, researchers preferentially focused on mutations in the coding fraction of the genome, for which ample bioinformatics tools were developed to distinguish cancer-driver mutations from neutral ones. In recent years, as an increasing number of variants were being identified as disease-associated in the non-coding genome, interpreting non-coding cancer mutations has become an urgent task. The completion of large scale projects such as ENCODE, has made functional interpretation of cancer variants achievable, and several programs were produced based on this functional information. However, there still exists some limitations as to these prediction tools, such as low prediction accuracy, lack of cancer mutation information and significant ascertainment bias. In chapter 2 of this thesis, in order to functionally interpret non-coding mutations in cancer, we developed two independent random forest models, referred to as SNP and SOM. Given a combination of features at a given genome positions, the SNP model predicts the expected fraction of rare SNPs (a measure of negative selection), and the SOM model predicts the expected mutation density at this position. We applied our two models to score these non-coding disease-associated clinvariant and HGMD variants and a set of random control SNPs. Results showed that disease-associated variants were scored higher than control SNPs with the SNP model and lower than control SNPs with the SOM model, supporting our hypothesis that purifying selection as measured by fraction of rare SNPs and mutation density is informative for the evaluation of the functional impact of cancer mutations in the non-coding genome. In the past, researchers have preferentially considered protein-coding genes as critical to the initiation and progression of cancers. However, recent evidences have shown that ncRNAs, in particular lncRNAs, are actively implicated in various cancer processes. A chapter of this thesis is devoted to this class of non-coding transcripts. Similar to protein coding genes, there might be a large number of lncRNAs with cancer-driving functions. The development of bioinformatics tools to prioritize them has become a new focus of research for computational oncologists.The last part of this thesis is devoted to the implementation of methods for discovering potential cancer-driving non-coding elements in lncRNA and protein-coding genes. We applied three scoring tools, CADD, funSeq2, GWAVA, together with our SNP and SOM scoring systems to prioritize cancer-associated elements using a permutation-based algorithm. For each locus, we compute the average score of all observed variants using one of the models, and we randomly take the same number of variants and compute their average score 1 million times to form a null distribution and obtain a P value for this locus. To validate our hypothesis and permutation model, we tested this system on 61 cancer-related lncRNA and 452 cancer genes using somatic mutation data from liver cancer, lung cancer, CLL and melanoma. We observed that both cancer lncRNAs and protein-coding genes had significantly lower average P values than total lncRNAs and protein-coding genes in all cases. Applying the permutation test to lncRNAs with five different scoring systems enabled us to prioritize hundreds to thousands of cancer-related lncRNA candidates. These candidates can be used for future experimental validation.
98

Chinese B thalassaemia: DNA polymorphisms andspecific mutations

阮陳健貞, Tan-Un, Kian-cheng. January 1986 (has links)
published_or_final_version / Biochemistry / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy
99

Hoxb3 mutation leads to interleukin-6 dependent plasmacytoma

Wong, Pui-man, Molly., 黃佩文. January 2006 (has links)
published_or_final_version / abstract / Biochemistry / Master / Master of Philosophy
100

The utility of transgenic rat models

Si-Hoe, San Ling January 2000 (has links)
No description available.

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