A new any-point biasing scheme for Mach-Zehnder interferometer modulators which considers the complex phase is proposed. The Mach-Zehnder arm loss imbalance (imaginary part of the phase bias) is found by slightly perturbing the real and imaginary parts of the phase in each arm with low frequency pilot tones and monitoring and manipulating the spectral content at the output. This technique can be used to extend the possible extinction ratio, reduce the phase error, and better quantify the system chirp but also has some performance degradations which are also quantified and discussed. Simulation results indicate that the maximum extinction ratio of a typical modulator can be extended to ≳ 40 dB and maintained in the presence of ambient complex phase drift in the arms. Practical challenges for implementing this method with a silicon Mach-Zehnder modulator are discussed, but the analysis is general to other material platforms.

A new any-point biasing scheme for Mach-Zehnder interferometer modulators which considers the complex phase is proposed. The Mach-Zehnder arm loss imbalance (imaginary part of the phase bias) is found by slightly perturbing the real and imaginary parts of the phase in each arm with low frequency pilot tones and monitoring and manipulating the spectral content at the output. This technique can be used to extend the possible extinction ratio, reduce the phase error, and better quantify the system chirp but also has some performance degradations which are also quantified and discussed. Simulation results indicate that the maximum extinction ratio of a typical modulator can be extended to ≳ 40 dB and maintained in the presence of ambient complex phase drift in the arms. Practical challenges for implementing this method with a silicon Mach-Zehnder modulator are discussed, but the analysis is general to other material platforms.

The aim of this master thesis is to create investing stock portfolio using value screening, money aggregate MZM and stock prices of chosen companies. Funding is realized by Dollar-cost averaging method. First part introduces reader to stocks and its place at financial market. Afterwards comes introduction to investments and applied Dollar-cost averaging method and authors customisations of this method. Final part contains results of customised Dollar-cost averaging method and suggestion for its usage at financial market.

The capacity of optical communications networks continues to grow unabated. Applications for streaming video, social networking and cloud computing, are driving exponential growth of the traffic carried over the world’s ICT networks, which has been sustained thus far through the proliferation of datacenters and efficient, effective use of existing optical fibre. To meet increasing capacity demands requires increasingly sophisticated modulation formats and spectral management to achieve effective use of the available spectrum provided by an optical fibre. Moreover, the technology developed for optical communications is finding broader application to other sectors such as data centres, 5&6 G wireless; lidar and radar. Ultimately, some essential signal processing functions must occur at speeds beyond purely electronic means even when accounting for anticipated technological development. The option is to perform signal processing in the optical domain. Optical signal processors are fundamentally analog and linear in nature. To provide high performance, an analogue processor must be well controlled in a way analogous to the numerous and sophisticated controllers employed by the process industry. Consequently, a further extension of control to deeper levels within the physical layer reaching the optical layer will be necessary. For example, current reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexers are coloured and directional and the wavelength division multiplexing channel grid, transponders modulation format, and the routing are all fixed. Through optimization of the interface between the physical components, sensors, and processors elastic optical network technology can be achieved by employing colour-, direction-, contention-, grid-less, filter-, gap-less reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexers, flexible channels centre frequencies and width, flexible sub-carriers in super-channels, flexible modulation formats and forward error control coding transponders, and impairment-aware wavelength routing and spectral assignment. The aim of this thesis is to advance the state-of-the-art in photonic circuits and subsystems via proposing new architecture; study of the feasibility of photonic integration and, proof of concept implementations using available resources. The goal is to introduce new architectural concepts that make effective use of physical components and/or optical processors with reduced energy consumption, reduced footprint and offer speed beyond all-electronic implementations. The thesis presents four case studies based on one or more published papers and supplementary material that advance the goal of the thesis. The first study presents a coherent electro-optic circuit architecture that generates N spatially distinct phase-correlated harmonically related carriers using a generalized Mach-Zehnder Interferometer with its N×1 combiner replaced by an N×N optical Discrete Fourier Transform. The architecture subsumes all Mach-Zehnder Interferometer-based architectures in the prior art given an appropriate selection of output port(s) and dimension N, although the principal application envisaged is phase-correlated subcarrier generation for next-generation optical transmission systems. The theoretical prediction is then verified experimentally using laboratory available photonic integrated circuit fabricated for other applications. Later on, a novel extension of the circuit architecture is introduced by replacing the optical Discrete Fourier Transform network using the combination of a properly chosen phase shifter and single MMI coupler. The second study proposes two novel architectures for an on-chip ultra-high-resolution panoramic spectrometer and presents their design, analysis, integration feasibility, and verification by simulation. The target application is to monitor the power of a wavelength division multiplexed signals in both fixed and flex grid over entire C-band with minimum scan time and better than 1 GHz frequency accuracy. The two architectures combine in synchrony a scanning comb filter stage and channelized coarse filter. The fine filtering is obtained using a ring resonator while the coarse filtering is obtained using an arrayed waveguide grating with appropriate configuration. The fully coherent first architecture is optimised for compactness but relies on a repeatable fabrication processes to match the optical path lengths between a Mach-Zehnder interferometer and a multiple input arrayed waveguide grating. The second architecture is less compact than the first but is robust to fabrication tolerances as it does not require the path length matching. The third study proposes a new circuit architecture for single sideband modulation or frequency conversion which employs a cascade Mach-Zehnder modulator architecture departing from the orthodox dual parallel solution. The theoretical analysis shows that the circuit has 3-dB optical and 3-dB electrical advantage over the orthodox solution. The 3-dB electrical advantage increases the linear operating range of Mach-Zehnder modulator before RF amplifier saturation. An experimental verification of the proposed architecture is provided using an available photonic integrated circuit. The proposed circuit can also perform complex modulation. An alternative implementation based on polarization modulators is also described. The fourth study presents the theoretical modelling of a photonic generation of broadband radio frequency phase shifter. The proposed phase shifter can generate any phase without bound: the complex transmission of the phase shifter follows a trajectory that rotates on a unit circle and may encircle the origin any number of times in either direction, which has great utility in the tuning of RF-photonic systems. The proposed concept is then verified experimentally using off the shelf low frequency electronic components.

This Final thesis is focused on analysis of stock markets with more detailed view at S&P 500 index. The goal of market analysis is to reveal possible price bubble in relation to effect of quantitative easing, Federal Reserve Bank policy and behavioural factors. The content of practical part is to evaluate possible significant overvalue of S&P 500 index and possible price bubble of mentioned index.

Les systèmes Ultra Larges Bandes (ULB) représentent une nouvelle technologie de communication sans fil pour la transmission d'informations à très hauts débits. Avec une Densité Spectrale de Puissance (DSP) inférieure à -41.3 dBm/MHz, les distances de propagation sont considérablement restreintes (< 20 m). C'est en février 2002, que la commission fédérale de communication des Etats-Unis (FCC) a alloué pour les systèmes ULB une bande de fréquence comprise entre 3,1 et 10,6 GHz. Depuis, de nombreuses divergences sont apparues suivant les grandes zones géographiques de normalisation.<br />Au travers des nombreuses techniques de transmission ULB, nous étudions la modulation multi-bandes à répétition en fréquence orthogonale (MB-OFDM) qui a été proposée par l'European Computing Machineries Association (ECMA) en temps que standard en 2005.L'efficacité des signaux Impulsionnel Radio (IR), précurseur à l'ULB, a cependant été montrée. Nous présentons à ce titre une topologie originale nommée Multi-Bandes On-Off Keying (MB-OOK).<br />Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous développons un outil de simulation système (SST) afin d'analyser les performances d'un système ULB-OFDM. Nous étudions l'influence sur le taux d'erreur binaire (BER) des non-linéarités du front-end de réception Radio-Fréquence (RF) et de l'amplification de puissance faible bruit (LNA) dans une chaîne de transmission globale.<br />Dans le cadre des systèmes MB-OOK, différents types de filtres sont envisagés. L'impact sur le BER est étudié afin de connaître les propriétés prédominantes des filtres sur les performances de transmission.<br />Le domaine de l'optique peut également être avantageusement employé dans des processus de transmission ULB. Les réseaux larges bandes radio sur fibres (RoF) présentent de nombreux intérêts pour fournir à moindre coût la distribution du signal mais également la possibilité de pouvoir le traiter directement. Dans ce sens, Nous évaluons les possibilités de convertir fréquentiellement des signaux de type ULB-OFDM, ainsi que d'évaluer l'impact de transmetteurs Electrique/Optique (E/O) sur les performances d'un système ULB sur fibre à partir des valeurs du vecteur d'erreur d'amplitude (EVM).

Le développement permanent des applications informatiques telles que le stockage de masse, le calcul intensif et les communications large bande, encourage l’émergence de nouvelles technologies de communication. D’une part, les communications à travers des interconnexions métalliques approchent de leurs limites intrinsèques en termes d’énergie, surface et coût par bit. D’autre part, la photonique hybride conventionnelle, basée sur des assemblages 2D/3D de composants photoniques en technologies III-V, ne peut pas être complètement intégrée. Le développement de nouvelle architecture photonique sur silicium est une bonne alternative afin de proposer des systèmes intégrés de communication haut débit. La conception d’un modulateur électro-optique à très haut débit sur silicium fait l’objet de cette thèse. Dans un premier temps, un état de l’art des différents systèmes optiques est dressé, afin d’identifier les principaux verrous technologiques limitant leurs performances. Suite à l’analyse des différents types de modulateur optique implémentés sur silicium, une proposition d’architecture a été faite pour un modulateur Mach Zehnder 100 Gbits/s. Ce premier circuit a été développé avec la technologie PIC25G du fondeur STMicroelectronics. Le driver de ce modulateur a, quant à lui, été conçu avec la technologie 55 nm SiGe BiCMOS de ce même fondeur. Le démonstrateur proposé dans ces travaux offre un débit de 100 Gbits/s avec une modulation NRZ sur une unique voie optique. Pour cette configuration, ce prototype offre un débit binaire au-delà de l’état de l’art (pour une unique voie de transmission optique) avec une énergie par bit de 80 pJ/bit. / The sustained development of software applications including mass storage, intensive computing and broadband communication, motivates the emergence of novel communication technologies. On one hand, communications through metallic interconnections approach their inherent limitations in term of energy, area and cost per bit. On the other hand, conventional hybrid photonics, based on discrete 2D/3D photonic assemblies of III-V photonic devices, cannot be integrated. The rising silicon photonic technology, thanks to its high level of integration, overcomes the shortcomings of the two previous approaches and promises a low cost solution allowing close proximity integration of photonics with electronics.The design of a very high data rate electro-optic modulator on silicon is reported in this thesis manuscript. In a first section, the state of the art of optic systems is presented with a focus on the main technological challenges limiting performances. Then, a silicon based topology is introduced to achieve a 100 Gbs Mach Zehnder modulator. It was implemented with the STMicroelectronics PIC25G technology. The driver of this modulator was designed with the 55 nm SiGe BiCMOS technology of the same founder. The demonstrator introduced in this work offer a 100 Gbs data rate with an NRZ modulation on a single optical channel. For this configuration, this prototype provides a data rate beyond the state of the art (for a single optical transmission path) with an energy per bit of 80 pJ/bit.

Optimizing a modulator driver for linear and high-speed operation, while simultaneously achieving a high output voltage swing is very challenging. This paper investigates the design of a highlylinear, high-bandwidth yet power-efficient Mach-Zehnder modulator driver based on the breakdown voltage doubler concept, which overcomes the transistors' physical limitations and enables output voltage swings twice as high as conventional differential pair amplifiers can provide. The low-power design was enabled by the use of an open-collector topology for the output stage as well as by employing resistors instead of current mirrors in order to provide the bias currents for the emitter-follower (EF) stages. We show that by means of this EF implementation approach, the power consumption can be reduced by 19% without sacrificing the circuit's bandwidth and linearity. The driver achieves peak-to-peak differential output voltage swings above 6.5 Vpp,d and consumes 670mWof DC power, being one of the most power-efficient drivers in the literature. The 3-dB bandwidth is 61.2 GHz and the total harmonic distortion is 1%, measured at 1 GHz and for the output swing of 6.5 Vpp,d. To the best of the authors' knowledge, these are the highest linearity and output voltage swing reported in the literature for modulator drivers with bandwidths above 40 GHz.