Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2006. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 100-106).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2006. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 115-136).

Malaria is a pernicious disease that has greatly impacted and continues to affect the human population. While much research has been performed to understand the underlying nature of this disease, gaps in the knowledge-base persist. In order to address these deficiencies, a multi-disciplinary, multi-institutional project has been funded to study the systems biology of the host pathogen interaction during malaria infection in both humans and non-human primates. In the course of investigating the transcriptome during two 100-day experiments in Macaca mulatta, this work elucidated many of the underlying molecular pathways of the host and parasite that are affected by antimalarial drugs, as well as through host-pathogen interactions. The malaria-disease-related host pathways are related to, not surprisingly, immune-associated signalling and hematopoesis, and the altered parasite pathways demonstrate an association between disease severity and parasite life stage abundance. Continuing integration of this research with other data-types collected during the course of these experiments will improve our understanding of malaria systems biology and improve targeted malaria therapies.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-05T18:38:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) monique_lima_ipec_dout_2014.pdf: 9316756 bytes, checksum: 6817ee76c11bc8b988d293e2c9b5bd82 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-18 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / A tuberculose é uma doença infecciosa crônica causada pelo Mycobacterium tuberculosis e foi declarada emergência em saúde pública mundial pela Organização Mundial de Saúde. A tuberculose persiste como um problema de saúde mundial, em parte, porque os indivíduos infectados, muitas vezes, não aderem ao longo tratamento de forma devida. A ampla vacinação com a BCG reduziu a ocorrência das formas mais graves de tuberculose em crianças, porém, a forma adulta pulmonar é responsável pela principal causa de morte no mundo. A validação de novas vacinas para utilização na clínica humana, passa pela necessidade de se testá-las, ainda em fase pré-clínica, em modelo animal que desenvolva e reproduza de forma semelhante a doença humana. Avaliamos, neste estudo, os aspectos referentes à segurança do método de eletroporação e a imunogenicidade da vacina pVAX-hsp65, administrada em 3 doses com intervalo de 1 mês cada, em macacos cynomolgus Foram realizadas análises clínicas, hemograma, teste de função renal, hepática, além da avaliação das subpopulações celulares (TCD4, TCD8, NK, linfócitos B, células dendríticas mielóide e plasmacitóide), marcador de ativação celular (HLA-DR e CD69), grânulos citotóxicos (granzima B/perforina), citocinas (IFN-\03B3, TNF-\03B1, IL-12, IL-10, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 e IL-6), marcadores de proliferação (Ki-67) e ligados a apoptose (BcL-2). A vacina se mostrou segura, sem causar efeitos adversos relacionados ao local da inoculação, não induziu disfunção hepática ou renal nem alterações hematológicas. A vacinação não induziu conversão ao teste tuberculínico. Observamos um aumento de células T CD4+ de memória central, o que caracteriza ativação celular. A indução preferencial de células dendriticas com perfil plasmacitóide foi evidenciada de forma transitória O perfil de citocinas gerado após a vacinação foi preferencialmente induzido pela ix expressão de IFN-\03B3 em células NK e uma tendência ao aumento em linfócitos T CD4 e CD8, o que levaria ao controle da erplicação bacteriana pela presença de resposta inflamatória do tipo Th1. O controle desta resposta pode também estar sendo realizada pela exuberante resposta de TNF-\03B1 e IL-6 que modularia a formação do granuloma e contenção da micobatéria. Assim, nossos resultados apontam para a formação de uma resposta protetora periférica induzida pela vacina pVAX-hsp65 em macacos cynomolgus / Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and was declared a public health emergency by World Health Organization. Tuberculosis remains a worldwide health problem, partly because infected individuals often refuse the long- treatment. Widespread vaccination with BCG reduced the occurrence of severe forms of tuberculosis in children; however, pulmonary tuberculosis in adult is the main cause of death worldwide. To validate new vaccines for clinical use in human, preclinical tests in animal model to reproduce human disease is necessary. Our mean goal was to evaluated, the safety and immunogenicity of a new vaccine pVAX-hsp65, administrated by electroporation in cynomolgus monkeys in three doses with one month apart. Clinical analyzes were performed: Red and white blood cells count, renal and liver functional test, evaluation of lymphocyte subsets (CD4, CD8, NK, B lymphocytes, and myeloid and plasmacytoide dendritic cells), markers for cell activation (HLA-DR and CD69), activation of cytotoxic granules (granzyme B / perforin), cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-12, IL-10, IL-2, Il-4, IL-5 and IL-6), proliferation (Ki-67) and anti-apoptosis (BCL-2) markers. The vaccine proved to be safe, with no adverse effects related to the inoculation site and did not induce liver or kidney dysfunction or hematological changes. The vaccination did not convert the tuberculin skin test. We observed an enhancement of central memory TCD4 lymphocytes which indicates cell activation. The preferential induction of plasmacytoide dendritic cells was transient. The profile of cytokines generated after vaccination was preferentially induced by IFN-γ expression in NK cells, showing a tendency to increase in TCD4+ and CD8+ cells, which would lead to control of bacterial growth by induction of a protective Th1 response. The robust immune response observed may either be controlled by secretion of TNF-α and IL-6 that are able to modulate the granuloma maturation and mycobacteria elimination. Thus, our results indicates that the pVAX-hsp65 vaccination, was able to induce a peripheral protective immune respose in cynomolgus monkeys

No description available.

Among multi-male, multi-female primate groups, males engage in direct contest competition for access to mates. The priority-of-access model (PoA model) generally predicts that male reproductive success increases with male dominance rank, but the strength of this relationship is expected to decrease with increasing female reproductive synchrony, particularly in seasonally breeding primates. Genetic paternity studies support the model’s predictions, having found a positive relationship between male dominance rank and reproductive success. However, in addition to dominance status and female reproductive synchrony, a number of proximate factors also impact males’ ability to sire offspring, which have not been considered in studies of male reproductive strategies.By integrating behavioral, genetic, morphological, and hormonal analysis as more direct measures of reproductive success in individual males, this dissertation investigated the relationship between male dominance rank and reproductive success and including the proximate factors affecting this relationship in wild northern pig-tailed macaques (Macaca leonina). The main objectives of this study are: 1) to identify the relationships between male dominance rank, male mating success, and male reproductive success, and assess to what extent female synchrony affects these relationships; 2) to identify the proximate factors that may reduce the reproductive success of the top-ranking male and assess variation in male mating tactics related to dominance rank and migration status (i.e., resident males vs. extra-group males); and 3) to evaluate the function of males’ red ornaments that may be used to signal male dominance status (male-male competition) to attract females (female mate choice) or both. The study was conducted at Khao Yai National Park, northeastern Thailand. Systematic data collection on CH group occurred from September 2015-June 2017. The group composition was recorded daily as well as births, deaths, individual emigrations and immigrations, females’ parity status, and the presence of extra-group males (EGMs). Sociosexual data and male-female interactions (i.e., copulations, ejaculatory copulations, consortships, grooming, female proceptive behaviors and receptive behaviors) were recorded during females’ receptive periods. To assess male reproductive success, genetic paternity analyses were conducted on fecal DNA samples collected from 18 adult and subadult males, 22 adult females, and 25 juveniles and infants. To measure red skin coloration of males, hindquarter images were collected non-invasively for seven adult males. From those images, skin color and luminance were computationally quantified to assess variation in male anogenital reflectance. Lastly, fecal samples were collected from nine adult males to assess monthly levels of fecal testosterone by microtitreplate enzyme immunoassay. The distribution of births and matings suggested that northern pig-tailed macaques, at least in this group, are best categorized as moderate seasonal breeders. Indeed, 33-67% of births occurred within a three-month period. Copulation data revealed a positive relationship between male dominance rank and mating success, supporting the predictions of the PoA model. However, the distribution of male reproductive success indicated that: 1) high-ranking males controlled a proportion of paternity much lower than predicted by the PoA model; 2) middle-ranking males controlled a proportion of paternity higher than predicted by the model; and 3) EGMs, not considered in the PoA model, controlled a surprisingly large proportion of paternity despite a low observed mating success. When females were simultaneously receptive, lower-ranking and subadult males engaged in opportunistic and surreptitious copulation and avoided direct competition with higher-ranking males, and most females approached and mated with EGMs out of the resident adult males’ sight. However, one EGM also mated in full sight of resident adult males. This is the first study to report mating and successful paternity by EGMs in a moderately seasonally breeding species.Four male mating tactics were identified: 1) the top-ranking resident male tactic, in which the male competes for the alpha male position to control priority of access to receptive females through long consortships and copulations; 2) the lower-ranking resident male tactic, in which the male copulates opportunistically and surreptitiously out of sight of higher-ranking males mostly during the mating peak; 3) the subordinate EGM tactic, in which the male lives semi-solitarily and copulates opportunistically and surreptitiously, mostly during the mating peaks; and 4) the super-dominant EGM tactic, in which the EGM copulates irrespective of the presence of other males and in full sight of even the highest-ranking resident male. In addition, I found support for female mate choice. Darker and redder males had more mating partners, received more female proceptive behaviors, and were engaged in more consortships and grooming with receptive females. Furthermore, males became redder and darker as female reproductive synchrony increased. Together, these results suggest that male red ornaments exhibited in the male’s anogenital area is attractive to females. Furthermore, behavioral evidence of female mate choice towards EGMs was found. This dissertation provides a comprehensive picture of the complex male mating tactics of northern pig-tailed macaques. To achieve reproductive success, males engage in a diversity of mating tactics, strongly influenced by male dominance rank and the degree of female reproductive synchrony. However, mate-guarding costs, surreptitious copulations by lower-ranking males and EGMs, and female mate choice, need to be included in an extended version of the PoA model to provide stronger predictions of the distribution of male reproductive success in primates.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第19528号 / 理博第4188号 / 新制||理||1601(附属図書館) / 32564 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 中川 尚史, 教授 中務 真人, 教授 曽田 貞滋 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

付記する学位プログラム名: 霊長類学・ワイルドライフサイエンス・リーディング大学院 / 京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第20964号 / 理博第4416号 / 新制||理||1634(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)准教授 Michael Alan Huffman, 准教授 足立 幾磨, 教授 友永 雅己 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第21334号 / 理博第4430号 / 新制||理||1636(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 古市 剛史, 教授 湯本 貴和, 教授 髙井 正成 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

No description available.