This marter’s thesis deals with the technology of electrical discharge wire cutting. There is described the basic nature of the electrical erosion, EDM principle and WEDM principle. The main part deals with the application of wire cutting in the manufacture pulley 68-8M-130 with a description of technology on the wire cutter Excetek V 650. At the end of the work is devoted to the statistical evaluation of the precision machined surfaces.

Electric Discharge Machining (EDM) is a machining method suitable for repair and maintenance operations in nuclear power plants. Crack removal and material sampling are two common operations where EDM is used in the nuclear power industry. Each crack removal or material sampling operation is unique, a new EDM-tool is therefore designed for every operation. This, together with the fact that the electrode used in the EDM-tool usually wears out before the crack is removed or the sample has been collected, is the foundation of this thesis. The objective was to develop one or several concepts of a modular EDM-tool with the ability to change electrode at repair location. This to shorten the development time for EDM-tools and the time for electrode change during an EDM operation. The concepts would be developed to the extent that a prototype could be manufactured and tested. The result is in accordance to the objective with one fully developed concept ready for manufacturing. It has not yet been manufactured, and therefore not been tested. There are still some sections of the tool that needs to be verified, for example the electric supply to the electrode. The concept consists of; a slim EDM-tool with the ability to lock the rotating electrode shaft, compact dielectric fluid- and electric-supply, hydraulic actuator with belt drive and an electrode magazine with place for 3 electrodes. Keywords: Nuclear, EDM, Electric Discharge Machining, Product development, Crack removal / Electric Discharge Machining (EDM) är en avverkningsmetod lämplig för reparations- och underhållsarbete i kärnkraftverk. Sprickbortagning och materialprovtagning är två vanliga operationer som utförs med hjälp av EDM inom kärnkraftsindustrin. Varje sprickbortagningsoch materialprovtagnings operation är unik, därför utvecklas ett nytt EDM-verktyg inför varje operation. Detta tillsammans med det faktum att elektroden som används i EDM-verktyget ofta slits ned innan sprickan har avverkats eller provet har tagits ligger till grund för detta examensarbete. Målet var att utveckla ett eller flera koncept av modulära EDM-verktyg med möjligheten att byta elektrod på plats där aktuell reparation utförs. Detta för att korta ned utvecklingstiden för nya EDM-verktyg och minska tiden för reparations och underhållsarbeten. Koncepten skulle utvecklas så långt att en prototyp kunde tillverkas och testas. Resultatet är i linje med målet, ett välutvecklat koncept som är redo för tillverkning och testning. Det har än så länge inte blivit tillverkat och således inte testats. Konceptet består av ett smalt EDM-verktyg med möjlighet att låsa elektrodrotationen, kompakt dielektrikum- och ström-tillförsel, hydraulisk aktuator med kuggremsdrift och ett elektrodmagasin med plats för 3 elektroder. Nyckelord: Kärnkraft, EDM, Electric Discharge Machining, Produktutveckling, Sprickborttagning

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Increasing productivity is a constant demand for the manufacturing industry. Low-carbon-steel is one of the most commonly used ferrous materials in the part manufacturing market. Improving productivity as well as making the process eco-friendly by implementing a dry machining condition is the essential goal of this study. Built-up-edge (BUE) is often formed in the low-carbon-steel machining process, which, results in poor surface finish and short tool life. The high-speed-machining technique can be used to reduce the BUE formation and realize an increase in productivity. Cubic boron nitride (CBN) tools are most commonly used in hard turning and cast-iron machining at high cutting speeds. There are a limited number of studies regarding low-carbon-steel machining with CBN under a high-speed and with a dry machining condition. In this study, the investigation shows the preferable type of CBN tool and the wear mechanisms involved during finish turning operations of AISI 1018 under high speed and dry machining conditions. Test results show that a low CBN content with a TiCN binder and smaller grain size offers the best tool life and surface integrity of the final part. Currently manufacturers use coated carbide tools with a recommended cutting speed of 200-300m/min with coolant to complete the finishing process for turning low carbon steel parts. In this study, by implementing CBN tools under the dry condition at 500 m/min cutting speed (speed was selected from the preliminary test performed using the uncoated CBN from 500 to 1200 m/min), the buildup edge formation has been reduced, tool life was measured to increase by 307% compared to the benchmark tool (Coated Carbide), and surface finish was measured in the range of 0.8-1.6μm Ra. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

Analisaram-se os parâmetros tecnológicos mais significativos que influem na Usinagem por Eletroerosão (UEE). Foram desenvolvidos e comentados ensaios de usinagem de aço-carbono com eletrodos de cobre. Apresenta-se também um método de dimensionamento da ferramenta e da avaliação do tempo de usinagem, baseado nos dados obtidos. Foram confrontados os principais processos não-convencionais de usinagem, constatando-se que a UEE é um eficiente processo de fabricação. / The most important EDM technological parameters have been analyzed. Experiments on carbon-steel workpiece machined with copper tool-electrode have been developed and discussed. Based on the obtained data, this work suggests a method for designing the tool-electrode and evaluating the total machining time. Others usual non-traditional machining processes have been compared and it has been observed that EDM is an efficient manufacturing process.

Analisaram-se os parâmetros tecnológicos mais significativos que influem na Usinagem por Eletroerosão (UEE). Foram desenvolvidos e comentados ensaios de usinagem de aço-carbono com eletrodos de cobre. Apresenta-se também um método de dimensionamento da ferramenta e da avaliação do tempo de usinagem, baseado nos dados obtidos. Foram confrontados os principais processos não-convencionais de usinagem, constatando-se que a UEE é um eficiente processo de fabricação. / The most important EDM technological parameters have been analyzed. Experiments on carbon-steel workpiece machined with copper tool-electrode have been developed and discussed. Based on the obtained data, this work suggests a method for designing the tool-electrode and evaluating the total machining time. Others usual non-traditional machining processes have been compared and it has been observed that EDM is an efficient manufacturing process.

L’optimisation des gammes d'usinage n’est pas aisée, car elle souffre de deux lacunes importantes. La première est axée sur l'adaptabilité des gammes existantes aux moyens actuels de production et à leurs évolutions au fil des années pour répondre aux évolutions technologiques. Le second point concerne, l’absence de prise en compte du comportement mécanique de la pièce durant l'usinage dans l'élaboration de la gamme. Ces travaux de thèse abordent ces problématiques dans le cadre du projet FUI OFELIA. Ils étudient, dans un premier temps l'influence de la gamme d’usinage sur la déformation de la pièce. L'objectif est de pouvoir prédire le comportement mécanique de la pièce pour identifier les gammes minimisant les déformations. Le second point s'intéresse à l’évaluation multicritères des gammes de fabrication. Les critères retenus prennent en compte la déformation de la pièce, la productivité à travers une estimation rapide des temps d'usinage et la recyclabilité des copeaux obtenus lors de l'usinage. D’autre part, nous proposons un modèle géométrique des états intermédiaires de la pièce durant l’usinage pour à la fois évaluer les gammes de fabrication et conduire les calculs de simulation de la déformation de la pièce durant l’usinage. / The optimization of machining sequences is not easy because it suffers from two major shortcomings. The first focuses on the adaptability of existing ranges to current production facilities and their evolution over the years to respond to technological developments. The second point concerns the lack of consideration in the mechanical behavior of the part during the development of machining sequence. This thesis addresses these in relation to the FUI OFELIA project. At first, they study the influence of the machining parameters on the deformation of the workpiece. The aim is to predict the mechanical behavior of the part to identify recommendations with minimal distortion. The second issue deals with multi-criteria evaluation of manufacturing ranges. The criteria take into account are the deformation of the workpiece, productivity through a quick estimate of machining time and recyclability of chips produced during machining. On the other hand, we propose a geometric model of the intermediate states of the workpiece during machining in order to both assess the manufacturing recommendations and to drive the simulation calculations of the deformation of the workpiece during machining.

This master´s thesis focuses on the basic principles of the nonconventional technology of electrical discharge machining (EDM) with an emphasis on wire-cut electrical discharge machining performed in a mediumsized company. The thesis deals with manufacture of a belt pulley 75-8M-130, and checks of accuracy of wire-cut EDM machines. Following the study of the current status of electrical discharge machining in the engineering company, measures for assurance and increase of accuracy of wire-cut EDM machines are proposed.

This master’s thesis deals with technology of wire electrical discharge machining in theoretical and practical level. Theoretical part of the thesis explains in detail the principle of electrical discharge machining, describes functional parts and settings of a current wire EDM machines and also the possibility of using method for production of specific parts. Practical part of the thesis solves manufacturing of gearing on pinion manufactured by wire cutter EXCETEK V650 and statistically evaluates precision parameters on surfaces of the carriers taken by specific technological conditions with the same machine.

Titanium alloys have outstanding mechanical properties such as high hardness, a good strength-to-weight ratio, excellent fatigue properties and high corrosion resistance. However, several inherent properties including their low thermal conductivity and high chemical affinity to tool materials impairs severely their machinability with conventional machining techniques. Conventional machining of Ti-based alloys is typically characterized by low depths of cuts and relatively low feed rates, thus adversely affecting the material removal rates during the machining process. Recently, a non-conventional machining technique known as ultrasonically assisted turning (UAT) was introduced to machine modern alloys, in which low-energy, high-frequency vibration is superimposed on the movement of a cutting tool during a conventional cutting process. This novel machining technique results in a multi-fold decrease in the level of cutting forces with a concomitant improvement in surface finish of machined modern alloys. Also, since the late 20th century, machining of wear resistant materials that soften when heated has been carried out with hot machining techniques. In this work, a new hybrid machining technique called Hot Ultrasonically Assisted Turning (HUAT) is introduced for processing of a Ti-based alloy Ti-15V3Al3Cr3Sn. In this technique, UAT is combined with a traditional hot machining technique to gain combined advantages of both schemes for machining of intractable alloys. HUAT of the studied alloy was analysed experimentally and numerically to demonstrate its benefits in terms of reduction in cutting forces over a wide range of industrially relevant speed-feed combinations. Thermal evolution in the cutting process was assessed, and the obtained results were compared with FE simulations to gain knowledge of temperatures reached in the cutting zone. The developed novel turning process appeared to improve dry turning of the Ti alloy with significant reduction of average cutting forces without any substantial metallurgical changes in the workpiece material. Nano-indentation, light microscopy and SEM studies were performed to get an insight into the development of hardness in a zone near the machined surface in the workpiece. Backscatter electron microscopy was also used to evaluate the formation of α-Ti during the novel HUAT. No grain changes or α-precipitation were observed in machined workpieces in conventional and hybrid turning processes. 3D elasto-plastic thermomechanically coupled finite-element models for the orthogonal turning process were developed for conventional turning (CT), hot conventional turning (HCT), UAT and HUAT, followed by a more realistic novel 3D finite-element model for the oblique turning process. These 3D models were used to study the effects of cutting parameters (cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut, ultrasonic vibration, ultrasonic frequency, rake angle and tool nose radius) on cutting forces, temperature in the process zone and stresses. The later model was used to analyse the effect of vibration and heat on the radial and axial components of cutting forces in HUAT, which was not possible with the developed 3D orthogonal-turning model. Comparative studies were performed with the developed CT, HCT, UAT and HUAT finite-element models and were validated by results from experiments conducted on the in-house prototype and in literature. The HUAT for the Ti-15333 was analysed experimentally and numerically to demonstrate the benefits in terms of a significant reduction in the cutting forces and improvement in surface roughness over a wide range of industrially relevant speed-feed combinations.