This thesis examines the interest in spiritualism of Canada’s tenth Prime Minister, William Lyon Mackenzie King. By placing King’s engagement with spiritualism within the context of recent historiography on spiritualism as a progressive form of religion in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, this research demonstrates that spiritualism was not a pseudo-religion or parlour game but rather, a religious practice meaningful to King both as a component of his faith and his intellectual pursuits. Within the context of this thesis, spiritualism is treated as a lived religion. Based on the research of Robert Orsi and David D. Hall, whose contention is that religion comes into existence only in a dynamic relationship with the realities of everyday life, particular attention is paid to those parts of King’s world that serve as the building blocks for his first encounters with spiritualism. This research demonstrates that while King remained skeptical of spiritualist claims until later in his life, his eventual acceptance of spiritualism was the result of several factors. Though the deaths within his immediate family in the early 1900s served as a catalyst for King’s desire to seek spirit contact, it was his reading and involvement in social Christianity as early as 1891, when he began his studies at the University of Toronto that provided the scaffolding for King’s incorporation of spiritualism into his later life. It is argued that, ultimately, King’s goals remained consistent throughout his personal evolution: to lead a Christian life in service to the less fortunate and to the people of Canada. / Thesis (Master, History) -- Queen's University, 2009-12-06 20:38:59.97

The intermontane Mackenzie Basin is located within the central South Island of New Zealand. The glacial basin contains three glacial lakes which are used for hydroelectric power generation via a canal system that links the lakes. The basin is an area of climate extremes, low rainfall, high summer temperatures, and snowy winters. The area is predominantly used for pastoral farming, however farming practices are changing and, combined with an increasing population, there is a need to define the groundwater resources to enable sustainable resource management. Little is currently known about the hydrogeological system within the Mackenzie Basin, and what is known is from investigations carried out during the construction of the canal system from 1935 to 1985. There are four glacial formations that overlie Tertiary sequences and Torlesse bedrock. However, due to the glacial processes that have been ongoing over at least the last 300 ka, determining the occurrence and extent of groundwater within the outwash gravels is difficult. It is suggested that the permeability of the formations decreases with depth, therefore horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivity decrease with depth. A shallow groundwater table is present within the Post Glacial Alluvial Gravels which is recharged directly from fast flowing streams and rivers as well as rainfall. It appears that this shallow system moves rapidly through the system and it is unlikely that the water infiltrates downwards to recharge the deeper groundwater system. It is thought that a deep groundwater system flows preferentially through the Mt John Outwash Gravels, being the second youngest glacial formation. Water chemistry and age dating tracer analysis indicate that the deeper groundwater is over 80 years old and that the groundwater system is recharging slowly. The shallow groundwater in the Post Glacial Alluvial Gravels and within the major fans to the east of the basin is 10 to 20 years in age. Baseline data such as water chemistry, groundwater levels, and surface water gaugings have been collected which can be used for future investigations. More data needs to be collected to create a long term record to further define the hydrogeological system and to determine the best way to manage the resource for long term sustainable use in the future.

The Taglu is introduced as a new member of the Reindeer Formation. Its type section is in the Taglu G-33 well and its age is Eocene. This member conformably overlies the Aklak Member and underlies the "Un-named shale" or the "Kugmallit" member. The thickness of the Taglu varies from well to well but in the type section it is 800 ft. (268 m). Correlation of the Taglu Member is difficult due to facies changes, similarity in composition of successive facies, faulting, and the absence of marker beds or diagnostic fauna. Correlation, however, was accomplished through seismic interpretation, sedimentary megacycles, trace elements, biology, gamma-ray logs and logic. The Taglu Member was deposited under cool but occasionally warm temperate climatic conditions and is composed of two main deltaic sequences, each represented by a regressive phase overlain by a transgressive phase. Each sequence includes environments such as prodelta, delta front, distributary mouth bars, marshes and swamps, and finally distributary channels on top. The depositional basin during accumulation was undergoing moderate subsidence and receiving a high influx of sediments. Both the Richardson Mountains and the Eskimo Lakes Arch supplied, at least in part, the Taglu sediments. Occasional presence of volcanic rock fragments may indicate a third source, possibly well to the south. Based on its composition, the Taglu sandstone can be classified as quartz arenite and sublitharenite. It consists of quartz, chert, feldspar, mica, rock fragments, woody herbaceous matter, and cementing material. The cementing material includes non-ferroan calcite, ferroan and non-ferroan dolomite, siderite, silica and authigenic clay minerals. The cement, which is mainly controlled by the environment of deposition, is eodiagenetic and in places mesodiagenetic.

The intent of this study is to describe and analyze the interrelations of vegetation and environment in the east-central sector of the Mackenzie River Delta, Northwest Territories. It traces the sequence and function of the allogenic events which create varying habitat systems and determines whether environmental modification, once initiated on terra nova is directional - in either a physical or floristic expression. In determining the sequence and influence of physical environmental factors, the following parameters were measured, employing standard instruments and field investigation techniques: micro-relief; depth, areal extent, and duration of flooding; thickness, areal extent, and particle-size distribution of annual deposits of alluvium; magnitude and significance of erosion; patterns of microclimatic variation (including air temperature and humidity, evaporativity, precipitation, wind speed, solar radiation, and net radiation); lake and channel temperatures; soil pH, moisture (hygrotope class), and temperature; development of varying active layer depths; and freezeback of the active layer. To analyze the vegetation of the study area, the phytosociologic methods of the Braun- Blanquet (Zurich-Montpellier) school were applied. Nine seral associations and the climax ecosystem were studied; each was fitted into a successional category. Plant succession was analyzed by reconstructing the course of vegetative development from pioneer to climax community with the aid of successional transects. Results of this study indicate that environmental and floristic changes in the Mackenzie Delta are directional - that given the formation of new ground, such as on the slipoff slope of a shifting channel, ecologic variation will follow a predictable direction. As the seral sequence advances, autogenic influences become dominant over the allogenic initiators until in the climax association, relatively steady-state conditions of environment and vegetation are attained. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

Palynological and maturation data are combined to reconstruct the burial and thermal history of three oil wells in the Beaufort-Mackenzie Basin. From south to north, the three wells are Netserk F-40, Tarsuit A-25, and Orviiruk 0-03. Each well was examined palynologically and zoned based on species ranges of pollen, spores, fungi, and algal cysts. Using local extinction events of zonally diagnostic species to define the tops of intervals, seven informal palynozones are presented: Laevigatosporites (Pleistocene); ChenopodipoJlis (Pliocene to early Pleistocene); Ericipites (middle to late Miocene); Selenopemphix-1 (middle to late Oligocene); Integricorpus (early Oligocene); Araliaceoipollenites (late Eocene to early Oligocene); Pistillipollenites (middle Eocene). Correlations within the basin indicate that the proposed zonation may be useful for local correlations. Correlations outside the basin indicate that the palynological assemblages from the Beaufort-Mackenzie Basin may not be as isolated and endemic as first thought. A high recovery of algal cysts is attributed to less harsh maceration techniques, and confirms a significant population of cysts from a region in which they were formerly believed to be relatively scarce. The palynology does not exhibit an increase in marine influence with decreasing proximity to the basin margin. Instead it shows a consistent, strong terrestrial influence throughout each well. The large terrestrial discharge from the Mackenzie River is interpreted to have masked the effect of basin proximity on the palynology of the area. The study wells are dominated by terrestrial Type III organic matter. Recycled and terrestrial inert material often make up over 95 % of the residues. These results support a terrestrial source for the offshore oils in the Beaufort -Mackenzie Basin. There is a small but consistent presence of potential oil-generating material throughout each well (amorphous and liptinite). The liptinite is largely composed of pollen grains, spores, and leaf cuticle. Algal cysts are present but less abundant. If the observed amounts of amorphous and liptinite material continue to some depth, where the required level of thermal maturation might be reached, these sediments could act as source rocks for hydrocarbons. The rare occurrence of resinite in the study wells questions the resinite source theory for the hydrocarbons in the basin The sediments in each of the three study wells are immature to total depth, and could not be the source of Tertiary oils in the Beaufort - Mackenzie Basin. The levels of maturity in the wells, and the low maturation gradient calculated for Netserk F-40 (0.07 Ro/km), suggest that thermal maturation will only be achieved at much greater depths. This is most likely due to rapid sedimentation rates in the basin during the Tertiary. By combining the zonations from Chapter 3 with the maturation data from Chapter 4, the burial and thermal history of each study well is reconstructed. Using a modified version of Lopatin's method, paleo-geothermal gradients are calculated for each well. In each case, the gradient that best accountes for the measured maturities is 15 °C/km. The calculated gradient is approximately 1/2 to 1/3 of the present geothermal gradients for the wells. The gradient is in agreement with those previously calculated from similar basins, and is considered responsible for the failure of any of the study wells to encounter effective source rocks. Source rocks of Tertiary oils in the Beaufort-Mackenzie Basin will only exist at greater depths than those encountered in this study. Prospective targets may therefore be located adjacent to sites where vertical migration of hydrocarbons is likely, such as steeply-dipping faults. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

<p> Cost data from different marine and pipeline scenarios were analyzed under changing world oil price and discount assumptions to determine a minimum economic scale for Beaufort Sea - Mackenzie Delta hydrocarbon development. Environmental and socio-economic impacts were included to supplement the purely economic analysis. </p> <p> The minimum economic scale project, a sixteen-inch pipeline through the Mackenzie Valley, was found to be marginally economic. When environmental and social costs were assumed to be internalized by the companies involved, and federal government exploration and development incentives disregarded, the minimum scale project was found to yield a negative internal rate of return. </p> / Thesis / Bachelor of Arts (BA)

Winter roads, built from compacted snow and I or ice, are common throughout the circumpolar North. They are considered effective and economical means of providing seasonal access into permafrost terrain while minimizing the potential for environmental damage. The purpose of this study is an appraisal of long-term environmental impacts of winter roads by comparative assessment of terrain morphology, microclimate, permafrost, soils, and vegetation, on winter road right-of-ways and in adjacent undisturbed control areas.

No description available.

According to Edward Said the Orient is a European construction that has arisen out of a need to describe the Western civilisation as culturally superior. This occurrence Said gives the label "Orientalism". Art historian Linda Nochlin takes Said’s theories further in The Imaginary Orient where she conveys the thesis that the pictorial Orientalism is an expression of an imperialistic ideology. John M. Mackenzie, on the other hand is of the opinion that the pictorial Orientalism rather is an expression of the Romantic movement. To understand the Orientalist art we have to consider the social and historical context in which the work was created. By trying to justify the Orientalists choice of motive Mackenzie takes the view of those who consider art history as a positive discipline. Nochlin on the other hand means that we instead of fortifying the art historical canon we ought to politicize it, which only is possible if we contemplate art history as a critical rather than a positive discipline.

The middle Cambrian (Drumian) Rockslide Formation is a deeper-water succession of mixed carbonates and siliciclastics. At the Ravens Throat River location it hosts a Burgess Shale-type (BST) deposit. The BST units are found in two separate 1m thick horizons of green-coloured calcareous mudstone and contain a biota similar to that of the Wheeler and Marjum formations of Utah, and to some extent the Burgess Shale itself. The biota is low in diversity and preserves mainly robust soft-tissue parts. The lithologically heterogeneous composition of the formation (shale, dolomite, lime mudstone, sandstone, mudstone) and absence of metamorphism offer an opportunity to analyze the depositional environment and taphonomy of this deeper water unit. Geochemical analysis including, trace elements, organic carbon, biomarker, and synchrotron were attempted and yielded varying results. Trace element ratios, particularly V/Sc, indicate low oxygenation of the bottom waters during the deposition of the fossil-bearing interval. These results differ from most other BST deposits, which suggest that oxygenated bottom waters were maintained throughout sedimentation. In addition, organic matter in the sediments and δ13Corg values suggest the presence of benthic microbial mats. Silver is concentrated mostly in nm to μm-sized particles in the fossilifereous calcareous mudstone, suggesting elevated levels in the depositional environment. Organic films and the evidence for hyoliths feeding on them suggest an in situ preservation of the biota, perhaps from sudden and short anoxic events and quick burial under either microbial mats or the muddy sediment. This is also supported by the presence of only very rare trace fossils.