Orientador: Lílian Castiglioni-Ruiz / Banca: Fabiano Gazzi Taddei / Banca: Hermione Elly Melara de Campos Bicudo / Resumo: Os camarões do gênero Macrobrachium pertencem à família Palaemonidae. Habitam as proximidades do litoral e, também, ambientes de água doce. Com mais de cem espécies amplamente distribuídas pelas regiões tropicais e subtropicais do mundo, os palemonídeos possuem hábitos crípticos e noturnos. Particularmente na região noroeste do Estado de São Paulo, podemos encontrar várias espécies com importância econômica e ecológica consideráveis. Entretanto, existem poucos estudos na literatura relacionados ao conhecimento da biologia desses crustáceos. Assim, o presente trabalho objetivou analisar a variabilidade genética intra e interpopulacional, de amostras de duas espécies de camarões palemonídeos do gênero Macrobrachium (M. amazonicum e M. jelskii), coletadas em diferentes localidades, utilizando-se a análise das seqüências dos genes mitocondriais COI e rRNA 16S e, ainda, devido à problemática taxonômica existente entre essas duas espécies, também foi analisada a variabilidade genética interespecífica, utilizando-se os mesmos genes.. O cálculo dos índices de divergência genética intrapopulacionais apresentou valores baixos, refletindo uma provável estruturação genética destas populações. Apenas as populações de MjME e do CAUNESP apresentaram valores de divergência genética mais elevados, sugerindo um desequilíbrio na estruturação genética das mesmas, provavelmente causado por interferência antrópica e situação de cativeiro, respectivamente. Nas comparações interpopulacionais, envolvendo M. amazonicum, as taxas de divergência genética apresentaram uma ampla variação, também com média elevada. Os valores elevados nas comparações envolvendo a população do CAUNESP, permitiram descartar a hipótese da provável origem comum das populações de Macrobrachium, a partir de espécimes trazidos do Pará. Da mesma forma, as comparações... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The genus Macrobrachium (Bate, 1868) belongs to the Palaemonidae family. Their species are widely distributed in lakes, floodplains and rivers in tropical and subtropical regions of South America, having cryptic and nights habits. This genus presents nearly 210 known species with ecological and economic importance. Particulary in the northwestern state of São Paulo, we can find several species with considerable importance. However, there are few studies related to knowledge of the biology of these crustaceans. The aim this work was to analyze the genetic variability interpopulation, and interspecific of two Macrobrachium species (M. amazonicum and M. jelskii), using the mitochondrial gene sequence COI and 16S rRNA. Also, due to taxonomic problems between these two species we analyzed interspecific genetic variability, using the same genes. The intrapopulation rates of genetic divergence values were low, reflecting a probable genetic structure of these populations. Only populations MjME and CAUNESP showed higher divergence values, suggesting changes in their genetic structure of the same, probably caused by human interference and situation of captivity, respectively. In comparisons inferences involving M. amazonicum, rates of genetic divergence showed a wide range, also with high average. High values in comparisons involving the population of CAUNESP, allowed to reject the hypothesis of a probable common origin of populations the Macrobrachium specimens brought from State of Para. Interpopulation comparisons involving M. jelskii also showed high values of divergence, especially for the population collected from the Mendonça dam, whose genetic alteration in population structure was attributed to the frequent introduction of exotic specimens. The values of interspecific genetic divergence in the samples collected in the same geographic location were low for populations Adolfo (0.3%) ...(Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man, 1879) is an important aquaculture species but one that has the disadvantage of heterogeneous individual growth (HIG) according to different morphotypes. Chemical cues, especially, pheromones, are one of the most important communication types between individual prawns, along with visual and tactile methods. Testing pheromones, whilst restricting other cues, may therefore lead to a better understanding of the influence of these communicatory compounds on the prawn reproductive process. The three principle objectives of this study were therefore: 1) To examine the effect of moult stage and morphotype on pheromone-induced sexual behaviour 2) To examine the role of pheromone / urine concentrations on sexual attraction behaviour 3) To describe the functional morphology of the antennal gland and examine its possible role in pheromone production and release. Identical bioassay tanks were designed and constructed to study the reproductive behaviour of prawns. Experiments were set up to examine responses to pheromone release by live prawns over 30 minutes and behavioural response observations were made with the aid of a Closed-Circuit Videotape System (CCVS). Results were statistically analysed using a repeated measures general linear model (GLM). Three trials were designed to test the effect of moult stage of both males and females and male morphotypes on sexual attraction behavioural responses. Twelve prawns were used for each trial and each prawn was used five times (1 no-pheromone control and 4 for experimental tests). The first trial studied the effect of female moult stages (pre-, inter and newly-moulted) on sexual attraction behaviour of blue claw (BC) male. Results of this trial showed that newly-moulted females spent significantly (p<0.05) less time approaching the BC male than the pre- and inter-moult females. The second trial studied the effect of male moult stage (pre-, inter and newly-moulted) on sexual attraction to receptive females. Results showed that the time taken by the inter-moult males was (p<0.05) less than the pre- and newly-moulted males in approaching the newly-moulted female. The third trial tested the effect of male morphotypes (small male, SM, orange claw, OC and dominant blue claw, BC) on sexual attraction behaviour towards newly-moulted females. Results showed that the BC male was significantly more attractive (p<0.05) than other morphotypes to newly-moulted females and that the OC male was the least attractive. The role of moulting stage for both male and female prawns on reproductive response behaviour was investigated. Because BC males responded significantly faster towards newly-moulted female more than to either pre-or inter-moult females, results of the first trial suggest that BC males are able to use different chemical cues to gather information about a conspecific’s gender and can differentiate female’s moult stages. Since BC males responded significantly faster towards newly-moulted females more than to either pre-or inter-moult females, this suggests that females at this particular stage released a distinct sexual pheromone or concentration of pheromone that differed from those pheromones released by both pre- and inter-moult females. In contrast, newly-moulted females prefer the inter-moult BC males which indicate that females have an ability to distinguish the moult status of BC males. Furthermore, it indicates that pheromone characteristics change with the moult status of BC males. Also, newly-moulted females are most likely to be avoiding the potential costs of mate guarding with soft shell BC males. Results obtained from the third trial suggested that a newly-moulted female can discriminate male morphotypes (SM, OC and BC) from their pheromone cues. This indicates that male morphotypes release pheromones which differ from each other in some way. Newly-moulted females responded positively to both SM and BC males with different levels of attraction with the greatest attraction to BC males to BC males suggesting that pheromone released from the BC male may carry information relating to dominance status. Urine is believed to be one of the main carriers of pheromone and is usually released from the antennal gland. Different urine concentrations (0.1, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 5.0 and 10µl l-1) of collected urine from BC males were used to test the sexual attraction behaviour of receptive newly-moulted females. Also, the attractant capability of fresh urine following exposure to different temperature regimes (cooled at 4ºC, frozen at -70ºC and heated at 70ºC) was tested. Since newly-moulted female M. rosenbergii were attracted to BC male urine, this indicates the existence of sex pheromone in the fresh urine. Also, it was found that the sexual response of females to fresh urine of BC males was directly proportional to urine concentration with faster responses observed with increasing urine concentrations. At the three fresh urine concentrations 0.1 µl l-1, 1.0 µl l-1 and 2.0 µl l-1, statistical analysis indicated no significant difference (p>0.05) between these three concentrations while a significant (P<0.05) response was to concentrations more than 3.0 µl l-1. This may indicate that these three concentrations were not sufficient to elicit attraction behaviour in newly-moulted females. A concentration of 3.0 µl l-1 of fresh urine is suggested to be a sufficient concentration to elicit a significant sexual attraction under laboratory conditions. Response of newly-moulted female prawns to the various temperature treatments tested declined in response to nominally increasingly degradative treatments. Also, statistical analysis showed that temperature treatment and concentration added both had a significant effect on the response of females. The greatest degradation of urine attractiveness was found with the 70ºC heat treatment. It can be concluded that the pheromone components of prawn urine are friable when exposed to high temperatures. Using light and transmission electron microscopes, ultrastructural observation of the antennal gland (AG) of M. rosenbergii suggests that it has four distinct regions, the coelomosac, the nephridial tubules, the labyrinth and the bladder. Morphological and functional descriptions of each of these regions were compared with those of other aquatic Crustacea.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-08-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:29:24Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 guerra_al_me_sjrp.pdf: 4594193 bytes, checksum: 441ad838c49d255aeb995cc415bbc92e (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os camarões do gênero Macrobrachium pertencem à família Palaemonidae. Habitam as proximidades do litoral e, também, ambientes de água doce. Com mais de cem espécies amplamente distribuídas pelas regiões tropicais e subtropicais do mundo, os palemonídeos possuem hábitos crípticos e noturnos. Particularmente na região noroeste do Estado de São Paulo, podemos encontrar várias espécies com importância econômica e ecológica consideráveis. Entretanto, existem poucos estudos na literatura relacionados ao conhecimento da biologia desses crustáceos. Assim, o presente trabalho objetivou analisar a variabilidade genética intra e interpopulacional, de amostras de duas espécies de camarões palemonídeos do gênero Macrobrachium (M. amazonicum e M. jelskii), coletadas em diferentes localidades, utilizando-se a análise das seqüências dos genes mitocondriais COI e rRNA 16S e, ainda, devido à problemática taxonômica existente entre essas duas espécies, também foi analisada a variabilidade genética interespecífica, utilizando-se os mesmos genes.. O cálculo dos índices de divergência genética intrapopulacionais apresentou valores baixos, refletindo uma provável estruturação genética destas populações. Apenas as populações de MjME e do CAUNESP apresentaram valores de divergência genética mais elevados, sugerindo um desequilíbrio na estruturação genética das mesmas, provavelmente causado por interferência antrópica e situação de cativeiro, respectivamente. Nas comparações interpopulacionais, envolvendo M. amazonicum, as taxas de divergência genética apresentaram uma ampla variação, também com média elevada. Os valores elevados nas comparações envolvendo a população do CAUNESP, permitiram descartar a hipótese da provável origem comum das populações de Macrobrachium, a partir de espécimes trazidos do Pará. Da mesma forma, as comparações... / The genus Macrobrachium (Bate, 1868) belongs to the Palaemonidae family. Their species are widely distributed in lakes, floodplains and rivers in tropical and subtropical regions of South America, having cryptic and nights habits. This genus presents nearly 210 known species with ecological and economic importance. Particulary in the northwestern state of São Paulo, we can find several species with considerable importance. However, there are few studies related to knowledge of the biology of these crustaceans. The aim this work was to analyze the genetic variability interpopulation, and interspecific of two Macrobrachium species (M. amazonicum and M. jelskii), using the mitochondrial gene sequence COI and 16S rRNA. Also, due to taxonomic problems between these two species we analyzed interspecific genetic variability, using the same genes. The intrapopulation rates of genetic divergence values were low, reflecting a probable genetic structure of these populations. Only populations MjME and CAUNESP showed higher divergence values, suggesting changes in their genetic structure of the same, probably caused by human interference and situation of captivity, respectively. In comparisons inferences involving M. amazonicum, rates of genetic divergence showed a wide range, also with high average. High values in comparisons involving the population of CAUNESP, allowed to reject the hypothesis of a probable common origin of populations the Macrobrachium specimens brought from State of Para. Interpopulation comparisons involving M. jelskii also showed high values of divergence, especially for the population collected from the Mendonça dam, whose genetic alteration in population structure was attributed to the frequent introduction of exotic specimens. The values of interspecific genetic divergence in the samples collected in the same geographic location were low for populations Adolfo (0.3%) ...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Irene Bastos Franceschini Vicentini / Banca: Elizabeth Romagosa / Banca: Maíra Aparecida Stefanini / Banca: Bruno Cezar Stefanini / Banca: Silvana Martinez Baraldi Artoni / Resumo: A carcinicultura de água doce tem sido reconhecida como uma forma para a produção de crustáceos com baixo impacto ambiental. O camarão Macrobrachium amazonicum apresenta grande potencial para a aqüicultura. Nos últimos anos, vários trabalhos sobre a biologia dessa espécie têm sido realizados com o intuito de desenvolver um pacote tecnológico sustentável para o cultivo de Macrobrachium amazonicum. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo descrever a estrutura microscópica do sistema reprodutor masculino (testículos, ductos deferentes e glândulas androgênicas) e do hepatopâncreas dos diferentes morfotipos de Macrobrachium amazonicum. Para tanto 40 machos adultos foram divididos em quatro grupos morfotípicos, sendo denominados de TC (Translucent Claw), CC (Cinnamon Claw), GC1 (Green Claw 1) e GC2 (Green Claw 2). Os animais foram pesados e foram realizadas medições do comprimento corpóreo total e do comprimento do segundo quelípodo direito. Após, os animais foram mortos e tiveram seus testículos, ductos deferentes, glândulas androgênicas e hepatopâncreas retirados e submetidos à rotina histológica de historesina. Foi observada a diferenciação de três morfotipos, segundo as análises realizadas, sendo eles, TC (Translucent Claw), CC (Cinnamon Claw) e GC(Green Claw). Entretanto estudos enfatizando o comportamento reprodutivo, assim como, a histoquímica e a ultraestrutura do sistema reprodutivo e do hepatopâncreas, durante a diferenciação morfotípica devem ser realizados para que se possa conhecer a dinâmica morfotípica dos machos adultos de Macrobrachium amazonicum. / Abstract: The culture of the freshwater prawns has been recognized as a way to produce crustaceans with a low enviromental impact. Macrobrachium amazonicum is the South American prawn with the greatest potencial for aquaculture. Since 2001 a multidisciplinary and multi-institutional research program has been developed technology for Macrobrachium amazonicum culture in Brazil. Thus, this study attemped to characterize the light microscope structures of the reproductive system (testes, vas deferens and androgenic gland) and the hepatopancreas of the differents morphotypes of the Macrobrachium amazonium. Specimens were collected and classified in four morphotypical groups: TC, CC, GC1 and GC2. The specimens were weight, and the total length and the cheliped length were measured. Then the testes, vas deferens, androgenic gland and hepatopancreas were fixed for histological routine of historesin. Three distinct morphological morphotypes were identified, TC (Translucent Claw), CC (Cinnamon Claw) and GC (Green Claw) morphotypes. Therefore more studies concerning to the reproductive behavior and the histochemical and ultrastrucutral studies need to be accomplished to elucitade the morphotypic differentiation of the male adults of Macrobrachium amazonicum. / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-05-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:08:06Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ariasvigoya_aa_me_jabo_prot.pdf: 7678062 bytes, checksum: b0bc39abdb60eaf3abed6a50f782a97c (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O camarão-da-amazônia Macrobrachium amazonicum é um palaemonideo amplamente distribuído na América do Sul, com um grande potencial para a aquicultura e enorme importância econômica. Apesar das recentes pesquisas acerca da biologia da espécie, não existem estudos relacionados com o desenvolvimento embrionário de M. amazonicum. Portanto, o principal objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma descrição do desenvolvimento embrionário do camarão-da-amazônia. Assim, a embriogênese da espécie foi descrita em relação às características morfológicas externas, histológicas e morfométricas observadas em embriões vivos e fixados a intervalos de 24 horas (dia embrionário, DE), e associado ao sistema de estagiamento porcentual. O período de incubação foi de 14 dias a 26ºC. A embriogênese foi organizada em oito estágios: I. Ovo fertilizado; II. Clivagem; III. Blástula – gástrula; IV. Disco germinativo; V. Náuplio embrionizado; VI. Pós-náuplio; VII. Protozoea e VIII. Zoea. Os valores médios do eixo maior e menor dos ovos, volume do ovo, área do embrião e índice do olho aumentaram durante a incubação, a diferença da área do vitelo que diminuiu. M. amazonicum mostrou um padrão de desenvolvimento embrionário semelhante ao observado em crustáceos com ovos centrolécitos, com clivagem superficial parcial (meroblástica), e apresentou características semelhantes às espécies do mesmo gênero. Durante a embriogênese foi observada uma relação entre o desenvolvimento dos órgãos internos com as estruturas externas, e os ritmos de desenvolvimento embrionário revelam uma associação entre as características morfológicas, histológicas e morfométricas. / The Amazon River prawn Macrobrachium amazonicum is a palaemonid widely distributed in South America, with a great potential for aquaculture and huge economic importance. Despite recent researches about the biology of the species, there are no studies related to the embryonic development of M. amazonicum. Thus, the main objective of this study was a description of the embryonic development of Amazon River prawn. Hence, the embryogenesis of the species was described with respect to the morphological, histological and morphometrical features, observed in live and fixed embryos at intervals of 24 hours (embryonic day, ED), associated by percent staging system. The incubation period was 14 days at 26ºC. The embryogenesis was organized in eight stages: I. Fertilized egg; II. Cleavage; III. Blastula – Gastrula; IV. Germinal disc; V. Embryonized nauplius; VI. Post-nauplius; VII. Protozoea and VIII. Zoea. The mean values for egg length and width, egg volume, area of the embryo and eye index increased during incubation, contrasting with the area of the yolk that decreased. M. amazonicum showed a similar pattern of embryonic development to that observed in crustaceans with centrolecithal eggs and superficial partial cleavage (meroblastic); and showed similar characteristics to species of the genus. During the embryogenesis was observed a relationship between the development of internal organs with the external structures, and the developmental rhythms shows an association among the morphological, histological and morphometric features.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-09T16:26:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Edson Pereira dos Santos.pdf: 1722361 bytes, checksum: a0364ce831329e35264c970b58fe0613 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-09T16:26:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Edson Pereira dos Santos.pdf: 1722361 bytes, checksum: a0364ce831329e35264c970b58fe0613 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-04-28 / The freshwater prawn Macrobrachium carcinus production had been commercially explored in several countries. In northeast, the prawn fishery has a great importance in Low São Francisco Basin. The large scale postlarvae production continues being the main problem for commercial culture and natural stocks maintenance. This work aimed to test different diets in Macrobrachium carcinus larval culture in order to improve the performance of prawn post-larvae production, with the utilization of fish flesh (Ff) and a formulated diet (Fd), or in association with adult artemia biomass (FfB and FdB, respectively), resulting in four treatments and six replicates. Were used twenty-four 20 L circular recipients provided of water recirculating and aeration systems, where were stocked 25 larvae (zoea V-VI) per liter. The diets were offered four times a day (07:00, 10:00, 13:00 and 16:00 hrs) during 49 days. Water temperature was 27.5±1.2ºC in the morning and 28.4±1.3ºC in the afternoon; the total ammonia nitrogen and nitrite were 0.2±0.2 and 0.5±0.8 mg/L, respectively, while pH and salinity maintained around 8.2 and 24, respectively. The average larval survival was 3.47±1.56, 7.40±2.99, 14.83±2.64 and 7.57±2.31, respectively for Ff, FfB, Fd and FdB treatments. Ff treatment obtained the lowest survival due to larvae reject by the fish flesh. Fdand FdB treatments showed significant difference (P≤0.05), with better survival obtained by FdB diet. The highest survival was obtained by the Fd diet (14.83%), that showed itself as the more appropriated alternative to use in M. carcinus hatchery, but the adult artemia biomass showed that could provide better survival rates when associated with other feeds. / A produção do camarão pitu Macrobrachium carcinus tem sido explorada comercialmente em diversos países. No Nordeste, a pesca do pitu é de grande importância no Baixo São Francisco. A produção em larga escala de pós-larvas do pitu continua sendo o principal empecilho para o cultivo comercial e recuperação dos estoques naturais. Desta forma, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho testar diferentes dietas na larvicultura de M. carcinus, visando melhorar o desempenho da produção de pós-larvas, com a utilização de músculo de peixe (Dp) e uma dieta formulada (Df), ou em associação à biomassa de Artemia sp (DpB e DfB, respectivamente), perfazendo quatro tratamentos em seis réplicas. Utilizaram-se 24 recipientes circulares de 20 L com sistemas de recirculação de água e aeração, nos quais estocaram-se 25 larvas (zoea V-VI) por litro. As dietas foram ofertadas em quatro horários (07:00, 10:00, 13:00 e 16:00h) durante 49 dias. Durante o cultivo registrou-se valores médios de 27,5 ± 1,2 ºC (manhã) e 28,4 ± 1,3 ºC (tarde) para temperatura, de 0,2 ± 0,2 mg/L para amônia total e de 0,5 ± 0,8 mg/L para nitrito, enquanto que o pH e a salinidade mantiveram-se em 8,2 e 24‰, respectivamente. Os percentuais de sobrevivência média das larvas foram 3,47 ± 1,56, 7,40 ± 2,99, 14,83 ± 2,64 e 7,57 ± 2,31%, respectivamente, para os tratamentos Dp,DpB, Df e DfB. No tratamento Dp obteve-se a menor (P≤0,05) sobrevivência, pelo fato das larvas rejeitarem o músculo de peixe triturado. As dietas Dp e DpB apresentaram diferença significativa (P≤0,05), com maior sobrevivência para a dieta DpB. A maior sobrevivência foi obtida pela dieta Df (14,83%), que se apresentou como a alternativa mais apropriada para a utilização na larvicultura de M. carcinus, entretanto a biomassa de artêmia adulta mostrou que poderá resultar em uma melhoria na taxa de sobrevivência quando associada com outros alimentos.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-16T13:16:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcus Vinicius da Fonseca Nogueira.pdf: 638685 bytes, checksum: d13ddfd4141db61372cb422de3cd12cf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-16T13:16:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcus Vinicius da Fonseca Nogueira.pdf: 638685 bytes, checksum: d13ddfd4141db61372cb422de3cd12cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-23 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The painted river prawn (Macrobrachium carcinus), occurs from Florida state (USA) to south Brazil. It is included in the red list of endangered species of the Brazilian Environmental Ministry. Restocking Programs have been used in the recovery of freshwater stocks. Such programs need to attend certain principles in order to assure that genetic diversity will be preserved. The knowledge on wild diversity and genetic structures is essential information to guide restocking activities. Microsatellite markers are frequently used to describe genetic structure because they are codominant, highly polymorphic and, selectively neutral. Total DNA was extracted, digested with RsaI enzyme, purified, dephosphorylated, and ligated to double-stranded linkers amplified via PCR. Hybridization used biotinylated probes for tetranucleotide (GACA)4 and (GATA)7 and trinucleotide mix (ATT)8, (CTT)8 and(GGT)8 motifs. DNA was linked into a cloning vector and transformed into competent cells Escherichia coli. A total of 358 clones were generated, being 237 positive clones, of which 161 were sequenced. Repetitive di (32), tri (7) and tetra (27) nucleotide were obtained and primers were designed using Primer3 software. Among optimized loci, six are monomorphic and 26 polymorphic. Most abundant repetitions are di (GA) n=14 and (TC) n=10, followed by tetra repetitions (GACA) n=8 and (TCGT) n=8, and (CTGT) n=7. A high number of tetranucleotides repeats are advantageous, since they can facilitate the process of allele discrimination, especially in poliacrylamide gel electrophoresis. / O camarão de água doce pitu (Macrobrachium carcinus ocorre desde o estado da Flórida (EUA) até a região Sul do Brasil. A espécie está inserida na lista vermelha de espécies ameaçadas de extinção do Ministério do Meio Ambiente. Programas de repovoamento constituem uma prática comum na recuperação de estoques, especialmente em águas continentais. Esses programas precisam atender a certos princípios, para assegurar que a diversidade genética seja preservada. O conhecimento da diversidade e estrutura genéticas de populações selvagens é uma informação essencial para subsidiar atividades de repovoamento. Marcadores moleculares de microssatélite são freqüentemente usados para descrever a estrutura genética por serem altamente polimórficos, codominantes e seletivamente neutros. DNA total do camarão pitu foi extraído, digerido com a enzima RsaI, purificado, desfosforilado, ligado a adaptadores e amplificados via reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). A hibridização foi feita com sondas biotiniladas para motivos tetranucleotídicos, tais como (GACA)4 e (GATA)7 e um mix de trinucleotídeos, (ATT)8, (CTT)8, (GGT)8. O DNA foi então ligado a um vetor de clonagem e transformado em células competentes de Escherichia coli. Um total de 358 clones foi gerado, dentre os quais 237 foram positivos, sendo 121 deles sequenciados. Repetições do tipo di(32), tri(7) e tetra(27) núcleotídicas foram obtidas, a partir dos quais primers foram construídos, usando o programa Primer3. Dentre os marcadores otimizados para amplificação, seis apresentaram-se monomórficos e 26 polimórficos. A maior parte das repetições foi do tipo (GA) n=14 e (TC) n=10, seguidas de motivos tetra, (GACA) n=8, (TCGT) n=8 e (CTGT) n=7. O alto número de repetições tetranucleotídicas é extremamente vantajoso por facilitar o processo de discriminação de alelos, especialmente em eletroforese de gel de poliacrilamida.

Submitted by MATEUS VITÓRIA MEDEIROS null (mateusvmedeiros@hotmail.com) on 2017-03-28T13:49:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese versao final Mateus Medeiros.pdf: 2421674 bytes, checksum: 96105d11005bdfb2ec4655cc49aa8b6a (MD5) / Rejected by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo a orientação abaixo: O arquivo submetido não contém o certificado de aprovação. O arquivo submetido está sem a ficha catalográfica. A versão submetida por você é considerada a versão final da dissertação/tese, portanto não poderá ocorrer qualquer alteração em seu conteúdo após a aprovação. Corrija estas informações e realize uma nova submissão com o arquivo correto. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2017-03-29T20:41:42Z (GMT) / Submitted by MATEUS VITÓRIA MEDEIROS null (mateusvmedeiros@hotmail.com) on 2017-03-30T13:49:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese versao final Mateus Medeiros 1.pdf: 2938563 bytes, checksum: 54e47db93a38593af9eb2dfe37f653e3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-03-30T16:44:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 medeiros_mv_dr_jabo.pdf: 2938563 bytes, checksum: 54e47db93a38593af9eb2dfe37f653e3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-30T16:44:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 medeiros_mv_dr_jabo.pdf: 2938563 bytes, checksum: 54e47db93a38593af9eb2dfe37f653e3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O desenvolvimento sustentável da aquicultura na perspectiva ambiental inclui entre diversos tópicos, a utilização de espécies nativas, o melhor aproveitamento da ração através de sistemas mais eficientes e a redução da poluição via descarte de efluentes. Este estudo foi dividido em três etapas. Na primeira etapa foram avaliadas as características limnológicas de quatro sistemas de cultivo em viveiros escavados, dois policultivos e dois monocultivos. As espécies utilizadas são nativas da fauna brasileira, o tambaqui Colossoma macropomum e camarão-da-amazônia Macrobrachium amazonicum. Na segunda etapa, o efluente final originado dos viveiros (etapa anterior) foi tratado com duas macrófitas flutuantes Eichhornia crassipes e Lemna minor por sete dias. Na última etapa, foram determinados os impactos ambientais da primeira etapa através da metodologia da análise do ciclo de vida (ACV). A eutrofização da água, na primeira etapa, apresentou valores semelhantes nos quatros sistemas testados. Os sistemas de tratamentos de efluentes foram eficientes na redução da concentração dos nutrientes para ambas macrófitas, com resultados satisfatórios no período de 48 horas. Já os resultados da ACV mostraram diferenças entre os quatros sistemas testados (na primeira etapa), no qual um dos sistemas de policultivo apresentou melhores resultados seguido pelo monocultivo de C. macropomum. O presente estudo demonstrou que soluções simples e sem necessidade de tecnologias modernas e de alto custo, como a utilização de policultivo e de tratamento de efluente podem reduzir os impactos da aquicultura brasileira. / The sustainable development of aquaculture in the environmental viewpoint includes within many topics the use of native species, better use of the feed through more efficient rearing systems and reduction in pollution by discharged effluents. This study is divided in three stages. In the first stage, we analyzed the limnological characteristics in four rearing systems in earthen ponds, two polycultures and two monocultures. The species used are native from Brazil, the tambaqui fish Colossoma macropomum and the Amazon river prawn Macrobrachium amazonicum. In the second stage, the final portion of the pond effluent (previous stage) was treated using two floating macrophytes Eichhornia crassipes e Lemna minor for seven days. In the last stage, we evaluated the environmental impacts through the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. The water eutrophication, in the first stage, showed similar development in the four tested systems. The effluent treatment systems were efficient in reducing the nutrient concentration for both macrophytes, reaching satisfactory results within 48 hours. The LCA results showed differences among the four tested systems (in the first stage), in which one of the polyculture systems had the best performance followed by the monoculture of C. macropomum. This study demonstrates that simple solutions, without modern and expensive technologies, such as adding more species to monoculture system and an effluent treatment can reduce the impacts of the Brazilian aquaculture. / FAPESP: 2010/51271-6

In 2003, seeds of Macrobrachium rosenbergii were stocked at 2, 4, and 6 postlarvae/m2 as well as 1, 2 and 3 juveniles/m2 with two culture systems, the integrated and rotational prawn - rice systems. Prawns were fed with pellets twice a day. Water levels in rice plots were arranged at the same levels for both systems. The dissolved oxygen concentrations in the integrated system were lower than in the rotational system. The growth of prawns decreased at higher stocking densities. Prawns in the rotational system grew faster than those in integrated system. The yields ranged from 286 ± 32 to 516 ± 51 and 412 ± 17 to 584 ± 37 kg/ha in the integrated and rotational system at stocking PL, respectively. The yields of prawns ranged from 251 ± 16 to 430 ± 54 and 297 ± 24 to 486 ± 38 kg/ha in integrated and rotational prawn - rice systems stocking juveniles, respectively. However, at higher density, the investment cost significantly increased (P < 0.05), while profit significantly decreased (P < 0.05). At low density, cost benefit ratio and profit were the highest (P < 0.05). Finally, the integrated rice - prawn system gives lower profits than the rotational system. In 2004, an experiment on the effects of stocking densities (1, 2, 3 and 4 PL/m2) and feeding types, pellets only (P) and pellets + snail meat (PS), on the production and economic aspects of rotational prawn culture in the rice fields were carried out in the same culture facilities. Water levels were 0.3 - 0.6 m in rice-grown areas. Water temperatures were higher than the suitable range for prawns at noon in the hot months. After 7 months, survival rates of prawns were 28.0 - 50.3 %. Final mean weights were 32.0 - 39.8 g/prawn. Yields ranged from 194 ± 82 to 373 ± 32 kg/ha. There was no significant difference between the two types of feeding on production parameters (P > 0.05). The total cost significantly increased at higher densities (P < 0.05) but it was not different between feed types (P > 0.05). Net profit and cost benefit ratio of treatment PS were significantly higher than in treatment P. In the present study, yield (394 ± 22 kg/ha) and cost benefit ratio (1.57 ± 0.07) in treatment PS at 3 PL/m² were significantly the highest (P < 0.05). The effects of stocking densities of postlarvae (0.5, 1 and 2 PL/m2) on the production and economics of prawn culture in the integrated rice - prawn system were studied to affirm the efficiency of this model with low investment. The high temperature in the dry season and low dissolved oxygen after rice harvesting caused small final mean weights, low survival rates and low yields. However, low investment in this system led to good cost benefit ratio. The on farm trials of rotational rice - prawn farming in the semi-deep water area were monitored with the farmers in six rice fields (0.7 - 1.0 ha). Two treatments of feed types (pellets and pellets + snail meat) were applied at stocking 4 PL/m2. Prawns in two treatments of densities (4 and 5 PL/m2) were fed on a combination of pellets and snail meat. By cull harvesting during the culture period, final mean weights of prawn were improved and larger than 50 g/prawn in all treatments. The prawn yield of treatment 5 PL/m2 was highest (630 ± 22 kg/ha). Net profits in the treatment using a combination of pellets and snail meat were 861 ± 193 US$/ha to 1,019 ± 25 US$/ha for the prawn crop and 1,393 ± 71 US$/ha to 1,576 ± 180 US$/ha for the whole system (prawn crop + dry rice crop). The integrated two rice crop and one prawn crop system with low investment costs can be applied by poor farmers, while the rotational a rice crop and one prawn crop system with higher operating costs can be practiced by moderately well off and rich farmers. Due to a higher economic return than monoculture of rice or rice - fish systems, rice - freshwater prawn system is spreading very rapidly in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. En 2003, de jeunes Macrobrachium rosenbergii furent stockés à 2, 4 et 6 postlarves/m² ainsi qu’à 1, 2 et 3 juvéniles/m² dans deux systèmes de culture: riz et crevettes produits soit en même temps (intégration) soit successivement (rotation). Les crevettes étaient alimentées de granulés deux fois par jour. Les niveaux d’eau dans les casiers rizicoles ont été maintenus identiques dans les 2 systèmes. Les concentrations en oxygène dissous dans le système intégré étaient plus faibles que dans le système en rotation. La croissance des crevettes a diminué aux plus fortes densités. Les crevettes dans le système en rotation ont grandi plus rapidement que dans le système intégré. Les récoltes à partir de postlarves se sont étalées de 286 ± 32 à 516 ± 51 et de 412 ± 17 à 584 ± 37 kg/ha respectivement dans le système intégré et en rotation. Les récoltes à partir de juvéniles se sont étalées de 251 ± 16 à 430 ± 54 et de 297 ± 24 à 486 ± 36 kg/ha respectivement dans le système intégré et en rotation. Cependant, à plus forte densité, les coûts d’investissement augmentent significativement (P < 0,05), tandis que le profit diminue significativement (P < 0,05). A faible densité le rapport coûtbénéfice et le profit ont été les plus élevés (P < 0,05). Finalement, le système intégré riz-crevette donne des profits plus faibles que le système en rotation. En 2004, une expérience sur les effets de différentes densités de mise en charge (1, 2, 3 et 4 PL/m²) et des types d’aliments, granulés uniquement (G) ou granulés et viande d’escargot (GE), sur la production et les aspects économiques de la culture riz-crevette en rotation ont été effectués dans les mêmes installations que précédemment. Les niveaux d’eau ont varié de 0,3 à 0,6 m dans les zones de production du riz. Les températures de l’eau ont été plus élevées que la température optimale pour la crevette du moins à midi pendant les mois les plus chauds. Après 7 mois, les taux de survie ont été de 28,0 à 50,3 %. Les poids moyens finaux étaient de 32,0 à 39,8 g/crevette. Les récoltes s’étalaient entre 194 ± 82 à 373 ±32 kg/ha. Aucune différence statistique (P < 0,05) concernant les paramètres de production n’a été enregistrée entre les deux types d’alimentation. Les coûts totaux ont augmenté significativement (P < 0,05) à plus fortes densités de mise en charge mais n’étaient pas différents selon les types d’aliments. Le profit net et le rapport coût bénéfice ont été significativement plus élevés avec les aliments combinés (GE) qu’avec les granulés seuls (G). Nos travaux démontrent que la récolte (394 ± 22 kg/ha) et le rapport coût bénéfice du traitement aliment combiné (GE) à 3 PL/:m² donne les meilleurs résultats (P < 0,05). Les effets de différentes densités de mise en charge de postlarves (0,5, 1 et 2 PL/m²) sur la production et le gain monétaire de l’élevage de crevette d’eau douce dans le système riz –crevette intégré ont été étudiés afin de confirmer l’efficacité de ce modèle basé sur un faible investissement. La température élevée en saison sèche et les faibles concentrations en oxygène dissous de l’eau après la récolte du riz induisent des poids moyens finaux faibles, de faibles taux de survie et de faibles récoltes. Cependant, le faible investissement nécessaire conduit à un bon rapport coût bénéfice. Les essais sur fermes du système riz-crevette en rotation dans les zones semi-profondes du district de Codo ont été effectués de façon participative avec les fermiers dans six champs de riz (0,7-1,0 ha). Deux types d’aliments (G et GE) ont été testés à la densité de 4 PL/m² et deux types de densité (4 et 5 PL/m²) ont été testés avec l’aliment combiné (GE). Grâce à des récoltes partielles en cours de production, les poids moyens finaux des crevettes ont été améliorés et étaient supérieurs à 50 g/crevette pour tous les traitements. La récolte de crevette à 5 PL/m² a été la plus élevée (630 ± 22 kg/ha). Les profits nets du traitement combinant les 2 types d’aliments (GE) ont varié de 861 ± 193 US$/ha à 1.019 ± 25 US$/ha pour la récolte de crevettes et de 1.393 ± 71 US$/ha à 1.576 ± 180 US$/ha pour l’ensemble du système (riz + crevette). Le système intégré de deux récoltes de riz et 1 récolte de crevette par an nécessite peu d’investissement et peut être appliquée par les fermiers les plus pauvres tandis que le système une récolte de riz et une récolte de crevette en rotation par an nécessite des investissements plus conséquents et ne peut être appliqué que par des fermiers aisés ou riches. Etant donné que le revenu économique du système riz-crevette est nettement plus élevé que la seule riziculture ou même que la rizipisciculture, ce système est en train de se développer très rapidement dans le delta du Mékong.

This thesis is concerned with social and economic aspects of freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) culture development in converted paddy field gher systems in SW Bangladesh, based on economic features of prawn production and social impacts within and around prawn farming communities. Based on a sample of 400 farmers from the four different zones in Bagerhat district in SW Bangladesh, 345 (86.25%) cultured prawn with fish and rice in their gher. The culture period is typically nine months, wild fry are stocked when available in May-June and harvested from November to January. A variety of feeds are used but the preferred material is the freshwater snail, Pila globosa. Productivity is variable, averaging 432 kg ha-!. The freshwater prawn is a highly valued product for international markets and is therefore almost all exported. All farmers in all zones and different gher size categories made a profit, with seed and feed dominating variable costs. Considerable variation in production costs and profitability was observed. The culture of prawn in gher systems is technically possible in a variety of conditions though expanding small scale of farming mainly depends on reducing production costs. Future targets could be to integrate with other agricultural activities especially dike cropping and rice production in the monsoon. The livelihoods of a large number of people are associated with prawn farming. Four different fry, snail and prawn markets were surveyed, including a sample of 60 fry catchers, 40 fry traders, 75 snail collectors, 40 snail traders and 40 prawn traders. A sample of 200 women, associated with gher farms was also surveyed. In spite of socio-economic constraints, most of the households of farmers (81 %) have improved their status through prawn farming where prawn have brought out clearly positive changes of economic activities and generated new employment. All appeared to have gained from their activities, women have enhanced their position in families and societies. However, concerns arise about the long-term sustainability of prawn farming due to high production costs, low supply of wild fry and snail meat, poor natural resources, poor institutional support and inadequate extension services, all of which have affected sustainable livelihoods of farmers and associated groups. It may necessary to establish local ingredients feed industries, prawn hatcheries and to provide low-interest credit with institutional and policy support for sustainable gher farming.