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In the early years of the twentieth century, the unique new medium of motion pictures was the focus of significant theorization and experimentation at the fringes of the American advertising industry. Alongside the growth of the nickelodeon, and the multiple shifts in the American cinema's business model in the 'transitional era,' various individuals at the margins of the advertising industry attempted, and most often failed, to integrate direct consumer-goods advertising regularly into motion picture theaters. Via techniques as diverse as the glass slide, the commercial trailer, and the advertising wall-clock, cinema patrons of the 1910s witnessed various attempts by merchants and manufacturers to intrude upon their attention in the cinema space. Through research in the trade presses of the cinema, advertising, and various consumer-goods industries, along with archival ephemera from the advertising companies themselves, this dissertation explores these various on and off-screen tactics for direct advertising attempted in silent cinemas, and their eventual minimization in the American cinema experience. Despite the appeal of the new, popular visual medium of cinema to advertisers, concerns over ticket prices, advertising circulation, audience irritation, and the potential for theatrical 'suicide-by-advertising,' resulted, over a mere fifteen years, in the near abandonment of the cinema as an advertising medium. As a transitional medium between the 19th century forms of print and billboarding, and 20th century broadcasting, the silent cinema was an important element in the development of modern advertising theories.

In the early years of the twentieth century, the unique new medium of motion pictures was the focus of significant theorization and experimentation at the fringes of the American advertising industry. Alongside the growth of the nickelodeon, and the multiple shifts in the American cinema's business model in the 'transitional era,' various individuals at the margins of the advertising industry attempted, and most often failed, to integrate direct consumer-goods advertising regularly into motion picture theaters. Via techniques as diverse as the glass slide, the commercial trailer, and the advertising wall-clock, cinema patrons of the 1910s witnessed various attempts by merchants and manufacturers to intrude upon their attention in the cinema space. Through research in the trade presses of the cinema, advertising, and various consumer-goods industries, along with archival ephemera from the advertising companies themselves, this dissertation explores these various on and off-screen tactics for direct advertising attempted in silent cinemas, and their eventual minimization in the American cinema experience. Despite the appeal of the new, popular visual medium of cinema to advertisers, concerns over ticket prices, advertising circulation, audience irritation, and the potential for theatrical 'suicide-by-advertising,' resulted, over a mere fifteen years, in the near abandonment of the cinema as an advertising medium. As a transitional medium between the 19th century forms of print and billboarding, and 20th century broadcasting, the silent cinema was an important element in the development of modern advertising theories.

The late nineteenth century and early twentieth century were an important period for popular shows involving the moving and projected image, yet there have been few sustained studies that have mapped optical entertainments systematically outside London or that have analysed the influence of such shows on early film exhibition. This thesis has profiled the popular and visual culture of five contrasting South West locations during this period, tracing the development and distribution of magic lantern shows and dioramas as well as identifying the local and touring companies who hosted film on its arrival in the region. Using the local press, the trade press, contemporary publications and ephemera, this thesis has reconstructed an account of local shows and culture which not only deepens our understanding of popular visual entertainments in regional contexts, but which also serves to stand as a comparison to other established urban and metropolitan paradigms and thus to contribute to a wider and more complex national picture. It advances the argument for a broader classification of such shows in response to local findings and for a more nuanced and detailed appraisal and understanding of their provenance and profiles, and the role film played within them. In addition, this thesis interrogates early film exhibition in these resorts following the move to fixed-venue cinemas in the late 1900s and investigates the arrival of cinema and its emergence as a fledgling industry in the region. It offers an overview of investment into the business locally and evidences the varied set of partnerships and individuals responsible for financing the first cinemas here. Responses to the new technologies and local modifications to business models for cinemas and film exhibition are analysed and their diversity examined. Managerial relationships with communities are evidenced as an important contributory factor to the success of many local cinemas, permitting adaptations to the needs of patrons which boosted audiences and increased revenue. The variety of local interpretations of cinema discovered here reflects the social and cultural diversity of these selected sites, and is a key finding of this thesis.

Tato práce představuje návrh na vytvoření dekodéru pro video zaznamenané pomocí softwaru Magic Lantern, který může být nainstalován na Canon 5D. Toto video je význačné pro svoji velikost 14-bitů v raw formátu a proto může produkovat velmi kvalitní výstup. Práce má za cíl rozdělit video do jednotlivých snímků, ve vhodném formátu, který umí pracovat také s formáty obrazů s vysokým dynamickým rozsahem.

This thesis is about the mobilities of geographical knowledge in the material form of lantern-slides and the forces exerted on these by technological and human factors. Owing to its concern with matter, human- and non-human, and its circulation, the thesis addresses the physics of geographical knowledge. The chapters below investigate the Royal Geographical Society’s (RGS) ongoing tradition of telling stories of science and exploration through words, objects and pictures in the final quarter of the nineteenth century and as geography professionalized and geographical science developed. These processes occurred within the context of a plethora of technological innovations, including the combination of the older medium of the magic lantern and photographic lantern-slides, integral to a wide range of entertainment, scientific and educational performances across Britain. In 1886 the RGS began to engage with the magic lantern. Via this technology and the interactive lecture performances in which it featured, I argue that the Society embraced the medium of photography, thereby engendering transformations in methods of knowledge making and to the RGS collections. I study how these transformations influenced the discipline of Geography as it was re-established at the University of Oxford in 1887. I demonstrate the evolution of the RGS’s Evening, Technical and Young Persons’ lectures, their contingent lantern-slide practices and, consequently, how these moulded, and were moulded by, the RGS Fellowship between c. 1885 and 1924. The chapters below explore how these innovations in visual technologies and practices arose, how they circulated knowledge and their effect on geographies of geographical knowledge making. By harnessing the lantern the RGS attracted an expanding and diversifying audience demographic. The thesis demonstrates the interactive nature of RGS lantern-slide lectures and audiences' important role in shaping the Society’s practices and geographical knowledge. The chapters below argue that it was via the use of the lantern that geography was disseminated to new places. The thesis therefore brings additional perspectives and dimensions to understandings of the circulation of geographical knowledge.

The subject of this study is August Strindberg’s interaction with the visual media of his day. Its dual aim is to examine Strindberg’s work in the light of media history and to allow Strindberg’s work in turn to illuminate the media history of the fin de siècle. Taking its cue from the commonplace scholarly observation that Strindberg’s drama, particularly that of his later phase, is strikingly “cinematic”, it asks: What do such comparisons really tell us about Strindberg’s art and what, if anything, do they tell us about cinema? The thesis of this study is that the putatively “cinematic” style of Strindberg’s writings can only be understood against the backdrop of a mass culture, oriented towards the visual sense, which was undergoing rapid expansion at the turn of the last century. In devising his “dream play techniques”, it argues, Strindberg both drew on and reacted against various image-based modes of representation that had become extremely widespread in the late nineteenth century. The loss of reality that is so prominent a feature of works such as To Damascus (1898) or A Dream Play (1901) should in this sense be regarded as marked by an experience of mediatization, that is, the steady incorporation of all aspects of daily life by mass media technologies. Shifting the spotlight away from cinema, a critical encounter with Strindberg’s work can cast light on largely overlooked media practices such as magic lantern or Sciopticon exhibition, panoramic entertainments, instantaneous photography, and the introduction of the halftone process in printing. At the same time as it unsettles received notions of Strindberg’s drama as “cinematic”, the study seeks to show how the writings of this revolutionary artist can provide fresh material for a reassessment of life in a media-saturated age.

A fortuna crítica de À la recherche du temps perdu sempre teve como um dos seus principais motes a relação da obra com outras artes, ou seja, uma construção estética baseada em uma relação de homologia estrutural com outros sistemas artísticos, dentre eles a música, a arquitetura, a própria literatura e a pintura. Essa construção faz com que a obra venha constantemente acompanhada do epíteto de museu imaginário. Especificamente, o nome do pintor holandês Johannes Ver Meer tem um lugar privilegiado na estética proustiana. Entretanto, nem todas as telas são mencionadas ao longo da narrativa. Somada a isso, a tessitura da escritura de Marcel Proust revela-se como um saber fortemente indiciário. Assim, a partir de índices que percorrem epístolas de Proust, textos críticos e a própria narrativa de À la recherche du temps perdu, esta tese cujo recorte de leitura é especificamente o episódio da lanterna mágica e seus desdobramentos defende que uma das telas de Ver Meer, a saber, A arte da pintura, é uma ausência epistêmica que, no entanto, faz-se presente, deixando inscritos na obra seus efeitos de significação. A fim de compreendermos essa presença-ausente, esta tese recorre ao conceito de letra, conforme o ensino de Jacques Lacan, os textos freudianos nos quais esse conceito estava em latência e os esclarecimentos e avanços feitos por Jacques Derrida, especificamente em seus textos da década de sessenta do século passado. Por efeitos de significação, concebe-se a ideia de que A arte da pintura realiza-se como uma ideia ausente, mas pungente no que tange aos efeitos estéticos de esmero do detalhe e dos processos descritivos, implicando uma relação de similitude entre o narrador em seu quarto, em lincipit de À la recherche du temps perdu e no episódio da lanterna mágica, e um artista em seu ateliê, presente na tela de Ver Meer, que incidirá em uma poética do detalhe. / The critical fortune of À la Recherche du Temps Perdu has always had, as one of its main threads, the relationship of work with other art forms, in other words, an aesthetic construction based on a relationship of structural homology with other Arts, including music, architecture, literature itself and painting. This ensures that the work is constantly accompanied by the epithet of the imaginary museum. Specifically, the name of the Dutch painter Johannes Ver Meer has a privileged place in the Proustian aesthetic. Nevertheless, not all canvases are mentioned during the narrative. Added to this, the tone of the Marcel Proust text reveals itself as a clear, evidentiary wisdom. Therefore, from indices that permeate the Proust missives, critical texts and the narrative of À la Recherche du Temps Perdu, this thesis, the scope of which is limited specifically to the episode of the Magic Lantern and its ramifications, argues that one of Ver Meers canvases, namely that of the Art of Painting, is epistemically absent, however it makes its presence felt through its effects of significance on the piece. In order to understand this absent-presence, this thesis uses the concept of the letter, according to the teachings of Jacques Lacan, Freudian texts in which this concept was latent, and in the clarifications and advances made by Jacques Derrida in his writings of the 1960s. For purpose of meaning, one has conceived the idea that The Art of Painting be like a missing yet poignant idea touching the aesthetic effects of minute detail and of the descriptive processes, implying an affinity in relationship between the narrator in his chamber, in l\'incipit of la Recherche du Temps Perdu and the episode of the Magic Lantern, and the artist in his studio, present on Ver Meers canvas, reflected in a poetic detail.

A fortuna crítica de À la recherche du temps perdu sempre teve como um dos seus principais motes a relação da obra com outras artes, ou seja, uma construção estética baseada em uma relação de homologia estrutural com outros sistemas artísticos, dentre eles a música, a arquitetura, a própria literatura e a pintura. Essa construção faz com que a obra venha constantemente acompanhada do epíteto de museu imaginário. Especificamente, o nome do pintor holandês Johannes Ver Meer tem um lugar privilegiado na estética proustiana. Entretanto, nem todas as telas são mencionadas ao longo da narrativa. Somada a isso, a tessitura da escritura de Marcel Proust revela-se como um saber fortemente indiciário. Assim, a partir de índices que percorrem epístolas de Proust, textos críticos e a própria narrativa de À la recherche du temps perdu, esta tese cujo recorte de leitura é especificamente o episódio da lanterna mágica e seus desdobramentos defende que uma das telas de Ver Meer, a saber, A arte da pintura, é uma ausência epistêmica que, no entanto, faz-se presente, deixando inscritos na obra seus efeitos de significação. A fim de compreendermos essa presença-ausente, esta tese recorre ao conceito de letra, conforme o ensino de Jacques Lacan, os textos freudianos nos quais esse conceito estava em latência e os esclarecimentos e avanços feitos por Jacques Derrida, especificamente em seus textos da década de sessenta do século passado. Por efeitos de significação, concebe-se a ideia de que A arte da pintura realiza-se como uma ideia ausente, mas pungente no que tange aos efeitos estéticos de esmero do detalhe e dos processos descritivos, implicando uma relação de similitude entre o narrador em seu quarto, em lincipit de À la recherche du temps perdu e no episódio da lanterna mágica, e um artista em seu ateliê, presente na tela de Ver Meer, que incidirá em uma poética do detalhe. / The critical fortune of À la Recherche du Temps Perdu has always had, as one of its main threads, the relationship of work with other art forms, in other words, an aesthetic construction based on a relationship of structural homology with other Arts, including music, architecture, literature itself and painting. This ensures that the work is constantly accompanied by the epithet of the imaginary museum. Specifically, the name of the Dutch painter Johannes Ver Meer has a privileged place in the Proustian aesthetic. Nevertheless, not all canvases are mentioned during the narrative. Added to this, the tone of the Marcel Proust text reveals itself as a clear, evidentiary wisdom. Therefore, from indices that permeate the Proust missives, critical texts and the narrative of À la Recherche du Temps Perdu, this thesis, the scope of which is limited specifically to the episode of the Magic Lantern and its ramifications, argues that one of Ver Meers canvases, namely that of the Art of Painting, is epistemically absent, however it makes its presence felt through its effects of significance on the piece. In order to understand this absent-presence, this thesis uses the concept of the letter, according to the teachings of Jacques Lacan, Freudian texts in which this concept was latent, and in the clarifications and advances made by Jacques Derrida in his writings of the 1960s. For purpose of meaning, one has conceived the idea that The Art of Painting be like a missing yet poignant idea touching the aesthetic effects of minute detail and of the descriptive processes, implying an affinity in relationship between the narrator in his chamber, in l\'incipit of la Recherche du Temps Perdu and the episode of the Magic Lantern, and the artist in his studio, present on Ver Meers canvas, reflected in a poetic detail.