Le comportement des alliages à mémoire de forme (AMF) et des alliages à mémoire de forme magnétiques (AMFM) est régi par les mécanismes de transformation martensitique à l'échelle de la microstructure, à l'origine de leurs propriétés remarquables (mémoire de forme, superélasticité, grandes déformations associées à la réorientation martensitique sous champ magnétique). Les mécanismes de transformation et de réorientation martensitique peuvent être induits par des sollicitations thermiques, magnétiques et / ou mécaniques et de manière couplée. La mise au point d'outils de conception fiables nécessite une meilleure prédictibilité du comportement réel des alliages à mémoire de forme sous sollicitations thermo - magnéto - mécaniques complexes.Le choix d'une modélisation multiaxiale et multi échelle est pertinent. Le modèle reporté présente une formulation unifiée, permettant de simuler aussi bien le comportement des AMF que celui des AMFM.Parallèlement au développement de ce modèle, une étude expérimentale est nécessaire afin d'une part d'identifier les propriétés intrinsèques des matériaux étudiés, et d'autre part de valider les estimations de la modélisation. A cette fin, des mesures de fractions volumiques de phase par diffraction des rayons X in situ ont été entreprises lors de sollicitations thermiques (cycles de chauffage-refroidissement), mécaniques (traction, compression, essais biaxiaux) et magnétiques (champ magnétique unidirectionnel). L'exploitation des résultats de diffractométrie permet une analyse quantitative des fractions volumiques des phases en présence. Celles-ci sont comparées aux estimations du modèle à des fins de validation. / The behavior of shape memory alloys (SMA) and magnetic shape memory alloys (MSMA) is governed by the martensitic transformation mechanisms at the scale of the microstructure. This transformation is at the origin of their remarkable properties (memory effect, superelasticity, large deformations associated with the martensitic reorientation under magnetic field). The martensitic transformation and reorientation mechanisms can be induced by thermal, magnetic and / or mechanical stresses and in a coupled manner. The development of reliable design tools requires a better predictability of the actual behavior of shape memory alloys under complex thermal-magneto-mechanical loading.The choice of multiaxial and multiscale modeling is relevant. The model proposed in this work presents a unified formulation, making possible to simulate both the behavior of SMA and MSMA.In parallel with the development of this model, an experimental study is necessary in order to identify the intrinsic properties of the materials studied and to validate the estimates of the modeling. For this purpose, measurements of phase fractions by in-situ X-ray diffraction were carried out during thermal (heating-cooling cycles), mechanical (tensile, compressive, biaxial) and magnetic (unidirectional magnetic field) loadings. The diffraction patterns allow a quantitative estimation of the volume fractions of the phases. These are compared to model estimates for validation purposes.

The present thesis is devoted to the investigation of modulated structures as well as the direct measurement of magnetocaloric effect (MCE) in Ni-Mn based magnetic shape memory (MSM) Heusler compounds in pulsed magnetic fields after analyzing isothermal entropy data taken in static magnetic fields. The emphasis is on the modulated structure of MSM Heusler compounds because of lower twinning stress which facilitates the easy transformation from austenite to martensite structure. Synchrotron x-ray powder diffraction (SXRPD) was carried out to study the modulated structure and NPD for antisite disorder as Ni and Mn have easily the same atomic scattering factor. Direct measurement of the adiabatic temperature change ΔTad was done in pulsed magnetic fields, because of fast response of ~10 to 100 ms to the sample temperature on magnetic field, providing adiabatic conditions. It also gives an opportunity of very high magnetic fields up to 70 T because of short pulse duration during the measurement. The modulated structure has been studied for the off-stoichiometric Ni2Mn1.4In0.6 and Ni1.9Pt0.1MnGa MSM Heusler compounds from SXRPD and NPD. Ni2Mn1.4In0.6 exhibits martensitic transition at TM ~ 295 K and Curie temperature TC ~ 315 K. Rietveld refinement reveals uniform atomic displacement in the modulated structure of martensite phase and the absence of premartensite phase and phason broadening of the satellite peaks which was further confirmed by HRTEM study. Therefore, the structural modulation in Ni2Mn1.4In0.6 can be successfully explained in term of the adaptive phase model. Whereas, Ni1.9Pt0.1MnGa shows the premartensite phase in addition to the martensite and austenite phases and follows the soft phonon model. The temperature dependent ac-susceptibility shows the change in slope at different temperatures 365, 265, 230 and 220 K corresponding to the Curie temperature TC, first premartensite T1, second premartensite T2 and martensite temperature TM, respectively. Temperature-dependent high resolution SXRPD data analysis shows first, a nearly 3M modulated premartensite phase with an average cubic-like feature i.e. negligible Bain distortion of the elementary L21 unit cell results from the austenite phase. This phase then undergoes an isostructural phase transition 3M like premartensite phase with robust Bain distortion in the temperature range from 220 to 195 K. Below 195 K, the martensite phase appears which results from the larger Bain-distorted premartensite phase. In this work, the magnetocaloric properties of Ni2.2Mn0.8Ga and Ni1.8Mn1.8In0.4 magnetic shape memory (MSM) Heusler compounds were studied. Ni2.2Mn0.8Ga exhibits the reversible conventional MCE, measured from isothermal entropy change ΔSM and adiabatic temperature change ΔTad because of the geometric compatibility condition (GCC) for cubic austenite phase to tetragonal martensite phase as a consequence of low thermal hysteresis of the martensite phase transition. The reversible MCE has been confirmed by applying more than one pulse in the hysteresis region at 317 K. Ni1.8Mn1.8In0.4 possess improved reversible behavior of inverse MCE due to the closely satisfying of GCC from cubic austenite to modulated monoclinic martensite structure. The maximum value of ΔSM has been found to the same for both heating and cooling curves measured from isothermal magnetization M(T) curves until a magnetic field of 5 T. The adiabatic temperature change ΔTad results in a value of -10 K by applying a magnetic field of 20 T in a pulsed magnetic field. Furthermore, reversible magnetostriction of 0.3% was observed near the first-order martensite phase transition temperatures 265, 270 and 280 K. A reduction of thermal hysteresis has been found in MSM Heusler compounds Ni2Mn1.4In0.6 and Ni1.8Co0.2Mn1.4In0.6 with the application of hydrostatic pressure followed by GCC from pressure dependent x-ray diffraction in both austenite and martensite phase. By increasing pressure, the lattice parameters of both phases change in such a way that they increasingly satisfy the GCC. The approach of GCC for different kind of martensite structures (tetragonal, orthorhombic and monoclinic) will help to design new MSM Heusler compounds taking advantage of first-order martensite phase transition.