[pt] A pesquisa de caracterização de materiais é fundamental para o desenvolvimento de diversas tecnologias. No campo de estudo de amostras anisotrópicas como o caso encontrado no paleomagnetismo, é importante estudar a caracterização magnética de minerais rochosos para compreender o campo geomagnético. A caracterização de amostras anisotrópicas, como rochas, tem aplicações na datação do tempo geológico e na caracterização de minérios que sofrem mudanças magnéticas em temperaturas superiores à de Curie. Assim, é necessário conhecer as propriedades físicas desses materiais em relação ao comportamento magnético. Existem várias instrumentações usados neste estudo, como magnetômetro utilizando sensores Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID), magnetômetro de Amostra Vibrante (VSM), Magnetic Property Measurement System (MPMS) e os Microscópios Magnéticos de Varreduras (MMV) entre outros. Entretanto, o MMV permite mapear o comportamento magnético do material realizando desta forma uma caracterização magnética local da amostra. Nesse contexto, foi proposta uma alternativa de leitura usando a técnica Delta Mode da empresa Keithley no MMV. O objetivo é eliminar os efeitos termoelétricos, realizar medições com baixo ruído de tensão e obter uma alternativa para a leitura do campo magnético induzido no MMV. No desenvolvimento do trabalho, foram utilizados sensores de efeito Hall do modelo HQ-811 em uma configuração gradiométrica, juntamente com uma fonte de corrente (Keithley, modelo 6220) e um Nanovoltímetro (Keithley, modelo 2182A). Os resultados iniciais da calibração revelaram um desvio de cerca de 6 por cento nas medições. Com base nessa calibração, nosso objetivo final é empregar a técnica Delta Mode no MMV para obter as curvas de magnetização das amostras, mesmo em situações desafiadoras de sobreposição de sinais de campo magnético induzido. A metodologia adotada envolve o uso de partículas magnéticas de óxido de ferro em escala nano e micro, posicionadas em três cavidades cilíndricas (A1, A2 e A3) de aproximadamente 800 micrômetros de diâmetro com 800 micrômetros de profundidade, dentro do mesmo porta-amostra. Durante o experimento, um dos desafios foi lidar com a sobreposição de sinais quando aplicado um campo magnético perpendicular ao plano do porta-amostra. Para determinar o valor de magnetização de cada amostra, utilizamos um modelo teórico de um cilindro de corrente devido ao formato das cavidades onde as amostras foram depositadas. Os valores de magnetizações encontrados para diferentes espaçamentos de posicionamento das amostras foram em média de AM1= 62,59 Am(2) /kg, AM2= 13,14 Am(2) /kg e AM3= 10,13 Am(2) /kg para um campo de 0,5 T, onde apresentaram reprodutividade para diferentes situações. / [en] Materials characterization research is fundamental for the development of various technologies. In the field of anisotropic sample studies, such as in paleomagnetism, it is important to investigate the magnetic characterization of rock minerals to understand the geomagnetic field. Characterizing anisotropic samples, such as rocks, has applications in geological time dating and the characterization of ores that undergo magnetic changes at temperatures higher than the Curie temperature. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the physical properties of these materials in relation to their magnetic behavior. Various instrumentation techniques are used in this study, including magnetometers using Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) sensors, Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM), Magnetic Property Measurement System (MPMS), and Magnetic Scanning Microscopes (MMV), among others. However, MMV allows for mapping the magnetic behavior of the material, thus providing a local magnetic characterization of the sample. In this context, an alternative reading technique using the Delta Mode of the Keithley company was proposed for MMV. The objective is to eliminate thermoelectric effects, perform low-noise voltage measurements, and provide an alternative for reading the induced magnetic field in MMV. In the course of this work, Hall effect sensors of the HQ-811 model in a gradiometric configuration, along with a current source (Keithley, model 6220), and a Nanovoltmeter (Keithley, model 2182A) were used. The initial calibration results revealed a deviation of about 6 percent in the measurements. Based on this calibration, our ultimate goal is to employ the Delta Mode technique in the MMV to obtain the magnetization curves of the samples, even in challenging situations of overlapping induced magnetic field signals. The adopted methodology involves the use of nano- and micro-scale iron oxide magnetic particles positioned in three cylindrical cavities (A1, A2, and A3) of approximately 800 micrometers in diameter with 800 micrometers in depth, within the same sample holder. During the experiment, one of the challenges was dealing with signal overlap when a magnetic field was applied perpendicular to the plane of the sample holder. To determine the magnetization value of each sample, a theoretical model of a current cylinder was used due to the shape of the cavities where the samples were deposited. The magnetization values found for different sample positioning spacings were on average AM1 = 62.59 Am(2)/kg, A(2) = 13.14 Am(2)/kg, and A3 = 10.13 Am(2)/kg for a magnetic field of 0.5 T, which showed reproducibility for different situations.

No description available.

Para o desenvolvimento da nanociência atual há forte demanda por equipamentos capazes de caracterizar sistemas em escalas da ordem nanométrica. Este contexto impulsionou o desenvolvimento de microscópios ópticos de varredura em campopróximo (Scanning Near-field Optical Microscope SNOM). Diferentemente da microscopia óptica tradicional, os SNOMs detectam a radiação eletromagnética evanescente e, conseqüentemente, a resolução não é limitada pelo critério de Rayleigh. No Laboratório de Materiais Magnéticos IFUSP desenvolvemos um SNOM sensível a efeitos Kerr magnetoópticos (MO-SNOM). Dessa maneira, associamos a alta resolução da técnica à alta sensibilidade dos efeitos magnetoópticos. Trata-se se uma área relativamente pouco explorada e carente de resultados sistemáticos na literatura. Utilizando o MO-SNOM, caracterizamos partículas microestruturadas de Co70.4Fe4.6Si15B10 amorfo com dimensões de 16x16x0.08 microm3 e 4x4x0.08 microm3. Os resultados compreendem dezenas de imagens de susceptibilidade magnetoóptica diferencial com resolução melhor que 200 nm e curvas de histerese local. Em primeira análise, a demonstração de resultados sistemáticos ajuda a estabelecer a técnica. O comportamento magnético das partículas, estudadas sob várias condições de campo aplicado, se mostrou determinado basicamente pela anisotropia de forma. As curvas de histerese local mostraram comportamentos intrinsecamente locais e motivaram uma interessante discussão sobre os parâmetros de caracterização magnética convencionais. As medidas realizadas indicam que o efeito Kerr magnetoótico transversal em campopróximo é similar ao campo-distante. Os resultados são fortemente sustentados por medidas de microscopia magnetoóptica de campo-distante, simulações micromagnéticas e medidas de microscopia de força magnética. Medidas complementares revelam o potencial do MO-SNOM para caracterizações de objetos extensos quanto a potenciais de pinning. Além disso, medidas em filmes finos de NiFe/FeMn acoplados por exchange-bias evidenciam a alta sensibilidade do MO-SNOM, estimada de DM ~ 2 x 10-12 emu. / To support nanosciences evolution, there is a strong demand for developing new instrumentation devoted to nano-scale characterization. In this context, the development of the Scanning Near-field Optical Microscope (SNOM) took place. In contrast to traditional optical microscopes, SNOM deals with evanescent electromagnetic radiation and, consequently, the resolution is no longer limited by the Rayleigh criterion. At Laboratório de Materiais Magnéticos (LMM) IFUSP a SNOM devoted to magneto-optical Kerr effect measurements (MO-SNOM) has been developed. The MOSNOM associates the high resolution of the near-field technique to the high sensibility of the magneto-optical Kerr effect. Near-field magneto-optical microscopy is not yet wellestablished and there is a lack of systematic results in the literature. Using the MO-SNOM, amorphous Co70.4Fe4.6Si15B10 particles with 16x16x0.08 microm3 and 4x4x0.08 microm3 dimensions were studied. With resolution better than 200 nm, several magneto-optical differential susceptibility images and local hysteresis loops were obtained. The systematic results uphold the establishment of this new technique. Under the different applied field conditions, the magnetic behavior of the particles was found to be determined by shape anisotropy. Local hysteresis loops presented shapes intrinsic of local field induced process. The unusual hystesesis loops motivated interesting discussion about the conventional magnetic parameters. The MO-SNOM measurements indicate that the near-field transverse magneto-optical Kerr effect is similar to the far-field case. The results are highly supported by far-field magneto-optical microscopy, micromagnetic simulations and magnetic force microscopy measurements. Complementary measurements indicate the MO-SNOM potential to extensive magnetic surface characterization related to pinning potential distribution. Furthermore, measurements on the exchange-bias coupled NiFe/FeMn thin films make evident the MO-SNOM high sensitivity, estimated to be DeltaM ~ 2 x 10-12 emu.

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:基盤研究(C)(2) 課題番号:09640721 研究代表者:野水 勉 研究期間:1997-1998年度

The theoretical part of this doctoral thesis provides a comprehensive overview on the topic of preparation and subsequent utilization of magnetic derivatives of biological materials for xenobiotic separation from water. Main attention is paid to magnetic modification of waste materials and by-products originating from agricultural and food industry, which represent widely available and low-cost materials, and also to magnetic modification of microbial cells. In addition to the description of magnetic particle preparation and individual developed techniques of magnetic modification, a brief characterization of selected pollutants and a detailed table overview on utilization of magnetically responsive biomaterials for biosorption of organic dyes, heavy metals, pharmaceutical and personal care products together with ubiquitous industrial endocrine disruptors and also of crude oil derivatives is presented. Experimental part of this thesis is focused on the preparation and optimization of new types of magnetic materials. Emphasis is placed on the employment of simple, fast and simultaneously low-cost magnetic modification techniques (e.g., postmagnetization using microwave-synthesized magnetic iron oxides or one-step modification by magnetic fluids). Selected plant materials (barley and rye straw) were chemically modified to significantly (up to five-times) increase the maximum adsorption capacities for tested dyes. All prepared biomaterials exhibited a great magnetic response and simultaneously relatively high adsorption capacity for selected xenobiotics under experimental conditions used. Factors substantially affecting adsorption process, such as pH, initial concentration, incubation time or temperature were also studied. Adsorption equilibrium data were assessed using Langmuir, Freundlich or Sips isotherm models. Experimental data from time dependence study were analyzed by chosen kinetic models, namely the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order ones and by intraparticle diffusion model. Thermodynamic parameters (Gibbs free energy, enthalpy and entropy) describing the nature of adsorption were also included in study.

Para o desenvolvimento da nanociência atual há forte demanda por equipamentos capazes de caracterizar sistemas em escalas da ordem nanométrica. Este contexto impulsionou o desenvolvimento de microscópios ópticos de varredura em campopróximo (Scanning Near-field Optical Microscope SNOM). Diferentemente da microscopia óptica tradicional, os SNOMs detectam a radiação eletromagnética evanescente e, conseqüentemente, a resolução não é limitada pelo critério de Rayleigh. No Laboratório de Materiais Magnéticos IFUSP desenvolvemos um SNOM sensível a efeitos Kerr magnetoópticos (MO-SNOM). Dessa maneira, associamos a alta resolução da técnica à alta sensibilidade dos efeitos magnetoópticos. Trata-se se uma área relativamente pouco explorada e carente de resultados sistemáticos na literatura. Utilizando o MO-SNOM, caracterizamos partículas microestruturadas de Co70.4Fe4.6Si15B10 amorfo com dimensões de 16x16x0.08 microm3 e 4x4x0.08 microm3. Os resultados compreendem dezenas de imagens de susceptibilidade magnetoóptica diferencial com resolução melhor que 200 nm e curvas de histerese local. Em primeira análise, a demonstração de resultados sistemáticos ajuda a estabelecer a técnica. O comportamento magnético das partículas, estudadas sob várias condições de campo aplicado, se mostrou determinado basicamente pela anisotropia de forma. As curvas de histerese local mostraram comportamentos intrinsecamente locais e motivaram uma interessante discussão sobre os parâmetros de caracterização magnética convencionais. As medidas realizadas indicam que o efeito Kerr magnetoótico transversal em campopróximo é similar ao campo-distante. Os resultados são fortemente sustentados por medidas de microscopia magnetoóptica de campo-distante, simulações micromagnéticas e medidas de microscopia de força magnética. Medidas complementares revelam o potencial do MO-SNOM para caracterizações de objetos extensos quanto a potenciais de pinning. Além disso, medidas em filmes finos de NiFe/FeMn acoplados por exchange-bias evidenciam a alta sensibilidade do MO-SNOM, estimada de DM ~ 2 x 10-12 emu. / To support nanosciences evolution, there is a strong demand for developing new instrumentation devoted to nano-scale characterization. In this context, the development of the Scanning Near-field Optical Microscope (SNOM) took place. In contrast to traditional optical microscopes, SNOM deals with evanescent electromagnetic radiation and, consequently, the resolution is no longer limited by the Rayleigh criterion. At Laboratório de Materiais Magnéticos (LMM) IFUSP a SNOM devoted to magneto-optical Kerr effect measurements (MO-SNOM) has been developed. The MOSNOM associates the high resolution of the near-field technique to the high sensibility of the magneto-optical Kerr effect. Near-field magneto-optical microscopy is not yet wellestablished and there is a lack of systematic results in the literature. Using the MO-SNOM, amorphous Co70.4Fe4.6Si15B10 particles with 16x16x0.08 microm3 and 4x4x0.08 microm3 dimensions were studied. With resolution better than 200 nm, several magneto-optical differential susceptibility images and local hysteresis loops were obtained. The systematic results uphold the establishment of this new technique. Under the different applied field conditions, the magnetic behavior of the particles was found to be determined by shape anisotropy. Local hysteresis loops presented shapes intrinsic of local field induced process. The unusual hystesesis loops motivated interesting discussion about the conventional magnetic parameters. The MO-SNOM measurements indicate that the near-field transverse magneto-optical Kerr effect is similar to the far-field case. The results are highly supported by far-field magneto-optical microscopy, micromagnetic simulations and magnetic force microscopy measurements. Complementary measurements indicate the MO-SNOM potential to extensive magnetic surface characterization related to pinning potential distribution. Furthermore, measurements on the exchange-bias coupled NiFe/FeMn thin films make evident the MO-SNOM high sensitivity, estimated to be DeltaM ~ 2 x 10-12 emu.

La manipulation de micro et nanoparticules magnétiques et leurs applications dans les domaines de la biologie, la biodétection et du diagnostic a continuellement gagné en intérêt ces dernières années. Ce travail de thèse explore l’utilisation des propriétés magnétiques des particules en suivant deux axes distincts.Dans un premier axe, nous avons utilisé des particules magnétiques dans une analyse par biocode barre pour la capture et la concentration de cibles biologiques. La détection a été effectuée à l’aide d’un nouveau biocapteur à onde évanescente. Le but était de pouvoir procéder à un génotypage plaquettaire sans utiliser la « Polymérase Chain Reaction » (PCR), en collaboration avec l’Etablissement Français du Sang Rhône-Alpes. Nous nous sommes servis du système biallélique HPA-1 comme preuve de concept, en utilisant des cibles de type oligonucléotide synthétique pour valider nos protocoles d’analyse. Nous avons réussi à détecter une concentration de 2 fmol/l de cibles non marquées. Notre test permet de discriminer les deux allèles du gène HPA-1, qui ne diffèrent que d’un nucléotide. Notre approche par biocode barre permet d’abaisser le seuil inférieur de détection de notre biocapteur d’un facteur 125 000. Nous avons pu détecter 6.105 copies de cible synthétique, sans passer par une amplification PCR. La prochaine étape consistera à adapter le test pour analyser des échantillons biologiques réels.Dans un deuxième axe, nous avons exploré l’assemblage de particules magnétiques sous champ magnétique, de manière à fabriquer des filaments permanents ancrés sur une surface et orientables. Les filaments ont pu être greffés sur des supports homogènes de verre, d’or et sur des supports mixte verre/or fonctionnalisés de manière orthogonale. Les filaments ont pu être localisés dans des zones précises du support, soit en employant des pointes concentrant le champ magnétique localement (spots de 500 µm), soit en jouant sur la fonctionnalisation sélective sur support mixte (carrés d’or de 1 mm de côté). Typiquement l’assemblage de particules de 200 nm de diamètre a permis d’obtenir des filaments de 5 µm de longueur pour 200 à 400 nm de largeur. Les conditions de formation des filaments restent toutefois à améliorer.Les filaments magnétiques permanents ont été employés pour deux applications. Tout d’abord nous avons employé les filaments magnétiques orientables pour valider un banc d’imagerie polarimétrique par résonance de plasmon de surface (P-SPRI) développé par le LCFIO (Palaiseau). Les premières mesures tendent à montrer que l’anisotropie des filaments peut être détectée par le banc de P-SPRI, il est toutefois nécessaire de poursuivre les travaux pour mieux valider ces résultats. Deuxièmement nous avons employé des filaments magnétiques biofonctionnalisés avec des oligonucléotides sondes, pour procéder à un génotypage plaquettaire. Dans des conditions de mesure non optimisées, l’hybridation d’oligonucléotides cibles fluorescents sur les filaments ancrés sur support permet de multiplier par trois le signal de fluorescence par rapport à une hybridation sur surface plane, grâce à une augmentation de la surface spécifique du support. / Manipulation and utilization of magnetic nano/microparticles have raised some interest in the field of biology, biodetection and diagnostics during the last few years. This work explores the uses of magnetic properties of particles in two different axes.In a first part, we used magnetic particles in a bio-barcode assay for the capture and biological target concentration steps. The detection was done using a new evanescent wave biosensor. The aim was to perform a platelet genotyping without polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the collaboration of the French national blood service (EFS). We used the biallelic system HPA-1 as proof-of-concept, using synthetic oligonucleotides as target in order to validate our protocols. The assay allows to specifically detect single nucleotide polymorphism for HPA-1 gene with a detection of 2 fmol/l of label-free target synthetic oligonucleotides. Our bio-barcode assay allows to lower the inferior limit of detection of our biosensor by a factor of 125 000. We can detect 6.105 copies of synthetic target without using a PCR amplification step. The next step will be to adapt our assay to analyze real biological samples.In a second part, we explored the assemblage of magnetic particles with a magnetic field to create permanent filaments anchored on a surface and that can be actuated. The filaments could be grafted on homogeneous glass or gold supports and also on mixed glass/gold supports with orthogonal functionalization. Filaments could be localized on precise support zones using either metallic tips concentrating locally the magnetic field (500 µm spots) or selective functionalization on mixed supports (1 mm gold squares). Assembling 200 nm diameter particles allowed to typically obtain filaments 5 µm long and 200 - 400 nm wide. The filament formation conditions could still be improved.Permanent magnetic filaments were used for two applications. Firstly, we used magnetic filaments which can be actuated to validate a polarimetric surface resonance imaging biosensor (P-SPRI) developed by the LCFIO (Palaiseau). First measurements tend to show that the anisotropy can be detected by the P-SPRI biosensor. It is necessary to continue this work to better validate the results already obtained. Secondly, we used magnetic filaments biofunctionalized by oligonucleotide probes to type platelets. In non-optimized measurement conditions, the hybridization of fluorescent target oligonucleotides on filaments anchored on a surface allows to multiply by 3 the fluorescence signal compared to hybridization on plane surface by increasing the support specific surface.

The thesis has been focused on micro method for isolation of PCR- ready DNA iusing magnetic particles from cereal products. Cereal biscuits and cereal products for babies were selected for the analysis. These were homogenized using plastic copist in lysis buffer with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The homogenates were purified using chloroform- octanol mixture. The effect of isopropanol in the preparation of homogenates was tested, too. Homogenates were used for DNA isolation by magnetic particles. Two ways to isolate magnetic particles with bounded DNA (magnetic separator and magnetic needle have been tested. Isolated DNA was analyzed spectrophotometrically its concentration and purity were assessed. . After that, amplification of the DNA was tested in PCR. Two sets of primers specific for plant ribosomal DNA were used for their amplification. PCR products of expected length 700 bp and 220 bp were detected by agarose gel electrophoresis. It was shown that DNA isolated from seeds and cereal products using magnetic particles was in PCR-ready quality.

Currently, there is a growing interest in the use of probiotic products, and there are many of them in the market. With the growing interest, greater emphasis is placed on the identification of declared probiotic microorganisms. Precise identification of microbial composition is often a difficult task and it requires more advanced methods especially in the field of molecular diagnostics. The diploma thesis was focused on the verification of the presence od declared probiotic microorganisms in probiotic food supplements GS Laktobacily Forte 21, Biopron 9 Premium and Linex® Forte. DNA was isolated from the complex matrices by phenol extraction, commercial kit and magnetic carriers F79/L3-PLL in the quality suitable for PCR. Subsequently, the isolated DNA was amplified by real-time polymerase chain reaction using genus- and species-specific primers. The specific PCR product was subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis, whereas species identification was not always in compliance with the data declared by producers. The next part of the thesis was focused on polymerase chain reaction with high-resolution melting analysis to distinguish bacterial strains belonging to the Lactobacillus group and to identify probiotic microorganisms present in the complex matrices of the probiotic food supplements. Eight primer sets were tested (V1F HRM a V1R-HRM, CHAU-V3F a CHAU-V3R, CHAU-V6F a CHAU-V6R, LAC2 a LAC4, LAC1 a LAC2, P1V1 a P2V1, poxcDNAFw a poxPromRVC, poxcDNAFw a poxPromRVT). Three primer pairs (V1F HRM a V1R-HRM, poxcDNAFw a poxPromRVC, poxcDNAFw a poxPromRVT) were evaluated as the most suitable for distinguishing Lactobacillus bacterial strains.

Isolation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is an important step in the molecular diagnostics of microorganisms. A high quality of isolated DNA is necessary for DNA amplification by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The conventional DNA isolation using phenol chloroform extraction and DNA precipitation in ethanol is time consuming and requires the use of toxic phenol. Magnetic separation techniques using magnetic solid particles are one of modern methods to speed up the nucleic acids isolation. The aim of this work was to use two different types of magnetic particles for solidphase DNA extraction. The amounts of DNA in separation mixtures were measured using ultraviolet spectrophotometry (UV). The first experimental conditions were tested on chicken erythrocytes DNA. Phosphate buffer (pH 7, 7.6 and 8) was used for adsorption of DNA on magnetic particles. It was shown that approximately almost one half of DNA was adsorbed to the particles. The elution conditions of DNA were also optimized. Secondly, bacterial DNA was tested. This DNA eluted from the particles was in PCR ready quality. High resolution melting (HRM) curve analysis is a simple, low-cost method for amplicon discrimination and easy connection with real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In this contribution, we report rapid species identification of strains belonging to the Lactobacillus group using HRM-PCR. Three different DNA isolation methods were used in this work: phenol extraction, separation using magnetic particles and commercial kit. Ten sets of targeted gene fragments primers (LAC1 – LAC2, LAC2 – LAC4, P1V1 – P2V1, Gro F – Gro R, 3BA-338f – Primer 1, V1F – V1R, CHAU - V3F – CHAU - V3R, CHAU - V6F – CHAU - V6R, poxcDNAFw – poxPromRVC, poxcDNAFw – poxPromRVT) were tested for amplification of the 16S rRNA gene. Use of GroF/R and LAC2/4 primers pairs successfully identify strains belong to the Lactobacillus group. The variance between used extraction methods for evidence of HRM curves was found.