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Magnetische Phasenübergänge im Hubbard-Modell mit FrustrationRadke de Cuba, Maria Hedwig. Unknown Date (has links) (PDF)
Techn. Hochsch., Diss., 2002--Aachen.
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Magnetic resonance sounding with separated transmitter and receiver loops for the investigation of 2D water content distributionsHertrich, Marian. Unknown Date (has links) (PDF)
Techn. University, Diss., 2005--Berlin.
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Hochauflösende Mikrostrukturanalyse von magnetischen (Fe1_-xCox)1-1tnyPty-NanopartikelnSudfeld, Daniela. Unknown Date (has links) (PDF)
Universiẗat, Diss., 2005--Bielefeld.
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Magnetic Excitations in Single and Coupled Atoms on Surfaces: From the Kondo Effect to Yu-Shiba-Rusinov States / Magnetische Anregungen in einzelnen und gekoppelten Atomen auf Oberflächen: Vom Kondo-Effekt zu Yu-Shiba-Rusinov-ZuständenFriedrich, Felix January 2023 (has links) (PDF)
Magnetic systems underlie the physics of quantum mechanics when reaching the limit of few or even single atoms. This behavior limits the minimum size of magnetic bits in data storage devices as spontaneous switching of the magnetization leads to the loss of information. On the other hand, exactly these quantum mechanic properties allow to use such systems in quantum computers. Proposals to realize qubits involve the spin states of single atoms as well as topologically protected Majorana zero modes, that emerge in coupled systems of magnetic atoms in proximity to a superconductor. In order to implement and control the proposed applications, a detailed understanding of atomic spins and their interaction with the environment is required.
In this thesis, two different systems of magnetic adatoms coupled to metallic and superconducting surfaces are studied by means of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and spectroscopy: Co atoms on the clean Cu(111) were among the first systems exhibiting signatures of the Kondo effect in an individual atom. Yet, a recent theoretical work proposed an alternative interpretation of these early experimental results, involving a newly described many-body state. Spin-averaged and -polarized experiments in high magnetic fields presented in this thesis confirm effects beyond the Kondo effect that determine the physics in these Co atoms and suggest a potentially even richer phenomenology than proposed by theory.
The second studied system are single and coupled Fe atoms on the superconducting Nb(110) surface. Magnetic impurities on superconducting surfaces locally induce Yu-Shiba-Rusinov (YSR) states inside the superconducting gap due to their pair breaking potential. Coupled systems of such impurities exhibit YSR bands and, if the bands cross the Fermi level such that the band structure is inverted, host Majorana zero modes. Using the example of Fe atoms on Nb(110), the YSR states’ dependence on the adatom–substrate interaction as well as the interatomic YSR state coupling is investigated. In the presence of oxygen on the Nb surface, the adatom–substrate interaction is shown to be heavily modified and the YSR states are found to undergo a quantum phase transition, which can be directly linked to a modified Kondo screening.
STM tips functionalized with CO molecules allow to resolve self-assembled one-dimensional chains of Fe atoms on the clean Nb(110) surface to study the YSR states’ coupling. Mapping out the states’ wave functions reveals their symmetry, which is shown to alter as a function of the states’ energy and number of atoms in the chain. These experimental results are reproduced in a simple tight-binding model, demonstrating a straightforward possibility to describe also more complex YSR systems toward engineered, potentially topologically non-trivial states. / Magnetische Systeme unterliegen im Limit von wenigen Atomen den Gesetzen der Quantenmechanik. Diese Tatsache beschränkt die minimale Größe magnetischer Bits in der Datenspeicherung, da spontane Änderungen der Magnetisierung zu Datenverlust führen. Gleichzeitig ist es genau jenes quantenmechanische Verhalten, welches es erlaubt, diese Systeme in Quantencomputern zu verwenden. Vorschläge, die dafür notwendigen Qubits zu realisieren, umfassen die Spinzustände einzelner Atome sowie topologisch geschützte Majorana-Nullmoden, welche in Systemen gekoppelter magnetischer Atome in Supraleitern auftreten. Für die Umsetzung dieser Anwendungen sind detaillierte Kenntnisse über die Wechselwirkung atomarer Spins mit ihrer Umgebung nötig.
In dieser Arbeit werden zwei verschiedene solcher Systeme aus magnetischen Adatomen auf Oberflächen mit der Methode der Rastertunnelmikroskopie (RTM) und -spektroskopie untersucht: Lange galten einzelne Co-Atome auf der Cu(111)-Oberfläche als prototypisches Modell für den Kondo-Effekt in Einzelatomen. Dies wurde jedoch vor Kurzem durch eine Theoriearbeit infrage gestellt, welche die bisherigen experimentellen Daten durch das Auftreten eines neu beschriebenen Vielteilchen-Zustands erklärt. In dieser Arbeit werden neue, spingemittelte und -aufgelöste Messungen in hohen Magnetfeldern präsentiert, welche das Auftreten von Effekten jenseits des Kondo-Effekts in diesem System bestätigen.
Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit werden einzelne und gekoppelte Fe-Atome auf der supraleitenden Nb(110)-Oberfläche untersucht. Magnetische Defekte erzeugen in Supraleitern aufgrund ihres Paarbrechungspotentials Yu-Shiba-Rusinov(YSR)-Zustände innerhalb der supraleitenden Bandlücke. Die Kopplung dieser Zustände resultiert in YSR-Bändern, und kann durch Inversion der Bandlücke zum Auftreten von Majorana-Nullmoden führen. Am Beispiel von Fe-Atomen auf Nb(110) wird hier der Einfluss der Adatom–Oberflächen-Wechselwirkung auf die YSR-Zustände sowie deren interatomare Kopplung untersucht. Es wird gezeigt, dass Sauerstoff die Wechselwirkung stark beeinflusst und die atomaren YSR-Zustände infolge dessen einen Quantenphasenübergang durchlaufen. Dieser kann direkt auf eine veränderte Kondo-Abschirmung zurückgeführt werden.
Weiter werden mittels mit CO-Molekülen funktionalisierter RTM-Spitzen eindimensionale Ketten aus Fe-Atomen auf der sauberen Nb(110)-Oberfläche identifiziert, anhand derer die Kopplung der YSR-Zustände untersucht wird. Ortsaufgelöste Messungen der zugehörigen Wellenfunktionen decken die Symmetrie dieser Zustände auf, welche ein alternierendes Verhalten zwischen Ketten mit gerader und ungerader Atomzahl aufweist. Diese experimentellen Ergebnisse werden anschließend in einem tight-binding-Modell, welches auch auf komplexere Systeme angewandt werden kann, beschrieben.
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Magnetic Microstructure and Actuation Dynamics of NiMnGa Magnetic Shape Memory MaterialsLai, Yiu Wai 23 July 2009 (has links)
Magnetic shape memory (MSM) materials are a new class of smart materials which exhibit shape deformation under the influence of an external magnetic field. They are interesting for various types of applications, including actuators, displacement/force sensors, and motion dampers. Due to the huge strain and the magnetic field-driven nature, MSM materials show definite advantages over other smart materials, e.g. conventional thermal shape memory materials, in terms of displacement and speed. The principle behind the magnetic field induced strain (MFIS) is the strong coupling between magnetization and lattice structure. The investigation of both static and dynamic magnetic domain structures in MSM materials is a key step in optimizing the properties for future possible devices.
In this work, optical polarization microscopy is applied to investigate the twin boundary and magnetic domain wall motion in bulk NiMnGa single crystals. Surface magnetic domain patterns on adjacent sides of bulk crystals are revealed for the first time providing comprehensive information about the domain arrangement inside the bulk and at the twin boundary. The tilting of the easy axis with respect to the sample surface determines the preferable domain size and leads to spike domain formation on the surface. Out-of-plane surface domains extend into the bulk within a single variant, while a twin boundary mirrors the domain pattern from adjacent variants. Furthermore, magnetic domain evolution during twin boundary motion is observed. The partial absence of domain wall motion throughout the process contradicts currently proposed models. The magnetic state alternates along a moving twin boundary. With the abrupt nucleation of the second variant this leads to the formation of sections of magnetically highly charged head-on domain structures at the twin boundaries. On the other hand, a dynamic actuation experimental setup, which is capable to provide high magnetic fields in a wide range of frequency, was developed in the course of this study. The observation of reversible twin boundary motion up to 600 Hz exhibits the dependence of strain, hysteresis, and twin boundary velocity on the actuation speed. MFIS increases with frequency, while the onset field is similar in all observed cases. Twin boundary mobility enhancement by fast twin boundary motion is proposed to explain the increase in MFIS. The twin boundary velocity is shown to be inversely proportional to the twin boundary density. No limit of twin boundary velocity is observed in the investigated frequency range.
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Ferromagnetic colloidal particles with anisotropic magnetization distribution: self-assembly and response to magnetic fields / Ferromagnetische kolloidale Partikel mit anisotroper Magnetisierungsverteilung: Selbstassemblierung und Verhalten unter magnetischen FeldernSteinbach, Gabi 01 August 2016 (has links) (PDF)
Systems of interacting colloidal particles are ideal tools for studies of pattern formation and collective non-equilibrium dynamics on the mesoscopic scale. These processes are governed by the interaction between the particles, which can be tuned by sophisticated fabrication. In this thesis, self-assembly of artificially designed magnetic spheres dispersed in water has been studied via video microscopy. The particles are based on silica microspheres with hemispherical ferromagnetic coating of [Co/Pd] multilayers with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. These particles are exceptional in that they exhibit an off-centered net magnetic moment and yet obey rotational and mirror symmetry. It has been demonstrated how these magnetic properties provide innovative flexibility in pattern formation and collective dynamics based on magnetostatic interactions on the mesoscopic scale. The results are supported by analytical and numerical calculations of interacting spheres with radially shifted point dipoles (sd-particles).
In two dimensions, the particles spontaneously self-assemble into branched structures as a result of a bistable assembly behavior where neighboring particles exhibit a non-collinear magnetic orientation. It has been shown that these features, which are atypical for homogeneous systems of magnetic particles, can be reproduced by simulation. It employs a theoretical model of a sphere that contains a distribution of three radially shifted point dipoles in analogy to the magnetization distribution in the coated particles.
The stability of the assembly has been examined further by external manipulation using optical tweezers and homogeneous magnetic fields. A rich variety of stable structures with diverse spatial and magnetic ordering has been found. Particularly, the collective alignment of the specially designed particles in external fields opens completely new possibilities for the remote control over reversible pattern formation on the micrometer scale. In time-dependent fields, the collective dynamics of the anisotropic particles has revealed a novel approach for magnetically actuated translation. The variety of stable structures particularly enables control over this motion. / Kolloidale Suspensionen sind geeignete Systeme zur Untersuchung von Strukturbildung und kollektiver Nichtgleichgewichtsdynamik in mesoskopischen Größenskalen. Diese Vorgänge werden durch die Wechselwirkung zwischen den Teilchen bestimmt, welche durch geeignete Partikelherstellung angepasst werden kann. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein System von künstlich hergestellten magnetischen Partikelsuspensionen mittels Videomikroskopie untersucht. Quarzglas-Mikrokugeln wurden halbseitig mit einer ferromagnetischen Dünnschicht aus [Co/Pd] Multilagen mit senkrechter Anisotropie beschichtet. Solche Partikel sind ausgezeichnet durch ein resultierendes magnetisches Moment mit Rotations- und Spiegelsymmterie, welches zusätzlich vom Mittelpunkt der Kugel verschoben ist. Die vorliegende Arbeit zeigt, dass diese Besonderheit zu einer bisher unbekannten Flexibilität bei der mesoskopischen Strukturbildung und der kollektiven Dynamik auf der Basis magnetostatischer Wechselwirkung führt. Die vorgestellten Ergebnisse werden durch analytische und numerische Berechnungen unterstützt, denen ein Modell einer idealen Kugel mit verschobenem Dipol zugrunde liegt.
Die zweidimensionale Selbstanordnung der Partikel zeigt experimentell zwei stabile Formen der Verknüpfung, welche zu verzweigten Strukturen mit unterschiedlich magnetischer Ausrichtung benachbarter Partikel führen. Diese für ein homogenenes System magnetischer Partikel außergewöhnlichen Eigenschaften konnten in Simulationen durch ein Modellsystem aus Kugeln mit drei verschobenen Punktdipolen reproduziert werden.
Darüber hinaus wurde die spontante Anordnung unter externer Manipulation mittels optischer Pinzette und magnetischen Feldern untersucht. Es konnte eine Vielfalt an stabilen Strukturen mit verschiedenen magnetischen und strukturellen Anordnungen gefunden werden. Insbesondere die kollektive Ausrichtung dieser Partikel in externen Feldern eröffnet neuartige Möglichkeiten, kontrolliert und reversibel Mikrostrukturen zu erzeugen. In zeitabhängigen Feldern zeigen die anisotropen Partikel zusätzlich eine kollektive Dynamik welche eine neue Möglichkeit zum magnetischen Antrieb von Partikelagglomeraten eröffnet. Die Vielfalt der möglichen stabilen Strukturen erlaubt es in besonderer Weise diese Bewegung zu steuern.
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Analyse der dynamischen Magnetisierungsprozesse nanokristalliner WeichmagneteFlohrer, Sybille 12 April 2007 (has links) (PDF)
Nutzbare Energie ist ein knappes Gut. Aus ökonomischen und ökologischen Gründen wird die effiziente und nachhaltige Nutzung der verfügbaren Energie angestrebt. Wird Energie in elektrischer Form bereitgestellt oder transportiert, kommt der Minimierung der Verluste an elektrotechnischen Anlagen oder Bauelementen eine grundlegende Bedeutung zu. So werden beispielsweise Transformatorenkomponenten und Verstärkerelemente aus weichmagnetischen Werkstoffen mit geringem Ummagnetisierungsverlust gefertigt. In dieser Arbeit wird der Zusammenhang zwischen der magnetischen Mikrostruktur und dem magnetischen Ummagnetisierungsverlust nanokristalliner Ringbandkerne untersucht. Der Einfluss von Stärke und Lage einer induzierten Anisotropie wird anhand induktiver Hysteresemessung und simultaner Beobachtung magnetischer Domänen mit stroboskopischer Kerrmikroskopie charakterisiert.
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Magnetic Properties of Molecular and Nanoscale MagnetsKrupskaya, Yulia 20 October 2011 (has links) (PDF)
The idea of miniaturizing devices down to the nanoscale where quantum ffeffects become relevant demands a detailed understanding of the interplay between classical and quantum properties. Therefore, characterization of newly produced nanoscale materials is a very important part of the research in this fifield. Studying structural and magnetic properties of nano- and molecular magnets and the interplay between these properties reveals new interesting effects and suggests ways to control and optimize the respective material. The main task of this thesis is investigating the magnetic properties of molecular magnetic clusters and magnetic nanoparticles recently synthesized by several collaborating groups. This thesis contains two main parts focusing on each of these two topics.
In the first part the fundamental studies on novel metal-organic molecular complexes is presented. Several newly synthesized magnetic complexes were investigated by means of different experimental techniques, in particular, by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Chapter 1 in this part provides the theoretical background which is necessary for the interpretation of the effects observed in single molecular magnetic clusters. Chapter 2 introduces the experimental techniques applied in the studies. Chapter 3 contains the experimental results and their discussion. Firstly, the magnetic properties of two Ni-based complexes are presented. The complexes possess different ligand structures and arrangements of the Ni-ions in the metal cores. This difffference dramatically affffects the magnetic properties of the molecules such as the ground state and the magnetic anisotropy. Secondly, a detailed study of the Mn2Ni3 single molecular magnet is described. The complex has a bistable magnetic ground state with a high spin value of S = 7 and shows slow relaxation and quantum tunnelling of the magnetization. The third section concentrates on a Mn(III)-based single chain magnet showing ferromagnetic ordering of the Mn-spins and a strong magnetic anisotropy which leads to a hysteretic behavior of the magnetization. The last section describes a detailed study of the static and dynamic magnetic properties of three Mn-dimer molecular complexes by means of static magnetization, continuous wave and pulse electron spin resonance measurements. The results indicate a systematic dependence of the magnetic properties on the nearest ligands surrounding of the Mn ions.
The second part of the thesis addresses magnetic properties of nano-scaled magnets such as carbon nanotubes fifilled with magnetic materials and carbon-coated magnetic nanoparticles. These studies are eventually aiming at the possible application of these particles as agents for magnetic hyperthermia. In this respect, their behavior in static and alternating magnetic fifields is investigated and discussed. Moreover, two possible hyperthermia applications of the studied magnetic nanoparticles are presented, which are the combination of a hyperthermia agents with an anticancer drug and the possibility to spatially localize the hyperthermia effffect by applying specially designed static magnetic fifields.
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Magnetic Properties of Molecular and Nanoscale MagnetsKrupskaya, Yulia 18 August 2011 (has links)
The idea of miniaturizing devices down to the nanoscale where quantum ffeffects become relevant demands a detailed understanding of the interplay between classical and quantum properties. Therefore, characterization of newly produced nanoscale materials is a very important part of the research in this fifield. Studying structural and magnetic properties of nano- and molecular magnets and the interplay between these properties reveals new interesting effects and suggests ways to control and optimize the respective material. The main task of this thesis is investigating the magnetic properties of molecular magnetic clusters and magnetic nanoparticles recently synthesized by several collaborating groups. This thesis contains two main parts focusing on each of these two topics.
In the first part the fundamental studies on novel metal-organic molecular complexes is presented. Several newly synthesized magnetic complexes were investigated by means of different experimental techniques, in particular, by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Chapter 1 in this part provides the theoretical background which is necessary for the interpretation of the effects observed in single molecular magnetic clusters. Chapter 2 introduces the experimental techniques applied in the studies. Chapter 3 contains the experimental results and their discussion. Firstly, the magnetic properties of two Ni-based complexes are presented. The complexes possess different ligand structures and arrangements of the Ni-ions in the metal cores. This difffference dramatically affffects the magnetic properties of the molecules such as the ground state and the magnetic anisotropy. Secondly, a detailed study of the Mn2Ni3 single molecular magnet is described. The complex has a bistable magnetic ground state with a high spin value of S = 7 and shows slow relaxation and quantum tunnelling of the magnetization. The third section concentrates on a Mn(III)-based single chain magnet showing ferromagnetic ordering of the Mn-spins and a strong magnetic anisotropy which leads to a hysteretic behavior of the magnetization. The last section describes a detailed study of the static and dynamic magnetic properties of three Mn-dimer molecular complexes by means of static magnetization, continuous wave and pulse electron spin resonance measurements. The results indicate a systematic dependence of the magnetic properties on the nearest ligands surrounding of the Mn ions.
The second part of the thesis addresses magnetic properties of nano-scaled magnets such as carbon nanotubes fifilled with magnetic materials and carbon-coated magnetic nanoparticles. These studies are eventually aiming at the possible application of these particles as agents for magnetic hyperthermia. In this respect, their behavior in static and alternating magnetic fifields is investigated and discussed. Moreover, two possible hyperthermia applications of the studied magnetic nanoparticles are presented, which are the combination of a hyperthermia agents with an anticancer drug and the possibility to spatially localize the hyperthermia effffect by applying specially designed static magnetic fifields.
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Rare earth technology: magnetic cooling and magnetic separationLei, Zhe 30 November 2018 (has links)
This dissertation deals with two prospectives of rare earth technology. It’s application in magnetic cooling as well as its harvesting and recycling phase. The emphasis is on mapping and manipulating the transport processes of energy and mass, during magnetic cooling and rare earth magnetic separation, under the influence of magnetic field. Distinguished by the driving force of flow field, they belong to the context of magnetohydrodynamics and ferrohydrodynamics, respectively.
Multiple aspects are investigated with respect to magnetic cooling. First, the transient dynamics of heat transfer from two periodically magnetized gadolinium (Gd) plates into a heat transfer fluid (n-decane) is studied. It demonstrates that the propagation of the thermal fronts emanating from the Gd plates after magnetization or demagnetization obeys a √t-dependence. A finite time required for magnetization and demagnetization causes a spatially delayed propagation of the thermal fronts. The diffusive heat flux, derived from the temperature profiles, experiences a drop down by about 80% after first 3 seconds while the percentage of thermal energy transferred into n-decane experiences a maximum there. With a stagnant fluid, this work provides reasons for lower bounds of geometry and operation frequency of a simplified parallel-plate structure in the diffusive limit. Furthermore, the potential of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) convection to increase heat transfer during magnetic cooling is tested. To do this, a section of an active magnetic regenerator is considered, namely a flat gadolinium plate, immersed in an initially stagnant heat transfer fluid (NaOH) which is placed in a cuboid glass cell. To create the MHD flow, a small electric current is injected by means of two electrodes and interacts with the already present magnetic field. As a result, a Lorentz force is generated, which drives a swirling flow in the present model configuration. By means of particle image velocimetry and Mach-Zehnder interferometry, the flow field and its impact on the heat transfer at the gadolinium plate is analyzed. For the magnetization stage, a heat transfer enhancement by about 40 % can be achieved even with low currents of 3 mA is found. In parallel to enhance the heat transfer by an actively stirring of the heat transfer fluid by means of MHD, alternative fluid candidate is also investigated. A room temperature eutectic liquid metal GaInSn, with superior Pr≈ 0.03, and comparable viscosity like that of water is tested in a segment of parallel plate AMR. Due to the high electric conductivity, velocity field of GaInSn contrasting to that of aqueous based ones is strongly influenced by magnetic field due to Lorentz force. Therefore, preliminary velocity measurements by means of ultrasound doppler velocimetry with a quasi homogeneous static magnetic field (220 mT) in a duct channel at the non-conducting Shercliff walls are conducted. The Hartmann walls are constituted of two parallel Gd plates. The second part of this dissertation, rare earth harvesting and recycling, aims to answer the question of why an enrichment of paramagnetic ions can be observed in a magnetic field gradient despite the presence of a counteracting Brownian motion. For that purpose, a rare-earth chloride (DyCl3) solution is studied in which weak evaporation is adjusted by means of small differences in the vapor pressure. The temporal evolution of the refractive index field of this solution, as a result of heat and mass transfer, is measured by means of a Mach–Zehnder interferometer. A numerical algorithm is developed that splits the refractive index field into two parts, one space-dependent and conservative and the other time-dependent and transient. By using this algorithm in conjunction with a numerical simulation of the temperature and concentration field, it is able to show that 90% of the refractive index in the evaporation-driven boundary layer is caused by an increase in the concentration of Dy(III) ions. A simplified analysis of the gravitational and magnetic forces, entering the Rayleigh number, leads to a diagram of the system’s instability. Accordingly, the enrichment layer of elevated Dy(III) concentration is placed in a spatial zone dominated by a field gradient force. This leads to the unconditional stability of this layer in the present configuration. The underlying mechanism is the levitation and reshaping of the evaporation-driven boundary layer by the magnetic field gradient.
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