L’activité neurovégétative est un corrélat de la charge mentale et émotionnelle, même lorsque les stimulations sontbrèves et de faible intensité. Elle est notamment sensible à la difficulté perçue mais aussi à une forme particulièred’induction affective, l’injustice. Par conséquent, nous avons utilisé ces mesures neurovégétatives comme variablesdépendantes de la charge mentale/émotionnelle subie par les conducteurs automobiles, dans des conditions plus oumoins astreignantes.Un freinage appuyé induit des réponses neurovégétatives longues et amples, corrélat d’une charge importante. Lafocalisation de l’attention est élevée dans des situations de conduite stressantes, nécessaire pour répondre auchangement possible de la couleur d’un feu tricolore.Nous avons montré, à partir d’enregistrements magnétoencéphalographiques, que sous forte contrainte temporelle,les conducteurs qui avaient tendance à enfreindre les feux présentaient une activation plus élevée au niveau ducortex dorsolatéral gauche. Ils opéraient en permanence un compromis entre le respect simultané du code de laroute et des consignes expérimentales ce qui complexifiait la sélection de la réponse motrice.L’activité végétative s’avère être un témoin fiable de l’activité centrale. L’activation du cortex cingulaire antérieurgauche semble être à l’origine d’une diminution de l’activité électrodermale et cardiaque.Du fait de l’altération de leurs capacités cognitives, les seniors pourraient devenir anxieux face à des situations deconduite pourtant considérées comme anodines pour les plus jeunes. Il est nécessaire de leur dispenser desrecommandations simples afin qu’ils abordent la route plus sereinement. / Autonomic activity is a correlate of mental and emotional load, even when stimulations are brief and of low intensity.This activity is especially sensitive to the perceived difficulty, but also to a particular form of emotional induction, theinjustice. Therefore, we used these autonomic measures as dependent variables of mental/emotional loadundergone by drivers, under more or less demanding conditions.A heavy braking elicited long and ample autonomic responses, correlate of a strong load. The focus of attention wasgreater in stressful driving conditions, needed to get ready to respond to the possible change of the color of thetraffic light.We showed, from magnetoencephalographic recordings, that under high time pressure, drivers who tended to breakthe lights showed higher activation in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. They continuously operated a trade-offbetween the simultaneous respect of the traffic law and of the experimental instructions thus making the motorresponse selection harder.We also evidenced that the autonomic activity reliably paralleled the central activity. The activation of the leftanterior cingulate cortex decreased both electrodermal and cardiac activities.Due to their impaired cognitive abilities, ageing citizens might become anxious during driving situations consideredbenign by young drivers. It is necessary to provide them simple recommendations in order that they address the roadmore serenely.

L'une des capacités humaines fondamentales est la capacité d'interpréter des symboles. Malgré plusieurs décennies de travaux en neuropsychologique et neuroimagerie sur le substrat cognitif et neuronal des représentations sémantiques, de nombreuses questions restent sans réponse. Les présents travaux de thèse tentent de démêler l'un de ces mystères: les substrats neuronaux des différentes composantes du mot sont-ils dissociables? Ce travail comporte deux composantes principales : l'une théorique et l'autre empirique. Dans la première partie, nous passons en revue les différentes positions théoriques concernant les corrélats cognitifs et neuraux des représentations sémantiques. De plus, nous proposons une distinction opérationnelle entre les dimensions moto-perceptives (c'est-à-dire les attributs des objets auxquels les mots se réfèrent perçus par les sens) et conceptuelles (c'est-à-dire l'information construite par l'intégration des multiples caractéristiques perceptives). Dans la deuxième partie, nous présentons les résultats des études menées afin d'étudier l'automaticité de la récupération, l'organisation topographique et la dynamique temporelle des dimensions moto-perceptives et conceptuelles de la signification des mots. Tout en contribuant à notre compréhension de la manière dont le sens des mots est codé dans le cerveau, les travaux présentés dans cette thèse ont des implications méthodologiques et théoriques importantes. En particulier, ils soulignent l'importance d'une intégration fructueuse entre les théories cognitives et les méthodes statistiques avancées afin d'éclairer les mystères entourant les représentations sémantiques. / One of the core human abilities is that of interpreting symbols. Notwithstanding decades of neuropsychological and neuroimaging work on the cognitive and neural substrate of semantic representations, many questions are left unanswered. The research in this dissertation attempts to unravel one of them: are the neural substrates of different components of concrete word meaning dissociated? In the first part, I review the different theoretical positions and empirical findings on the cognitive and neural correlates of semantic representations. Crucially, I propose an operational distinction between motor-perceptual dimensions (i.e., those attributes of the objects referred to by the words that are perceived through the senses) and conceptual ones (i.e., the information that is built via a complex integration of multiple perceptual features). In the second part, I present the results of the studies I conducted in order to investigate the automaticity of retrieval, topographical organization, and temporal dynamics of motor-perceptual and conceptual dimensions of word meaning. The results suggest that the neural substrates of different components of symbol meaning can be dissociated in terms of localization and of the feature of the signal encoding them, while sharing a similar temporal evolution.

Research shows that emotional items are associated with enhanced processing and memory. However, emotional memories are composed of not only memory for the specific emotion-eliciting item, but also other items associated with it, as well as memory for how these items are related. The current thesis utilized verbal report, eye movement monitoring and magnetoencephalography in order to examine how emotions may influence online processing and memory for associated information. It was found that while emotions influenced attention to both the emotion-eliciting item and associated information during the encoding stage, this was not related to subsequent memory performance as indexed by verbal report. It was also found that while emotions impaired detailed memory for associated information, it did not affect the ease or speed at which those memories could be accessed. In using MEG, it was found that emotions may modulate not only how participants’ view associated information, but it may also modulate the type of representation formed. Together, findings from the current work suggests that: (1) emotions influence online processing and memory for associated information; (2) emotions modulate memory for associated information via routes other than overt attention; (3) encoding and retrieval may occur in stages; and (4) memory exerts early influences on processing. The current work shows that emotions modulate online processing of associated neutral information in a top-down manner, independent of differences in its physical properties. Work from this thesis encourages a reconceptualization of emotion, memory and perception and how they relate to one and another. Rather than viewing them as independent modular processes, they may, in fact, be more widely distributed in the brain and interact more closely than previously described. This may be evolutionarily adaptive allowing us to quickly and efficiently form memories for emotional events/scenes that can later guide perception and behaviour.

Research shows that emotional items are associated with enhanced processing and memory. However, emotional memories are composed of not only memory for the specific emotion-eliciting item, but also other items associated with it, as well as memory for how these items are related. The current thesis utilized verbal report, eye movement monitoring and magnetoencephalography in order to examine how emotions may influence online processing and memory for associated information. It was found that while emotions influenced attention to both the emotion-eliciting item and associated information during the encoding stage, this was not related to subsequent memory performance as indexed by verbal report. It was also found that while emotions impaired detailed memory for associated information, it did not affect the ease or speed at which those memories could be accessed. In using MEG, it was found that emotions may modulate not only how participants’ view associated information, but it may also modulate the type of representation formed. Together, findings from the current work suggests that: (1) emotions influence online processing and memory for associated information; (2) emotions modulate memory for associated information via routes other than overt attention; (3) encoding and retrieval may occur in stages; and (4) memory exerts early influences on processing. The current work shows that emotions modulate online processing of associated neutral information in a top-down manner, independent of differences in its physical properties. Work from this thesis encourages a reconceptualization of emotion, memory and perception and how they relate to one and another. Rather than viewing them as independent modular processes, they may, in fact, be more widely distributed in the brain and interact more closely than previously described. This may be evolutionarily adaptive allowing us to quickly and efficiently form memories for emotional events/scenes that can later guide perception and behaviour.

This thesis provides a novel dynamic large-scale network perspective on brain activity of human sleep based on the analysis of unique human neuroimaging data. Specifically, I provide new information based on integrating spatial and temporal aspects of brain activity both in the transitions between and during wakefulness and various stages of non-rapid-eye movement (NREM) sleep. This is achieved through investigations of inter-regional interactions, functional connectivity (FC), between activity timecourses throughout the brain. Overall, the presented findings provide new important whole-brain insights for our current understanding of sleep, and potentially also of sleep disorders and consciousness in general. In Chapter 2 I present a robust global increase in similarity between the structural connectivity (SC) and the FC in slow-wave sleep (SWS) in almost all of the participants of two independent fMRI datasets. This could point to a decreased state repertoire and more rigid brain dynamics during SWS. Chapter 2 further identifies the changes in FC strengths between wakefulness and individual stages of NREM sleep across the whole-brain fMRI network. I report connectivity in posterior parts of the brain as particularly strong during wakefulness, while connections between temporal and frontal cortices are increased in strength during N1 and N2 sleep. SWS is characterised by a global drop in FC. In Chapter 3 I take advantage of rare MEG recordings of NREM sleep to show, for the first time, the feasibility of constructing source-space FC networks of sleep using power envelope correlations. The increased temporal information of MEG signals allows me to identify the specific frequencies underlying the FC differences identified in Chapter 2 with fMRI. The beta band (16 – 30 Hz) thus stands out as important for the strong posterior connectivity of wakefulness, while a range of frequency bands from delta (0.25 – 4 Hz) to sigma (13 – 16 Hz) all appear to contribute to N2-specific FC increases. Consistent with the fMRI results, slow-wave sleep shows the lowest level of FC. Interestingly, however, the MEG signals suggest a fronto-temporal network of high connectivity in the alpha band, possibly reflecting memory processes. In Chapter 4 I expand the within-frequency FC analysis of Chapter 3 to explore potential cross-frequency interactions in the MEG FC networks. It is shown that N2 sleep involves an abundance of frequency cross-talk, while SWS includes very little. A multi-layer network approach shows that the gamma band (30 – 48 Hz) is particularly integrated in wakefulness. Chapter 5 addresses the identified MEG FC findings from the perspective of traditional spectral sleep staging. By correlating temporal changes in spectral power at the sensor level to fluctuations in average FC, a specific type of transient events is found to underlie the strong N2-specific coupling in static FC values. Lastly, in Chapter 6 I make the leap out of the constraints of traditional low-resolution sleep staging, and extract dynamic states of FC from fMRI timecourses in a completely unsupervised fashion. This provides a novel representation of whole-brain states of sleep and the dynamics governing them. I argue that data-driven approaches like this are necessary to fully characterise the spatiotemporal principles underlying wakefulness and sleep in the human brain.

The dementias are persistent or progressive disorders affecting more than one cognitive domain that interfere with an individual’s ability to function at work or home, and represent a decline from a previous level of function. In this thesis I consider the neurophysiology of dementia at a number of levels. I investigate the ways in which the connectivity and function of the brain predisposes to the specific focal patterns of neurodegeneration seen in the various dementias. I aim to identify the mesoscopic changes that occur in individuals with neurodegeneration and how these relate to their cognitive difficulties. I show how, by assessing patients in whom there is focal disruption of brain networks and observing the outcomes in comparison to controls, I can gain insight into the mechanisms by which the normal brain makes predictions and processes language. In Chapter 1, I set the scene for the focussed experimental investigations of model diseases by beginning with an introductory, clinically-focussed review that sets out the features, aetiology, management, epidemiology and prognosis of the dementias. This places these model diseases in the context of the broader clinical challenge posed by the dementias. In Chapter 2, I turn to ‘prototypical’ model diseases that represent neurodegenerative tauopathies with predominantly cortical (Alzheimer’s disease, AD) and subcortical (Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, PSP) disease burdens. I investigate the neurophysiological causes and consequences of Tau accumulation by combining graph theoretical analyses of resting state functional MR imaging and in vivo ‘Tau’ PET imaging using the ligand AV-1451. By relating Tau distribution to the functional connectome I provide in vivo evidence consistent with ‘prion-like’ trans-neuronal spread of Tau in AD but not PSP. This provides important validation of disease modification strategies that aim to halt or slow down the progression of AD by sequestration of pathological Tau in the synapse. In contrast, I demonstrate associations consistent with regional vulnerability to Tau accumulation due to metabolic demand and a lack of trophic support in PSP but not AD. With a cross-sectional approach, using Tau burden as a surrogate marker of disease severity, I then go on to show how the changes in functional connectivity that occur as disease progresses account for the contrasting cognitive phenotypes in AD and PSP. In advancing AD, functional connectivity across the whole brain becomes increasingly random and disorganised, accounting for symptomatology across multiple cognitive domains. In advancing PSP, by contrast, disrupted cortico-subcortical and cortico-brainstem interactions meant that information transfer passed through a larger number of cortical nodes, reducing closeness centrality and eigenvector centrality, while increasing weighted degree, clustering, betweenness centrality and local efficiency. Together, this resulted in increasingly modular processing with inter-network communication taking less direct paths, accounting for the bradyphrenia characteristic of the ‘subcortical dementias’. From chapter 3 onwards, I turn to the in-depth study of a model disease called non-fluent variant Primary Progressive Aphasia (nfvPPA). This disease has a clear clinical phenotype of speech apraxia and agrammatism, associated with a focal pattern of mild atrophy in frontal lobes. Importantly, general cognition is usually well preserved until late disease. In chapter 3 itself, I relate an experiment in which patients with nfvPPA and matched controls performed a receptive language task while having their brain activity recorded with magnetoencephalography. I manipulated expectations and sensory detail to explore the role of top-down frontal contributions to predictive processes in speech perception. I demonstrate that frontal neurodegeneration led to inflexible and excessively precise predictions, and that fronto-temporal interactions play a causal role in reconciling prior predictions with degraded sensory signals. The discussion here concentrates on the insights provided by neurodegenerative disease into the normal function of the brain in processing language. Overall, I demonstrate that higher level frontal mechanisms for cognitive and behavioural flexibility make a critical functional contribution to the hierarchical generative models underlying speech perception In chapter 4, I precisely define the sequence processing and statistical learning abilities of patients with nfvPPA in comparison to patients with non-fluent aphasia due to stroke and neurological controls. I do this by exposing participants to a novel, mixed-complexity artificial grammar designed to assess processing of increasingly complex sequencing relationships, and then assessing the degree of implicit rule learning. I demonstrate that agrammatic aphasics of two different aetiologies are not disproportionately impaired on complex sequencing relationships, and that the learning of phonological and non-linguistic sequences occurs independently in health and disease. In chapter 5, I summarise the synergies between the experimental chapters, and explain how I have applied a systems identification framework to a diverse set of experimental methods, with the common goal of defining the physiology of dementia. I then return to the results of chapter 3 with a clinical focus to explain how inflexible predictions can account for subjective speech comprehension difficulties, auditory processing abnormalities and (in synthesis with chapter 4) receptive agrammatism in nfvPPA. Overall, this body of work has contributed to knowledge in several ways. It has achieved its tripartite aims by: 1) Providing in vivo evidence consistent with theoretical models of trans-neuronal Tau spread (chapter 2), and a comprehensive clinical account of the previously poorly-understood receptive symptomatology of nfvPPA (chapter 5), thus demonstrating that systems neuroscience can provide a translational bridge between the molecular biology of dementia and clinical trials of therapies and medications. In this way, I begin to disentangle the network-level causes of neurodegeneration from its consequences. 2) Providing evidence for a causal role for fronto-temporal interactions in language processing (chapter 3), and demonstrating domain separation of statistical learning between linguistic and non-linguistic sequences (chapter 4), thus demonstrating that studies of patients with neurodegenerative disease can further our understanding of normative brain function. 3) Successfully integrating neuropsychology, behavioural psychophysics, functional MRI, structural MRI, magnetoencephalography and computational modelling to provide comprehensive research training, as the platform for a future research programme in the physiology of dementia.

Les théories sur le soi ont postulé que celui-ci serait ancré dans le suivi des signaux viscéraux par le cerveau. Cependant, peu de preuves expérimentales soutiennent ce postulat. L’objectif de cette thèse était de tester si on peut trouver un lien entre couplage cœur-cerveau et soi. Nous avons opérationnalisé le concept de soi en définissant deux dimensions: le «Je», expérientiel, et le «Moi», introspectif.Nous avons d’abord montré, en magnétoencéphalographie, que le rapport au soi des pensées spontanées est encodé dans l’amplitude des réponses évoquées aux battements cardiaques (heartbeat-evoked responses, HERs), dans les régions médiales du réseau du mode par défaut. Les HERs dans le cortex cingulaire postérieur et precuneus ventral encodent le «Je», alors que la dimension «Moi» est associée à des HERs dans le cortex préfrontal ventromédian. De plus, ces résultats sont spécifiques de chacune des dimensions du soi.Nous avons ensuite étendu ces résultats à l’aide d’enregistrements intracérébraux. Nous avons montré une covariation entre l’amplitude des HERs et le rapport au soi des pensées, essai par essai. Une analyse de l’insula antérieure droite a démontré que les HERs dans cette région sont modulés par la dimension «Je».Dans une tâche d’imagination, nous avons trouvé que dans les régions motrices médiales et le cortex préfrontal ventromédian, l’amplitude des HERs varie en fonction de la personne imaginée, soi-même ou un ami.Les signaux cardiaques pourraient donc contribuer à l’établissement d’un référentiel centré sur le corps, utilisé par le cerveau pour attribuer un «label soi» aux pensées. Ceci pourrait constituer un mécanisme pour l’implémentation du soi. / The self has been hypothesized to be anchored in the neural monitoring of visceral signals; yet experimental evidence is scarce. The goal of this thesis was to address this question, by testing whether we could find a link between heart-brain coupling and the self. We operationalized the concept of self by defining two self-dimensions: the experiential “I” and the introspective “Me”. We showed in a first magnetoencephalography (MEG) experiment, that the self-relatedness of spontaneous thoughts was encoded in the amplitude of heartbeat-evoked responses (HERs), in midline regions of the default-network. HERs in the posterior cingulate cortex / ventral precuneus encoded the “I” dimension, whereas the “Me” dimension was associated with HERs in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). In addition, these results were specific to each self-dimension.In a second study, we extended these results using intracranial recordings and new analyses of the MEG data. Here, HER amplitude co-varied with the self-relatedness of spontaneous thoughts, at the single trial level. Moreover, an analysis of the right anterior insula showed that HERs in this region were also associated with the “I”. A third study aimed at testing these results in the context of oriented thoughts, in an imagination task. We found that HER amplitude in medial motor regions (anterior precuneus, mid-cingulate and supplementary motor area), and vmPFC, varied depending on whether the self or a friend was being imagined. Cardiac signals could contribute to a body-centered reference frame, to which the brain would refer to in order to tag thoughts as being self-related. This could be a mechanism for implementing the self.

Human motor control is a complex process involving both central and peripheral components of the nervous system. Type Ia afferent input contributes to both motor unit recruitment and firing frequency, however, whether maximal force production is dependent on this input is unclear. Therefore, chapter 2 examined maximal and explosive force production of the knee extensors following prolonged infrapatellar tendon vibration; designed to attenuate the efficacy of the homonymous Ia afferent-α-motoneuron pathway. Despite a marked decrease in H-reflex amplitude, indicating an attenuated efficacy of the Ia afferent-α-motoneuron pathway, both maximal and explosive force production were unaffected after vibration. This suggested that maximal and explosive isometric quadriceps force production was not dependent upon Ia afferent input to the homonymous motor unit pool. Voluntary movements are linked with various modulations in ongoing neural oscillations within the supraspinal sensorimotor system. Despite considerable interest in the oscillatory responses to movements per se, the influence of the motor parameters that define these movements is poorly understood. Subsequently, chapters 3 and 4 investigated how the motor parameters of voluntary contractions modulated the oscillatory amplitude. Chapter 3 recorded electroencephalography from the leg area of the primary sensorimotor cortex in order to investigate the oscillatory responses to isometric unilateral contractions of the knee-extensors at four torque levels (15, 30, 45 and 60% max.). An increase in movement-related gamma (30-50 Hz) activity was observed with increments in knee-extension torque, whereas oscillatory power within the delta (0.5-3 Hz), theta (3-7 Hz), alpha (7-13 Hz) and beta (13-30 Hz) bands were unaffected. Chapter 4 examined the link between the motor parameters of voluntary contraction and modulations in beta (15-30 Hz) oscillations; specifically, movement-related beta decrease (MRBD) and post-movement beta rebound (PMBR). Magnetoencephalography (MEG) was recorded during isometric ramp and constant-force wrist-flexor contractions at distinct rates of force development (10.4, 28.9 and 86.7% max./s) and force output (5, 15, 35 and 60%max.), respectively. MRBD was unaffected by RFD or force output, whereas systematic modulation of PMBR by both contraction force and RFD was identified for the first time. Specifically, increments in isometric contraction force increased PMBR amplitude, and increments in RFD increased PMBR amplitude but decreased PMBR duration. Physical fatigue arises not only from peripheral processes within the active skeletal muscles but also from supraspinal mechanisms within the brain. However, exactly how cortical activity is modulated during fatigue has received a paucity of attention. Chapter 5 investigated whether oscillatory activity within the primary sensorimotor cortex was modulated when contractions were performed in a state of physical fatigue. MEG was recorded during submaximal isometric contractions of the wrist-flexors performed both before and after a fatiguing series of isometric wrist-flexions or a time matched control intervention. Physical fatigue offset the attenuation in MRBD observed during the control trial, whereas PMBR was increased when submaximal contractions were performed in a fatigued state.

Cette thèse porte sur l'utilisation de la magnétoencéphalographie (MEG) comme outil d'étude de la dynamique des réponses corticales durant la production de mots. Les données empiriques accumulées dans la littérature sont évaluées au regard des modèles psycho- et neuro-linguistiques de la production des mots et du langage. Nous réalisons une exploration de l'évolution des modèles psycho-linguistiques et effectuons en ce sens une revue de la littérature MEG. Les forces et limites de la technique et des données empiriques existantes sont considérées et utilisées pour établir un protocole de dénomination d'images qui soit compatible avec la MEG. Nous développons ensuite une étude empirique réalisée en MEG, en utilisant une manipulation visuo-sémantique pour explorer la dynamique des réponses corticales. Cette étude démontre une large réponse bi-hémisphérique avec des différences inter-conditions précoces (~100ms) dans la BA8 et des différences dans le gyrus cingulaire antérieur, le cortex médial temporal antérieur droit à 207ms et dans la jonction temporo-pariétale à 233ms après apparition du stimulus. Des différences entre les conditions apparaissent tardivement dans le cuneus droit et suggèrent également un traitement visuel en cours. Nos résultats questionnent le timing estimé pour les traitements phonologiques et sémantiques suggérés par les modèles sériels actuels de production du langage. A la lumière de la revue de la littérature et de l'étude empirique conduite, nous évaluons les modèles existants et discutons des directions potentielles pour les recherches futures. / This thesis concerns the use of magnetoencephalography [MEG] as a tool for investigating the dynamics of the cortical response during word production. The evidence gathered is considered in the context of existing psycho- and neuro-linguistic models of word and speech production. An exploration of the evolution of psycholinguistic models is performed, motivating a review of the MEG literature. The strengths and limitations of the technique and existing evidence are considered, and used to guide the design of a picture naming protocol compatible with MEG. An empirical MEG study is then developed and implemented using a visuo-semantic manipulation to explore the dynamics of the cortical response. This study demonstrates a broad, bi-hemispheric response with early (~100ms) between-conditions differences in bilateral BA8 and anterior cingulate cortex, in right anterior medial temporal cortex at 207ms, and a difference in right temporo-parietal junction at 233ms post stimulus. Late between conditions differences in the right cuneus also suggest ongoing visual processing. Our findings question the timing estimated for semantic and phonological processing suggested by current serial models of speech processing. In the light of the review and empirical study, a contextual evaluation of existing models is performed and potential future avenues of investigation are discussed.

L’expression faciale de peur constitue un important vecteur d’information sociale mais aussi environnementale. En condition naturelle, les visages apeurés apparaissent principalement dans notre champ visuel périphérique. Cependant, les mécanismes cérébraux qui sous-tendent la perception de l’expression faciale de peur en périphérie restent largement méconnus. Nous avons démontré, grâce à des études comportementales, des enregistrements magnétoencéphalographiques et intracrâniens, que la perception de l’expression faciale de peur est efficace en grande périphérie. La perception de la peur en périphérie génère une réponse rapide de l’amygdale et du cortex frontal, mais également une réponse plus tardive dans les aires visuelles occipitales et temporales ventrales. Le contrôle attentionnel est capable d’inhiber la réponse précoce à l’expression de peur, mais également d’augmenter les activités postérieures plus tardives liées à la perception des visages. Nos résultats montrent non seulement que les réseaux impliqués dans la perception de la peur sont adaptés à la vision périphérique, mais ils mettent également en avant une nouvelle forme d’investigation des mécanismes de traitement de l’expression faciale, pouvant conduire à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes de traitement des messages sociaux dans des situations plus écologiques. / Facial expression of fear is an important vector of social and environmental information. In natural conditions, the frightened faces appear mainly in our peripheral visual field. However, the brain mechanisms underlying perception of fear in the periphery remain largely unknown. We have demonstrated, through behavioral, magnetoencephalographic and intracranial studies that the perception of fear facial expression is efficient in large peripheral visual field. Fear perception in the periphery produces an early response in the amygdala and the frontal cortex, and a later response in the occipital and infero-temporal visual areas. Attentional control is able to inhibit the early response to fear expression and to increase the later temporo-occipital activities linked to face perception. Our results show that networks involved in fear perception are adapted to the peripheral vision. Moreover, they validate a new form of investigation of facial expression processing, which may lead to a better understanding of how we process social messages in more ecological situations.