La stimulation associative-pairée (PAS) est utilisée pour induire de manière non invasive des changements plastiques dans le cortex moteur primaire (M1). Les paradigmes de PAS classiques impliquent la combinaison d'une stimulation électrique sur un nerf périphérique et d'une stimulation magnétique transcrânienne (TMS) du M1. La PAS permet d'augmenter ou de réduire l'excitabilité de M1 selon l'intervalle de temps entre les deux stimuli et présente un intérêt pour la neuroréhabilitation. Toutefois, la stimulation électrique périphérique peut être inconfortable pour certaines personnes. Ainsi, nous proposons un nouveau paradigme de PAS excitateur non invasif et indolore qui consiste en la répétition à basse fréquence d'une stimulation magnétique périphérique simple sur le nerf médian suivie 25 ms plus tard d'une TMS du M1 controlatéral. Ce projet visait à tester et comparer, chez des sujets sains, l'influence de ce nouveau paradigme de PAS (PAS25-magnétique) à un paradigme de PAS classique (PAS25) sur M1 et l'excitabilité corticospinale, l'excitabilité des motoneurones spinaux, ainsi que la fonction manuelle. Nos résultats ont révélé une augmentation significative de l'excitabilité corticospinale en temps réel durant la PAS25-magnétique et la PAS25. De plus, nous avons observé une augmentation plus forte et soutenue de l'excitabilité corticospinale ainsi qu'une diminution importante de l'inhibition GABAergique dans M1 chez les répondants à la PAS25-magnétique par rapport aux répondants à la PAS25. Dans tous les cas, aucun changement de la fonction manuelle n'a été détecté, possiblement en raison d'un effet plafond chez les participants sains. Il s'agit de la première étude à tester et à démontrer l'efficacité de ce nouveau paradigme pour moduler l'excitabilité de M1. Par ailleurs, les participants ont perçu la PAS25-magnétique comme plus confortable par rapport au PAS25. Toutefois, des études à plus large échelle seront nécessaires afin d'évaluer plus précisément les effets de la PAS25-magnétique et ses mécanismes sous-jacents. / Paired associative stimulation (PAS) is used to non-invasively induce plastic changes in the primary motor cortex (M1). Conventional PAS paradigms involve the combination of an electrical peripheral nerve stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) delivered over the primary motor cortex (M1). PAS can either enhance or reduce M1 excitability depending on the paired stimuli timing and is of interest in neurorehabilitation. However, the use of electrical peripheral nerve stimulation may be unpleasant to some people. Thus, in this project, we proposed a new noninvasive and painless excitatory PAS paradigm which consists of delivering low-frequency repetitive pairing of a single peripheral magnetic stimulus over the median nerve 25 ms before a TMS pulse to the contralateral M1. This thesis aimed to assess and compare, in healthy individuals, the influence of this new PAS paradigm (magnetic-PAS25) to the conventional PAS (PAS25) on M1 and corticospinal excitability, spinal motoneuron excitability, as well as hand motor function. Our findings revealed a significant real-time increase of corticospinal excitability during both magnetic-PAS25 and PAS25. Moreover, we observed a stronger and sustained increase of corticospinal excitability along with a prominent decrease of M1 GABAergic inhibition in the responders to magnetic-PAS25 as compared to responders to PAS25. Hand motor function remained unchanged in all cases likely due to a ceiling effect in healthy participants. This is the first study to test and provide evidence that magnetic-PAS25 has the capacity to promote changes in M1 excitability. Importantly, participants reported that magnetic-PAS25 was comfortable and not with the unpleasantness experienced during PAS25. These findings encourage future larger-sampled studies to further evaluate the effects of magnetic-PAS25 and its underlying mechanisms.

This thesis examines the problems of building on Toronto’s main streets. These arterial mixed-use corridors that define much of the public face of the city are the subject of ongoing residential intensification efforts through the Official Plan policies of the City of Toronto. The form that this new development takes can either reinforce and improve existing streetscapes and housing stock, or it might –as is already happening– replace the long-established vital urban patterns of main streets with very different, less versatile, and less diverse building forms with a diminished standard of both urban and interior living space. Part I considers main streets at the urban scale, while Part II is a discussion of housing quality and architectural aims that informs a series of proposed prototypical building designs to be located on a site on Queen Street West as an example of site conditions found on main streets in a variety of locations throughout the city. To understand the urban implications of main street building, this study looks at the specific historical factors that have shaped Toronto’s main streets, and looks at why they continue to have value and have become a focus for intensification today. It revisits key episodes in Toronto’s redevelopment planning over the last four decades, particularly the St. Lawrence Neighborhood Plan, the Ataratiri Plan, and the Housing on Toronto’s Main Streets Initiative. The precedent historical research points to the need for small increments of development on main streets in order to maintain the economic, social, and visual diversity that have made them such a vital and dynamic component of the city in the past. This scale of development calls for new building types to respond to the very particular site conditions of main streets. Modern building types that are typically used in these situations are ill suited to respond to these conditions, provide a limited range of unit types, and are leading to compromises of urban and interior spatial quality when applied to these sites. The architectural discussion centers on the observation that traditional main street lot patterns, despite inherent rigidity and rationality, have nonetheless proven to be a functionally flexible urban structure that has accommodated and encouraged a remarkable diversity of uses, architectural forms, and individual interpretations over time. Comparable complexity and diversity of spatial qualities can be found in a variety of architectural design approaches, including those of Adolf Loos’ ‘Raumplan’, Rudolf Schindler’s ‘Space Architecture’, or Herman Hertzberger’s concept of ‘Polyvalent Form’. The spaces created by these architects are an architectural analogue of the dynamic, richly varied urban characteristics of Toronto’s existing main streets. Both create the opportunities for individual expression and continually varied spatial experience that better reflects the complexity of both urban and domestic life. These precedents of architectural form -imbued with qualities of multiplicity, heterogeneity and reinterpretability- propose a counterpoint to the standard of functionally rigid, spatially limited and typologically predictable buildings and living spaces currently available. The proposed building designs are intended to widen the options for dwelling within the city, while offering an update and intensification of main streets that reinforces rather than replaces desirable existing urban patterns.

This thesis examines the problems of building on Toronto’s main streets. These arterial mixed-use corridors that define much of the public face of the city are the subject of ongoing residential intensification efforts through the Official Plan policies of the City of Toronto. The form that this new development takes can either reinforce and improve existing streetscapes and housing stock, or it might –as is already happening– replace the long-established vital urban patterns of main streets with very different, less versatile, and less diverse building forms with a diminished standard of both urban and interior living space. Part I considers main streets at the urban scale, while Part II is a discussion of housing quality and architectural aims that informs a series of proposed prototypical building designs to be located on a site on Queen Street West as an example of site conditions found on main streets in a variety of locations throughout the city. To understand the urban implications of main street building, this study looks at the specific historical factors that have shaped Toronto’s main streets, and looks at why they continue to have value and have become a focus for intensification today. It revisits key episodes in Toronto’s redevelopment planning over the last four decades, particularly the St. Lawrence Neighborhood Plan, the Ataratiri Plan, and the Housing on Toronto’s Main Streets Initiative. The precedent historical research points to the need for small increments of development on main streets in order to maintain the economic, social, and visual diversity that have made them such a vital and dynamic component of the city in the past. This scale of development calls for new building types to respond to the very particular site conditions of main streets. Modern building types that are typically used in these situations are ill suited to respond to these conditions, provide a limited range of unit types, and are leading to compromises of urban and interior spatial quality when applied to these sites. The architectural discussion centers on the observation that traditional main street lot patterns, despite inherent rigidity and rationality, have nonetheless proven to be a functionally flexible urban structure that has accommodated and encouraged a remarkable diversity of uses, architectural forms, and individual interpretations over time. Comparable complexity and diversity of spatial qualities can be found in a variety of architectural design approaches, including those of Adolf Loos’ ‘Raumplan’, Rudolf Schindler’s ‘Space Architecture’, or Herman Hertzberger’s concept of ‘Polyvalent Form’. The spaces created by these architects are an architectural analogue of the dynamic, richly varied urban characteristics of Toronto’s existing main streets. Both create the opportunities for individual expression and continually varied spatial experience that better reflects the complexity of both urban and domestic life. These precedents of architectural form -imbued with qualities of multiplicity, heterogeneity and reinterpretability- propose a counterpoint to the standard of functionally rigid, spatially limited and typologically predictable buildings and living spaces currently available. The proposed building designs are intended to widen the options for dwelling within the city, while offering an update and intensification of main streets that reinforces rather than replaces desirable existing urban patterns.

The impact on human health caused by lead release has resulted in stringent lead regulations, which limit the drinking water concentration of lead to 10µg/L. In order to meet regulation guidelines, sources of lead are being removed from the distribution system and premise plumbing. Lead service lines (LSLs) are replaced to minimize the effect of lead release, with LSL contributing as much as 50-75% of total lead at the tap. Adsorption of lead on galvanized iron corrosion scales have been shown to increase lead release in LSL replacements, which is very concerning for utilities considering replacing the LSLs. Adsorption of lead on to iron minerals has been hypothesized as a mechanism for lead exposure. With the significant presence of unlined cast iron pipes in Halifax, the objective of this thesis was to determine the relationship between the iron particles found in cast iron pipes and lead release at the tap.

Inaug. Diss.--Philosphische Promotions-Kommission--Frankfurt am Main, 1972. / Résumé p. 405-415. Bibliogr. p. 417-431. Index.

Diss.--Frankfurt am Main--Universität.

Thèse (Ph. D.)--Université Laval, 2006. / Bibliogr.: f. 134-135. Publié aussi en version électronique.

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Zugleich: Diss. phil. I Zürich, 2006 u.d.T.: Georg Philipp Telemanns Kantatenschaffen als Director Musices in Frankfurt am Main (1712-1721). / Register. Literaturverz.

Une étonnante convergence de témoignages et une abondance de faits se rapportant à l'atrophie de la main dans notre société techniciste, nous amènent à renouveler la réflexion sur la main humaine. Plus précisément, l'objet de notre travail consistera à chercher réponse à la question suivante: Pourquoi l'homme est-il pourvu de mains? Pour ce faire, nous tâcherons de saisir ce qu'est la main humaine. D'abord, nous aborderons quelques notions préliminaires touchant les êtres animés et exposerons la méthode à suivre en philosophie naturelle et en biologie. Suivant cela, nous étudierons le mot main afin d'y dégager les conceptions communes relatives à la main humaine. De là, la recherche des causes de la main sera entreprise. Nous y verrons alors en quoi son origine, son anatomie, ses fonctions, son principe et sa fin se rapportent tous, à leur façon, à l'intelligence humaine. Ainsi, nous serons amenés à voir que la main est instrument de la perfection de l'homme en tant qu'homme.