Software systems are playing an increasingly important role in almost every aspect of today’s society such that they impact on our businesses, industry, leisure, health and safety. Many of these systems are extremely large and complex and depend upon the correct interaction of many hundreds or even thousands of heterogeneous components. Commensurate with this increased reliance on software is the need for high quality products that meet customer expectations, perform reliably and which can be cost-effectively and safely maintained. Techniques such as software configuration management have proved to be invaluable during the development process to ensure that this is the case. However, there are a very large number of legacy systems which were not developed under controlled conditions, but which still, need to be maintained due to the heavy investment incorporated within them. Such systems are characterised by extremely high program comprehension overheads and the probability that new errors will be introduced during the maintenance process often with serious consequences. To address the issues concerning maintenance of legacy systems this thesis has defined and developed a new process and associated maintenance model, Inverse Software Configuration Management (ISCM). This model centres on a layered approach to the program comprehension process through the definition of a number of software configuration abstractions. This information together with the set of rules for reclaiming the information is stored within an Extensible System Information Base (ESIB) via, die definition of a Programming-in-the- Environment (PITE) language, the Inverse Configuration Description Language (ICDL). In order to assist the application of the ISCM process across a wide range of software applications and system architectures, die PISCES (Proforma Identification Scheme for Configurations of Existing Systems) method has been developed as a series of defined procedures and guidelines. To underpin the method and to offer a user-friendly interface to the process a series of templates, the Proforma Increasing Complexity Series (PICS) has been developed. To enable the useful employment of these techniques on large-scale systems, the subject of automation has been addressed through the development of a flexible meta-CASE environment, the PISCES M4 (MultiMedia Maintenance Manager) system. Of particular interest within this environment is the provision of a multimedia user interface (MUI) to die maintenance process. As a means of evaluating the PISCES method and to provide feedback into die ISCM process a number of practical applications have been modelled. In summary, this research has considered a number of concepts some of which are innovative in themselves, others of which are used in an innovative manner. In combination these concepts may be considered to considerably advance the knowledge and understanding of die comprehension process during the maintenance of legacy software systems. A number of publications have already resulted from the research and several more are in preparation. Additionally a number of areas for further study have been identified some of which are already underway as funded research and development projects.

<p>I examensarbetet har avvikelse- och underhållsrapporter rörande FörstaAmfibieregementets stridsbåtssystem analyserats för att finna eventuella brister. Iexamensarbetet finns statistik från hela 2008 representerat. Utifrån de rapporter ochden statisktik som dessa brister givit upphov till har de delsystem och komponentermed störst felfrekvens blivit granskade. I rapporten presenteras troliga orsaker tilluppkomna fel och brister, men även förslag på åtgärder för att öka tillgänglighetenpå systemet.Under arbetet med rapporten har det dock visat sig att marinens Drift, Informationoch Underhållsstödsystem (DIUS) kan vara den största orsaken till en minskadtillgänglighet. Systemet är inte anpassat för det stora antalet marina enheter ochpersonal som arbetar med systemet och de sistnämnda har inte alltid rätt utbildning.</p> / <p>This thesis has analysed incident and maintenance reports concerning the FirstMarine Regiment’s combat boat maintenance system. The aim was to find thosepossible deficiencies and shortcomings causing reduced accessibility. In addition, thethesis includes an analysis of maintenance-related statistics reported in 2008. Byusing these reports and statistical data as our factual base, we have examined thoseparts of the maintenance system and its components most frequently affected bydeficiencies and shortcomings. The thesis presents the most likely reasons for thesenegative occurrences, but also recommendations regarding measures that willincrease the overall accessibility.During our research, however, it also became evident that the main and most likelyreason for the reduced accessibility was the inherent capacity of the maintenancesystem (DIUS) used by the Royal Swedish Navy. In conclusion, this system is notsufficiently adapted to the great number of naval units and personnel who are usingit. Further, the naval personnel operating the system sometimes lack adequatetraining.</p>

I examensarbetet har avvikelse- och underhållsrapporter rörande FörstaAmfibieregementets stridsbåtssystem analyserats för att finna eventuella brister. Iexamensarbetet finns statistik från hela 2008 representerat. Utifrån de rapporter ochden statisktik som dessa brister givit upphov till har de delsystem och komponentermed störst felfrekvens blivit granskade. I rapporten presenteras troliga orsaker tilluppkomna fel och brister, men även förslag på åtgärder för att öka tillgänglighetenpå systemet.Under arbetet med rapporten har det dock visat sig att marinens Drift, Informationoch Underhållsstödsystem (DIUS) kan vara den största orsaken till en minskadtillgänglighet. Systemet är inte anpassat för det stora antalet marina enheter ochpersonal som arbetar med systemet och de sistnämnda har inte alltid rätt utbildning. / This thesis has analysed incident and maintenance reports concerning the FirstMarine Regiment’s combat boat maintenance system. The aim was to find thosepossible deficiencies and shortcomings causing reduced accessibility. In addition, thethesis includes an analysis of maintenance-related statistics reported in 2008. Byusing these reports and statistical data as our factual base, we have examined thoseparts of the maintenance system and its components most frequently affected bydeficiencies and shortcomings. The thesis presents the most likely reasons for thesenegative occurrences, but also recommendations regarding measures that willincrease the overall accessibility.During our research, however, it also became evident that the main and most likelyreason for the reduced accessibility was the inherent capacity of the maintenancesystem (DIUS) used by the Royal Swedish Navy. In conclusion, this system is notsufficiently adapted to the great number of naval units and personnel who are usingit. Further, the naval personnel operating the system sometimes lack adequatetraining.

Essen, Universiẗat, Diss., 2006--Duisburg.

The move towards integrating products and services has increased significantly. As a result, some business models, such as Product Service Systems (PSS) have been developed. PSS emphasises the sale of use of the product rather than the sale of the product itself. In this case, product ownership lies with the manufacturers/suppliers. Customers will be provided with a capable and available product for their use. In PSS, manufacturers/suppliers are penalised for any down time of their product according to the PSS contract. This has formed a pressure on the service providers (maintenance teams) to assure the availability of their products in use. This pressure increases as the products are scattered in remote places (customer locations). Authors have urged that different product monitoring levels are applied to enable service providers to monitor their products remotely allowing maintenance to be performed accordingly. They claim that by adopting these monitoring levels, the product performance will increase. Their claim is based on reasoning, not on experimental/empirical methods. Therefore, further experimental research is required to observe the effect of such monitoring levels on complex maintenance operations systems as a whole which includes e.g. product location, different types of failure, labour and their skills and locations, travel times, spare part inventory, etc. In the literature, monitoring levels have been classified as Reactive, Diagnostics, and Prognostics. This research aims to better understand and evaluate the complex maintenance operations of a product in use with different levels of product monitoring strategies using a Discrete Event Simulation (DES) approach. A discussion of the suitability of DES over other techniques has been provided. DES has proven its suitability to give a better understanding of the product monitoring levels on the wider maintenance system. The requirements for simulating a complex maintenance operation have been identified and documented. Two approaches are applied to gather these generic requirements. The first is to identify those requirements of modelling complex maintenance operations in a literature review. This is followed by conducting interviews with academics and industrial practitioners to find out more requirements that were not captured in the literature. As a result, a generic conceptual model is assimilated. A simulation module is built through the Witness software package to represent different product monitoring levels (Reactive, Diagnostics, and Prognostics). These modules are then linked with resources (e.g. labour, tools, and spare parts). To ensure the ease of use and rapid build of such a complex maintenance system through these modules, an Excel interface is developed and named as Product Monitoring Levels Simulation (PMLS). The developed PMLS tool needed to be demonstrated and tested for tool validation purposes. Three industrial case studies are presented and different experimentations are carried out to better understand the effect of different product monitoring levels on the complex maintenance operations. Face to face validation with case companies is conducted followed by an expert validation workshop. This work presents a novel Discrete Event Simulation (DES) approach which is developed to support maintenance operations decision makers in selecting the appropriate product monitoring level for their particular operation. This unique approach provides numerical evidence and proved that the higher product monitoring level does not always guarantee higher product availability.

The purpose of this master thesis is to develop a model for selecting a computerize Maintenance Management system CMMS. A literature survey for finding relevant theories using database Emerald was performed. The aim of the model is to select the best CMMS and it is a general model that could be used by any company to take the right decision for selecting the CMMS. In this thesis a case study has been performed for selecting the CMMS. The case company for this case study was Hammarplast AB in Tingsryd which is part of HammarplastGruppen. Ten years ago Hammarplast use to be very good in their preventive maintenance but since the production became more automatic and the people that work with maintenance also work with production development their maintenance have come behind. That is why Hammarplast are interested to have a CMMS that would help them to develop their maintenance performance. Four different CMMS (Movex, Dash vp, Tekla and Tribologen) has been analyzed by the authors. The choosing of CMMS was wishes from the case company. From our analyses we recommend Tekla as a CMMS to be used in the case company, since it satisfies the demand of the company by focusing on user friendly, cost, planning and improvement. But before buying Tekla the case company should try to investigate Movex more carefully. / Syftet med examensarbetet är att utveckla en modell för att välja ett datorbaserat underhållssystem (CMMS). En litteratur studie har utförts i databasen Emerald. Det är en generell modell som företag kan använda sig av och modellen strävar efter att välja den bästa CMMS. I detta arbete har en fallstudie utförts för att välja CMMS. Företaget som har används i fallstudien var Hammarplast i Tingsryd, som tillhör HammarplastGruppen. För tio år sedan var Hammarplast mycket duktiga på förebyggande underhåll men eftersom deras produktion blev mer automatisk och att personerna som arbetar med underhåll också arbetar med produktutveckling så har underhållet kommer efter. Därför är Hammarplast intresserade av att ha ett CMMS som hjälper dem utveckla deras underhåll. Fyra olika CMMS (Movex, Dash vp, Tekla och Tribologen) har analyserats av författarna. Valet av dessa CMMS var önskemål från företaget. Från analysen så rekommenderas Tekla som CMMS att använda i företaget, eftersom det tillfredställer kraven från företaget med fokus på användarvänlig, kostnad, planering och förbättring. Men innan anskaffning av Tekla bör en mer detaljerad utvärdering av Movex utföras.

<p>The purpose of this master thesis is to develop a model for selecting a computerize Maintenance Management</p><p>system CMMS. A literature survey for finding relevant theories using database Emerald was performed. The aim</p><p>of the model is to select the best CMMS and it is a general model that could be used by any company to take the</p><p>right decision for selecting the CMMS.</p><p>In this thesis a case study has been performed for selecting the CMMS. The case company for this case study</p><p>was Hammarplast AB in Tingsryd which is part of HammarplastGruppen. Ten years ago Hammarplast use to be</p><p>very good in their preventive maintenance but since the production became more automatic and the people that</p><p>work with maintenance also work with production development their maintenance have come behind. That is</p><p>why Hammarplast are interested to have a CMMS that would help them to develop their maintenance</p><p>performance.</p><p>Four different CMMS (Movex, Dash vp, Tekla and Tribologen) has been analyzed by the authors. The choosing</p><p>of CMMS was wishes from the case company. From our analyses we recommend Tekla as a CMMS to be used</p><p>in the case company, since it satisfies the demand of the company by focusing on user friendly, cost, planning</p><p>and improvement. But before buying Tekla the case company should try to investigate Movex more carefully.</p> / <p>Syftet med examensarbetet är att utveckla en modell för att välja ett datorbaserat underhållssystem (CMMS). En</p><p>litteratur studie har utförts i databasen Emerald. Det är en generell modell som företag kan använda sig av och</p><p>modellen strävar efter att välja den bästa CMMS.</p><p>I detta arbete har en fallstudie utförts för att välja CMMS. Företaget som har används i fallstudien var</p><p>Hammarplast i Tingsryd, som tillhör HammarplastGruppen. För tio år sedan var Hammarplast mycket duktiga på</p><p>förebyggande underhåll men eftersom deras produktion blev mer automatisk och att personerna som arbetar</p><p>med underhåll också arbetar med produktutveckling så har underhållet kommer efter. Därför är Hammarplast</p><p>intresserade av att ha ett CMMS som hjälper dem utveckla deras underhåll.</p><p>Fyra olika CMMS (Movex, Dash vp, Tekla och Tribologen) har analyserats av författarna. Valet av dessa CMMS</p><p>var önskemål från företaget. Från analysen så rekommenderas Tekla som CMMS att använda i företaget,</p><p>eftersom det tillfredställer kraven från företaget med fokus på användarvänlig, kostnad, planering och förbättring.</p><p>Men innan anskaffning av Tekla bör en mer detaljerad utvärdering av Movex utföras.</p>

Företaget som studien utförts på upplever ett problem vid hanteringen av underhållsarbete i fabriken. Processerna för felrapportering och beställning av reservdelar är tidskrävande och involverar arbete från flera olika parter. Merparten av allt underhållsarbete som utförs är av oplanerat slag och ett fungerande uppföljningsarbete för att komma till rätta med de pro-duktionsstörningar som äger rum i processen saknas. Syftet med examensarbetet har varit att skapa underlag för att förbättra företagets effektivitet genom att optimera underhållsarbetet med hjälp av förslag till ett underhållssystem och olika tillvägagångssätt för att effektivisera underhållsarbetet. Under arbetets gång har en underhållsloggbok utformats i Excel. Loggboken används till att logga alla underhållsarbeten som inträffar i produktionen. Dessa arbeten ligger till grund för merparten av de beräkningar som utförts under projektet. Beräkningarna syftade till att kartlägga var i processen flest fel inträffar och av vilken karaktär dessa fel är. För att påvisa potentialen i ett utvecklat underhållsarbete beräknades även vilka vinstmöjligheter som kan åstadkommas genom implementering av ett underhållssystem och nya arbetsmetoder. Studien resulterade i ett förslag till ett underhållssystem som anses lämpligt utefter företagets situation och problem. Utöver införandet av ett underhållssystem stod det även klart att fö-retaget behöver minska mängden oplanerade produktionsstopp. För att lyckas med detta är det viktigt att operatörerna involveras i underhållsarbetet och utför alla arbeten av enklare slag. Underhållsavdelningen kan då, tack vare mer frigjord tid fokusera på att finna grundor-saker till problem och utföra planerade underhåll för att minska mängden oplanerade under-håll. Att effektivisera underhållsarbetet och införa Total productive maintenance (TPM) är en tidskrävande process som kan ta många år. För att underlätta för företaget och minska risken för att trilla tillbaks i gamla vanor utformades en implementeringsmodell för TPM. Modellen är ämnad som ett framtida arbete för företaget i arbetet med att utveckla effektiviteten på företaget ytterligare. / The company in the study was experiencing a problem when it comes to dealing with maintenance-work. The processes for bug tracking and ordering of spare parts is time con-suming and involves work from several different people. Most of all maintenance work performed is unplanned and a functioning follow-up work is missing. The purpose of the thesis was to help improving the company's efficiency by optimizing the maintenance work. This was achieved by a proposal for a maintenance system and vari-ous approaches to improve the maintenance work. During the project a maintenance log book was been designed in Excel. The log book is used to log all maintenance activities that occur in the production. These logs are the basis for most of the calculations carried out during the project. The calculations aimed to identify where in the process most errors occur and what the na-ture of those errors are. To demonstrate the potential of a maintenance system the profit opportunities that can be achieved through the implementation of a maintenance system and new working methods were calculated. The study resulted in a proposal for a maintenance system that suited the company's needs, situation and problems. In addition to the introduction of a maintenance system, it was also clear that the company needs to reduce the amount of unplanned downtime. To achieve this it is important to involve the operators with maintenance work and they shall perform all the works of the simpler kind. The maintenance department can then, thanks to the re-leased time, focus on finding the root causes of problems and perform scheduled mainte-nance to reduce the amount of unplanned maintenance. Improving the maintenance work and introduce Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) is a time consuming process that might go on for years. In order to facilitate the work and re-duce the risk of falling back into old habits an implementation model was designed for the TPM-work. The model is intended as a future work for the company to facilitate the work of reaching even higher efficiency.

A manutenção industrial é um dos grandes desafios na área de automação e manufatura da indústria. Este desafio tem se apresentado, em âmbito nacional, pela adoção da prática “predizer e prevenir” ao invés de “falhar e consertar”. Enquanto o Brasil caminha para uma mudança de paradigma de manutenção, o cenário internacional se volta para soluções em manufatura sustentável que atendam aos requisitos “eco and green”. E a manutenção é parte crucial deste novo contexto de produção. Entretanto, somente nos anos noventa, a indústria européia começa a delinear estratégias de manutenção. A complexidade e multidisciplinaridade deste tema tem sido o principal obstáculo para melhoras substanciais na disciplina de manutenção. São nas estratégias de manutenção, aliadas ao crescente avanço em Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (TIC), que aparecem as possibilidades de superar as limitações e os desafios desta área de pesquisa. A Manutenção Inteligente (MI) é uma dessas estratégias e utiliza o paradigma baseado em condição (Condition-based maintenance) para aplicação da técnica “predizer e prevenir”. Contudo, uma das principais barreiras na adoção de MI é a sua transferência efetiva para o operador em chão de fábrica. O conhecimento gerado pelos sistemas MI deve ser transformado em informações inteligíveis e úteis para o operador. Entretanto, o acesso, o entendimento e o uso destes dados, durante a atividade de manutenção, não é um processo trivial, devido à sobrecarga de informações e sistemas envolvidos nestes processos. Surge, então, como alternativa para contornar este problema, o uso de técnicas de realidade mista como meio de potencializar a interface homem-máquina. A escolha, neste trabalho, por interfaces mistas, objetiva, não apenas a visualização, mas a integração e o gerenciamento da informação. A fim de alcançar estes objetivos, é desenvolvida uma abordagem baseada em modelo. A primeira etapa consiste na definição de um modelo conceitual que integre os diferentes domínios envolvidos na solução proposta. Nesta fase, foram identificadas três áreas da manutenção em que a realidade mista pode permitir um ganho significativo: diagnóstico, planejamento e segurança. A segunda etapa consiste na descrição formal de um modelo de dados para integrar e gerenciar informações de diversos formatos. Finalmente, é implementado um sistema de visualização para validar o modelo de dados em um conjunto de estudos de caso da indústria. Objetiva-se, com esta abordagem: (i) facilitar a identificação de quais componentes apresentam problemas, o que auxilia no processo de tomada de decisão nas tarefas de manutenção; (ii) a inclusão do human in the loop, com o sistema MI, em que o operador poderá solicitar dados e medições adicionais durante a atividade de manutenção; (iii) fornecer um modelo que integre dados de formatos distintos, que viabilize uma maneira fácil e flexível de configurar o ambiente virtual. A visualização mista, utilizada pelo operador de manutenção em chão de fábrica, pode representar uma vantagem competitiva para indústria, além de prover uma maior flexibilidade e segurança para o operador durante a atividade de manutenção. / Industrial maintenance is one of the major challenges in industrial automation and manufacturing area. This challenge presents itself on the national context by the transformation to "predict and prevent" rather than "fail and fix ". While the Brazil moves toward a paradigm shift of maintenance, the international context searches manufacturing sustainable solutions that reply according to eco and green requirements and the maintenance is crucial part of this new production environment. However, it was only in the nineties that European industry started discusses maintenance strategies. The maintenance complexity and the multidisciplinary have been the main limitations for substantial improvements in the maintenance discipline. There are maintenance strategies coupled with the advances in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) that arise the possibilities to overcome the limitations and challenges of this research area. The intelligent maintenance (IM) is one of these strategies and it uses the Condition-Based Maintenance paradigm (CBM). On the other hand one of the obstacles about the IM adoption is its effective transfer to the operator on the factory floor. The knowledge from IM systems must be transformed in understandable information and useful to the operator. However, the access, the understanding and the use of such information during the maintenance activity are not a trivial activity due the data and systems overload involved in these processes. Thus, arises as an alternative to solve this problem, the using mixed reality techniques to human-computer interface. The use of mixed interfaces in this thesis will aim not only to visualization but the integration and management of information. To achieve these goals was developed a model-based approach. The first step consisted in defining a conceptual model that address the domains involved in the solution proposed. At this stage were identified three main areas where the mixed reality could allow a significant change to maintenance activities: diagnosis, planning and security. The second step consisted in the formal description of a data model for integrating and management of information from multiple formats. Finally a visualization system was implemented to validate the data model in a set of case studies of industry. The goals of this thesis are: (i) to facilitate the identification of which components present problems in order to help in the decision making process of the maintenance tasks; (ii) the inclusion of the "human in the loop" into intelligent maintenance system, where the operator can request measurements and additional information during the maintenance process; (iii) to supply a model to integrate data of different formats making available an easy and flexible tool for configuring the virtual environment. The mixed reality, used by the maintenance operator on factory floor, may represent a competitive advantage for industry and provide greater flexibility and safety for operator during maintenance activity.

A competição global e a necessidade de otimização dos sistemas de produção e logística têm levado à necessidade de sistemas de manutenção mais eficientes. A habilidade de prever a ocorrência de falhas, através de Sistemas de Manutenção Inteligentes (Intelligent Maintenance Systems - IMS), pode evitar paradas não programadas e constituir uma grande vantagem competitiva. Além disso, um planejamento de demanda mais preciso em Cadeias de Suprimento de Peças de Reposição (Spare Parts Supply Chain - SPSC) resulta na disponibilidade de peças e serviços quando eles são necessários no chão de fábrica, evitando interrupções na produção. Uma integração adequada de ambos domínios é de grande importância neste contexto. Alguns dos desafios relativos a esta integração vêm das diferenças semânticas entre as áreas com diferentes vocabulários e conceitos. Este trabalho pretende propor uma modelagem semântica dos domínios através da criação de uma ontologia, provendo um vocabulário comum e uma integração semântica apropriada entre as áreas, como base para a construção futura de sistemas de informação para integrar IMS e SPSC. / Global competition and the need for logistic and production systems optimization has been leading to the need of more eficiente maintenance systems. Ability to forecast failures, through Intelligent Maintenance Systems (IMS), can avoid breakdowns and be a competitive advantage. Moreover, a more precise demand planning in Spare Parts Supply Chains (SPSC) results in the availability of parts and services when they are needed at shop floor, avoiding production interruptions. A proper integration of both domains is of utmost importance in this context. Some of the challenges related to this integration come from the semantic differences between areas with such a diversity of vocabulary and concepts. This work intends to propose a semantic modelling through the creation of an ontology, providing a common vocabulary and proper semantic integration, as basis for a future implementation of an integration information system between IMS and SPSC.