The early recollection technique has been in use since the late 1800s. In recent years early recollections have been utilized to analyze a number of different populations (e.g., alcoholics, homosexual men). The present study looks at the early recollections (ERs) of a number of male and female street involved youth. It is exploratory in nature as it presents the first ER research on street youth. No prior research was available for comparative purposes. The population consists of 32 subjects, whose average age is 20 years. Subjects were chosen from a downtown Vancouver drop-in centre. A scoring system, part of which was derived from an earlier study, is used to analyze the memories. The results generally indicate that males and females are passive agents in their actions, have memories that possess negative affect, and are externally controlled. In addition, the males have issues with their sexuality, and gender differences are evident with regard to role-activity and sexuality. This study also highlights the fact that more than half of the sample came from broken homes, had completed grade 10, had Catholic upbringings and, once on the street, were heavily involved in drug use. / Education, Faculty of / Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of / Graduate

The purpose of this study is to frame the cinematic male prostitute as a "fallen angel" to demonstrate that the evolution of the cinematic hustler has paralleled historicized ideological definitions of male homosexuality. Because cultural understandings of male homosexuality frequently reflect Judeo-Christian ideological significations of sin and corruption, the term "fallen angel" is utilized to describe the hustler as a figure who has also succumbed to sin due to his sexual involvement with other men. This study constructs an epochal analysis of eight films that explores the confluence of the social understanding of homosexuality with the cinematic image of the hustler from the mid 1960s through the present. In doing so, this study shows that the image of the cinematic hustler is intricately tied to the image of the male homosexual in material cultures and eras that produce them. A filmography is included.

I. Male heterosexual prostitution, women paying men for sexual services, is seldom mentioned in discussions of prostitution. While virtually ignored by social scientists, it has received attention in several recent magazine and newspaper articles. This paper reports the results of analyses of this literature. A typology of prostitute roles based on type of payment and organizational affiliation is presented and discussed. Control theory is used to explain the rise in female sexual deviance. II. This paper investigates the relevance of gender for labelling and its effect on adolescent delinquent self-conceptions in a sample of high school students. The sensitivity of females to the attitudes of others in their self-concept formation served as the basis for the formulation of several hypotheses regarding delinquent identity development and its consequences for male and female self-esteem. Boys were more likely than girls to have delinquent identities and to feel they were labelled as delinquent. The association between delinquent identities and labels varied by gender. Among those labelled as delinquent, girls are more likely than boys to have a delinquent identity. Both delinquent identities and labels have negative effects on self-esteem. Strain theory was used to explain the conditional effect of father's education. III. Large numbers of married women have entered the workforce during the past twenty years. This paper investigates effects of social position on choice of significant others in a sample of married couples. It is argued that working increases a person's social network of significant others, that not working results in a smaller network of significant others and greater dependence on them and the institutions with which they are associated. Female self-esteem is more dependent on marital quality. Spouse appreciation and marital quality are related to self-esteem, though the association varies by the self-esteem measure used. Marital quality and spouse appreciation are important for male and female self-esteem. These findings are consistent with previous research which shows that for both men and women similar social positions produce similarities in thought and behavior.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Este trabalho tem por objetivo produzir conhecimentos sobre a prostituiÃÃo masculina, com base em uma pesquisa realizada no centro de Fortaleza-CE. Nesta e em outras metrÃpoles, existe uma pluralidade de espaÃos onde homens jovens se prostituem com outros homens. Chamados de âmichÃsâ, âprostitutosâ, âboysâ e outras denominaÃÃes, eles exercem sua atividade nas ruas, em cinemas pornogrÃficos (âcinemÃesâ), bares, boates e motÃis, dentre outros ambientes. A pesquisa baseou-se em trabalho de campo realizado durante 18 meses. AlÃm de observaÃÃo sistemÃtica nos âpontosâ e equipamentos frequentados pelos michÃs, especialmente ruas, bares e âcinemÃesâ, foram feitas nove entrevistas semi-estruturadas com esses sujeitos. Constatou-se que mesmo que tenham desejos e prÃticas homoerÃticos, eles nÃo se identificam como tais. SÃo jovens de condiÃÃo social precarizada, na maioria proveniente de bairros perifÃricos, que exercem sua atividade profissional em um mercado sexual hierarquizado por critÃrios de juventude, masculinidade e habilidades nas prÃticas sexuais. O territÃrio nÃo à sà o palco por onde os garotos desfilam seus corpos em busca de clientes, mas o local da negociaÃÃo de desejos e fantasias para obtenÃÃo do lucro e do prazer. A prostituiÃÃo masculina à um fenÃmeno complexo, no qual a relaÃÃo entre identidade sexual, territorialidade e trabalho apresenta-se como elemento de grande relevÃncia. / This work aims at producing knowledge on male prostitution, based on research carried out in the central area of Fortaleza, CearÃ. In this and other metropolises, there is a plurality of spaces where young men prostitute themselves with other men. They are called âmichÃsâ, âprostitutesâ, âboysâ and other names, and they do their activity on the streets, pornographic movies theaters (âcinemÃesâ), bars, night clubs and motels, among other environments. The research was based on field work carried out during 18 months. Besides systematic observation of âpointsâ and places attended by michÃs, especially bars and âcinemÃesâ, nine semi-structures interviews were conducted with these subjects. The research showed that even if they were engaged in homoerotic practices, they do not identify themselves as such. They are young men of precarious social condition, and the majority comes from peripheral neighborhoods. They practice their activity in a sex market in which there is a hierarchy according to criteria of youth, masculinity, and sexual skills. Territory is not just the stage on which michÃs show their bodies in search of partners (costumers), but also the place for negotiation of desires and fantasies for obtaining profit and pleasure. Male prostitution is a complex phenomenon, in which the relationship between sexual identity, territory, and work is an element of great relevance.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A prostituiÃÃo alcanÃa hoje visibilidade acadÃmica e social notÃvel â o que se diferencia de aceitaÃÃo, respeito e abertura para a convivÃncia â de modo a personalizar muitas das discussÃes relativas à interseÃÃo trabalho-sexualidade. Concebe-se prostituiÃÃo enquanto trabalho sexual no qual se executam atos sexuais/erÃticos/afetivos de diversos modos, mediados por trocas de recursos materiais e simbÃlicos e, desta forma, sendo configurado um empreendimento comercial para a obtenÃÃo de ganhos financeiros. O garoto de programa, figura chave da chamada prostituiÃÃo masculina e desse estudo, pode ser definido como todo indivÃduo que, mediante remuneraÃÃo, de maneira habitual, sob qualquer forma, entrega-se em relaÃÃes sexuais com pessoas do mesmo sexo ou do sexo oposto. Atualmente esses trabalhadores do sexo sÃo relegados à marginalizaÃÃo, exclusÃo social, precariedade no trabalho e culpabilizaÃÃo; tendo o acesso à SaÃde, ao Direito do Trabalho, à SeguranÃa PÃblica e, principalmente, à dignidade, relegados quando associados a sua atividade laboral. Tal atividade lhes confere uma situaÃÃo de vÃnculo aparentemente intermitente ou debilitado em relaÃÃo ao mercado de trabalho. Estes vÃnculos precÃrios ocorrem despossuÃdos de objetivos coletivos bem definidos, carecendo de âinscriÃÃo do sujeito em estruturas portadoras de um sentidoâ e ainda de projetos integrados que deem sentido Ãs interaÃÃes sociais. Com base nisso, objetivou-se investigar a atividade laboral realizada por garotos de programa na cidade de Fortaleza, compreendendo suas implicaÃÃes e repercussÃes na vida desses trabalhadores, assim como identificar e caracterizar os pontos de prostituiÃÃo masculina e seus atores, em especial as saunas gays; conhecer as negociaÃÃes e regras presentes nestes contextos; examinar as diferenÃas relativas aos locais, pÃblico-alvo ou caracterÃsticas dos garotos; e analisar os processos de filiaÃÃo/desfiliaÃÃo vivenciados pela inserÃÃo/marginalizaÃÃo laboral e social dos garotos de programa. Optou-se por uma metodologia qualitativa na concepÃÃo da pesquisa, atravÃs de recursos etnogrÃficos na inserÃÃo e permanÃncia do pesquisador nos espaÃos de prostituiÃÃo masculina da cidade e pela AnÃlise SociolÃgica do Discurso como recurso para a realizaÃÃo de entrevistas e de anÃlise dos dados. ApÃs a identificaÃÃo dos espaÃos de prostituiÃÃo, foram escolhidas duas saunas gays da cidade como lÃcus de investigaÃÃo. Ao todo, foram dedicados 10 meses de observaÃÃo nesses locais, tendo sido realizadas 4 entrevistas formais e vÃrias outros conversas informais com garotos de programa dessas saunas. A prostituiÃÃo masculina em Fortaleza mostrou-se como um espaÃo de conflitos, de ausÃncia de direitos trabalhistas e, muitas vezes, civis e de cumprimento Ãs leis. Destaca-se, pela fala dos entrevistados, a violÃncia simbÃlica durante o trabalho, a ausÃncia de representatividade de classe, de visibilidade de interesses e de participaÃÃo na elaboraÃÃo de polÃticas voltadas a eles. à nesse espaÃo marginal que os garotos de programa atuam, utilizando recursos de criatividade para permanecer na atividade. Ao mesmo tempo, essa atividade està diretamente vinculada com a formaÃÃo de suas identidades pessoais, seu posicionamento diante do mundo e seu auto-julgamento de valor. / Prostitution today achieves outstanding academic and social visibility - which differs from acceptance, respect and openness for coexistence - in order to customize many of the discussions on the intersection work-sexuality. I understand prostitution as sex work that performs affective / erotic / sexual acts in various ways, encouraged by exchanges of material and symbolic resources and being set up as a commercial venture for financial gain. The rentboy, male prostitution main character and focus of this study, can be defined as any person who, for remuneration, in the usual way, in any form, indulges in sexual relations with persons of the same sex or opposite sex. Nowadays these sex workers are relegated to marginalization, social exclusion, job insecurity and guilt; having access to health, to Labor Law, Public Safety and to mainly dignity, relegated when associated with their work activities. This activity gives them a situation of intermittent or link apparently weakened in relation to the labor market. These precarious work contracts occur without well-defined collective goals, lacking "description of the subject in carrying structures of meaning" and integrated projects that give meaning to social interactions. Based on this, we aimed to investigate the work of male prostitutes in the city of Fortaleza, understanding the implications and impact of this work on the lives of rentboys, as well as identify and characterize the points of male prostitution and its actors, in particular the work performed in gay saunas; searches negotiations and rules contained in these contexts; examine differences related to local, targeted audience and characteristics of boys; and analyze the processes of affiliation / disaffiliation experienced by insertion / labor and social marginalization of male prostitutes.. We opted for a qualitative research methodology, through ethnographic resources in the insertion and retention of the researcher in the areas of male prostitution in the city and the Sociological Discourse Analysis as a resource for conducting interviews and data analysis. After identifying the areas of prostitution, two gay saunas in Fortaleza as a locus for research were chosen. 10 months of observation were dedicated saunas, 4 interviews were conducted formal and several informal conversations occurred with rentboys. Male prostitution in Fortaleza proved to be an area of conflict, the lack of labor rights and often civilians and comply with the laws. Were featured in the interviews: the symbolic violence at work, the lack of representation of class, visibility of interests and involvement in the development of policies to them. In this marginal space rentboys acts using resources of creativity to stay in the activity. At the same time, this activity is directly linked with the formation of their personal identity, their attitudes towards the world and its self-value judgment.

This thesis sets out to describe and discuss male street prostitution as it occurs in Durban. The aim is to examine to what degree male street prostitutes are at risk of HIV infection, and make appropriate recommendations for HIV intervention. The field data, gathered through participant observation, revealed significant differences between the two research sites, refiecting broader race and class divisions in the South African society. At the same time, the in-depth case studies of the individual participants suggest that they share similar socio-economic life histories characterised by poverty and dysfunctional families, and hold similar world-views. The research was conducted within a social constructionist framework, guided by theories of human sexuality. Yet, sexuality was not the framework within which the male street prostitutes in Durban attached meaning to their profession. Professing to be largely heterosexual, the respondents engaged in homosexual sexual acts without considering themselves to be homosexual, reflecting and amplifying the fluid nature of human sexuality. It was, however, within an economic framework that the male street prostitutes who participated in this study understood and interpreted their profession. The sexual aspect of their activities was far less important than the economic gain to them, and prostitution was interpreted as a survival strategy, A significant finding of this research is that male street prostitutes in Durban face a considerably higher risk of exposure to HIV from their non-paying sexual partners (lovers) than from their paying sex partners (clients). The research participants all had a good knowledge of HIV and the potential danger of transmission whilst engaging in unsafe commercial sex. In their private love lives, the participants were less cautious about exposing themselves and their partners to HIV infection, hence the conclusion that the respondents face a greater threat of HIV infection from their lovers than from their clients. Finally, male street prostitutes, like female street prostitutes, do however face some risk of HIV infection as a result of their involvement with commercial sex. The illegal nature of their activities is considered to contribute to an environment conducive to the transmission of HIV, and this thesis argues for a change in the legal status of commercial sex work as a primary component of HIV intervention in this vulnerable group of men and women. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2000.

SANTOS, Maria Lourdes dos. Da batalha na calçada ao circuito do prazer: um estudo sobre prostituição masculina no centro de Fortaleza. 2013. 192f. – Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Sociologia, Fortaleza (CE), 2013. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-10-22T13:12:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013-TESE-MLSANTOS.pdf: 2365647 bytes, checksum: b45d9efbba2c78d10499a36f85465c29 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-10-22T13:16:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013-TESE-MLSANTOS.pdf: 2365647 bytes, checksum: b45d9efbba2c78d10499a36f85465c29 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-10-22T13:16:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013-TESE-MLSANTOS.pdf: 2365647 bytes, checksum: b45d9efbba2c78d10499a36f85465c29 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / This work aims at producing knowledge on male prostitution, based on research carried out in the central area of Fortaleza, Ceará. In this and other metropolises, there is a plurality of spaces where young men prostitute themselves with other men. They are called “michês”, “prostitutes”, “boys” and other names, and they do their activity on the streets, pornographic movies theaters (“cinemões”), bars, night clubs and motels, among other environments. The research was based on field work carried out during 18 months. Besides systematic observation of “points” and places attended by michês, especially bars and “cinemões”, nine semi-structures interviews were conducted with these subjects. The research showed that even if they were engaged in homoerotic practices, they do not identify themselves as such. They are young men of precarious social condition, and the majority comes from peripheral neighborhoods. They practice their activity in a sex market in which there is a hierarchy according to criteria of youth, masculinity, and sexual skills. Territory is not just the stage on which michês show their bodies in search of partners (costumers), but also the place for negotiation of desires and fantasies for obtaining profit and pleasure. Male prostitution is a complex phenomenon, in which the relationship between sexual identity, territory, and work is an element of great relevance. / Este trabalho tem por objetivo produzir conhecimentos sobre a prostituição masculina, com base em uma pesquisa realizada no centro de Fortaleza-CE. Nesta e em outras metrópoles, existe uma pluralidade de espaços onde homens jovens se prostituem com outros homens. Chamados de “michês”, “prostitutos”, “boys” e outras denominações, eles exercem sua atividade nas ruas, em cinemas pornográficos (“cinemões”), bares, boates e motéis, dentre outros ambientes. A pesquisa baseou-se em trabalho de campo realizado durante 18 meses. Além de observação sistemática nos “pontos” e equipamentos frequentados pelos michês, especialmente ruas, bares e “cinemões”, foram feitas nove entrevistas semi-estruturadas com esses sujeitos. Constatou-se que mesmo que tenham desejos e práticas homoeróticos, eles não se identificam como tais. São jovens de condição social precarizada, na maioria proveniente de bairros periféricos, que exercem sua atividade profissional em um mercado sexual hierarquizado por critérios de juventude, masculinidade e habilidades nas práticas sexuais. O território não é só o palco por onde os garotos desfilam seus corpos em busca de clientes, mas o local da negociação de desejos e fantasias para obtenção do lucro e do prazer. A prostituição masculina é um fenômeno complexo, no qual a relação entre identidade sexual, territorialidade e trabalho apresenta-se como elemento de grande relevância.

Evidence of male sex work has a history as long as female sex work. There is century old evidence of male Sumarians and Greeks selling sex to other men. Men are today still selling sex to other men. This study showed that the elimination of sex work is practically impossible, and could only be accomplished by the gross denial of basic human rights. Male sex workers have not received the same attention from researchers as have their female counterparts. This is so despite the large numbers of male sex workers in cities all over the world who potentially contribute to the worldwide sexually transmitted infection rates. It is known that wherever indiscriminate sexual activities take place, the risk of transmission of infections are greater. The activities between the male sex worker and his client(s) determine the health problems they are exposed to. The purpose of this research was to determine what transpires between male sex workers and their client(s) in order to provide the sex workers with knowledge to better take care of their own health as well as the health of their clients. A qualitative research design was used to collect data by means of in-depth interviews and participant observation sessions. Research strategies that were also used included: description, ethnography, phenomenology, and the biographic methods of qualitative research. The research revealed that men who have sex with men (MSM) were exposed to forty-nine different preventable sexually transmitted infections including HIV/AIDS, trauma, violence, and alcohol and drug abuse. All these conditions relate to the lifestyle and activities of male sex workers. Recommendations were made regarding the removal of factors that hinder the delivery of programmes on safer sex to MSM. A booklet on safer sex for MSM was compiled by the researcher and distributed to all informants upon completion of the research. The neglected topic of male sex work was highlighted and health practitioners and other decision makers can now use the information in this thesis to make a contribution towards the better management of male sex work in South Africa in the interest of public health. / Health Studies / D.Litt et Phil. (Health Studies)

Evidence of male sex work has a history as long as female sex work. There is century old evidence of male Sumarians and Greeks selling sex to other men. Men are today still selling sex to other men. This study showed that the elimination of sex work is practically impossible, and could only be accomplished by the gross denial of basic human rights. Male sex workers have not received the same attention from researchers as have their female counterparts. This is so despite the large numbers of male sex workers in cities all over the world who potentially contribute to the worldwide sexually transmitted infection rates. It is known that wherever indiscriminate sexual activities take place, the risk of transmission of infections are greater. The activities between the male sex worker and his client(s) determine the health problems they are exposed to. The purpose of this research was to determine what transpires between male sex workers and their client(s) in order to provide the sex workers with knowledge to better take care of their own health as well as the health of their clients. A qualitative research design was used to collect data by means of in-depth interviews and participant observation sessions. Research strategies that were also used included: description, ethnography, phenomenology, and the biographic methods of qualitative research. The research revealed that men who have sex with men (MSM) were exposed to forty-nine different preventable sexually transmitted infections including HIV/AIDS, trauma, violence, and alcohol and drug abuse. All these conditions relate to the lifestyle and activities of male sex workers. Recommendations were made regarding the removal of factors that hinder the delivery of programmes on safer sex to MSM. A booklet on safer sex for MSM was compiled by the researcher and distributed to all informants upon completion of the research. The neglected topic of male sex work was highlighted and health practitioners and other decision makers can now use the information in this thesis to make a contribution towards the better management of male sex work in South Africa in the interest of public health. / Health Studies / D.Litt et Phil. (Health Studies)