Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:05:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo4328_1.pdf: 2606165 bytes, checksum: fef88f999d59657256197cb4add30c8c (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Esta dissertação situa-se na área de Etnologia Indígena, especificamente em Etnociência e tem como tema Etnomatemática dos Taliáseri: medidas de tempo e sistema numérico. É resultante de uma pesquisa etnográfica entre os Taliáseri, preponderantemente do clã Mali Makaliapi, que habitam na região do Médio Rio Uaupés, afluente do Rio Negro, na área indígena do Alto Rio Negro, conhecida na literatura antropológica como Noroeste amazônico. O trabalho justifica-se pela pouca quantidade de escritos sobre os Taliáseri e que pode servir como documento do grupo pesquisado, com conseqüente ampliação de estudos das sociedades indígenas no Brasil; e pela possível contribuição à expansão dos conhecimentos etnomatemáticos dos povos indígenas. A intenção é a de estudar e compreender os Taliáseri através de suas manifestações de saberes matemáticos que podem vir à tona através deste tipo de abordagem. O foco recai na mensuração da passagem do tempo que serve para organizar as atividades econômicas como agricultura e pesca; além do sistema numérico utilizado especificamente na medição do tempo e nas atividades de subsistência. Este trabalho baseia-se no pressuposto de que cada povo, inclusive os indígenas, possui sistema próprio de perceber, organizar e classificar sua realidade ambiental e cultural, em sendo assim, vem adotando ao longo de séculos sistemas de produção, estabelecendo sistemas sociais, criando sistemas de medidas do tempo e espaços específicos ao contexto vivido. Em outras palavras, eles criam os seus próprios conhecimentos aos quais chamamos de etnoconhecimentos ou etnociências. Diante disto, a dissertação foi dividida em três partes. Na primeira parte são conceituados alguns termos utilizados no trabalho seqüenciado pela contextualização histórica e geográfica dos Taliáseri. Em seguida a meta é evidenciar as unidades utilizadas pelos Taliáseri para medir a passagem de tempo e como organizam as atividades de agricultura e pesca. Por último é apresentada uma análise do sistema numérico utilizado pelos Taliáseri. A pesquisa realizada possibilitou explorar os saberes matemáticos dos Taliáseri e evidenciou que eles possuem suas próprias maneiras de mensurar o tempo para organizar suas atividades cotidianas, com destaque na agricultura como preparo, plantio e coleta nas roças; e na pesca como técnicas utilizadas para capturar peixe em diferentes épocas do rio

Entre 1992 et 2002, le président Alpha Oumar Konaré propulse un projet de monumentalisation de l’espace urbain de Bamako. Au lendemain du coup d’État qui met fin à la dictature de Moussa Traoré, ce projet apparait comme un levier afin de promouvoir une nouvelle identité nationale axée sur la démocratisation. À travers l’instauration de lieux de mémoire dans l’espace urbain de la capitale, ce projet invoque des événements, des personnages et des référents culturels du passé glorieux de la nation pour en faire les piliers de la nouvelle démocratie naissante. Le Mémorial Modibo Keita est un élément central de cette politique. En effet, le mémorial permet d’abord la réhabilitation du « père de la nation », bafoué par la dictature, puis, il met de l’avant, le souvenir d’un pionnier dans la mise en œuvre de la construction de l’identité nationale malienne. La construction de monuments en générale et celle du Mémorial Modibo Keita en particulier permet de tester les libertés démocratiques acquises puisqu’ils vont faire l’objet d’un grand débat dans l’espace public de Bamako. Ce qui ressort en filigrane de la construction du complexe mémoriel, c’est un conflit sur les représentations et sur les sens à donner à l’héritage culturel de Keita; et ultimement sur la pratique de la démocratie. Dans cet espace nouvellement démocratisé, les journaux de la capitale font état des débats qui se déroulent sur la place publique et qui participent par le fait même activement à la construction d’un nouveau Mali démocratique.

The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of financial problems on the productivity of the employees of the Department of Social Services, Population and Development, Ermelo District, as a way or method of helping troubled employees to identify causes of their financial problems and how the problems impact on their productivity. A quantitative approach was used to determine the impact that financial problems have on employees’ productivity. The researcher utilized the quantitative approach because she wanted to base her knowledge gained on objective measurements of the real world, not one someone’s opinion, beliefs or past experiences. Applied research was relevant to this study as the knowledge gained, can be utilized to resolve productivity problems impacted by financial problems. The study was an exploratory research as little is known about this subject. The researcher used probability sampling with a simple random sampling method to select the sample of 30 respondents from the population of 320 employees. The researcher compiled a questionnaire to collect information from the employee’s. The results derived from all the respondents indicated that, employees at the Department of Social Services Population and Development Ermelo District experience financial problems. The problem has a negative impact on their productivity and other problems are stated to be emanating from financial problems. It also revealed that there is no Employee Assistance Programme in the Department. The problems of employees are left unattended hence there is no method that is used to address them. It is then concluded that financial problems has a negative impact on the employee’s job productivity, hence there is a need for introduction and implementation of an Employee Assistance Programme. / Dissertation (MSD (EAP))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Social Work and Criminology / unrestricted

Introduction: The surprising presence of P. vivax in West Africa and their ability to infect a Duffy negative population is one more threat to public health. In order to contribute to malaria elimination efforts, there is a need to investigate the origin and characteristics of P. vivax population isolates in Northern Mali. Next Generation Sequence Analysis (NGSA) can help us understand parasite genetic characteristics although low parasite density is a challenge for whole genome sequencing (WGS). In the present work, we investigated if selective whole genome amplification (sWGA) can enrich P. vivax DNA extracted from Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs) for Whole Genome Sequencing. We also investigated the origin and the susceptibility to antimalarial drugs of the strains isolated in Northern Mali. Methods: Parasite DNA was extracted from 267 RDTs using the QIAamp DNA mini kit, then nested PCR and 7 samples were positive for P. vivax. After sWGA, the whole genomes were sequenced using the Illumina platform. Next Generation Sequences Analysis was done followed by population differentiation analyses. Twenty-two additional P. vivax whole genomes from other parts of the World were downloaded from the European Nucleotide Archive for further Neighbour Joining analysis. Results: The sequences extracted from RDTs showed high contamination with human DNA (80%). From the parasite DNA, in total 69529 SNPs were found in the seven P. vivax strains of Northern Mali. The most significant p-values per SNP were carried by the chromosomes 2, 3, 4, 5, 12, 13 and 14. With regard to variant effects, the Transition/Transversion ratio was 1.1. The density of variants with a high effect was 1.62%. There was no mutation associated with antimalarial drugs resistance on pvcrt-o or pvmdr-1 genes. Pairwise differentiation suggests a high degree of relatedness between P. vivax strains isolated in Northern Mali. The NeighboursJoining analysis shows clearly that strains from Mali cluster together and are genetically distinct from those from Mauritania, which shares a border with Mali. The strains isolated in Northern Mali are genetically closer to those from Madagascar, India and Latina America. Conclusion: We did not identify mutations associated to the resistance to antimalarial drugs in pvcrt-o and pvmdr-1 genes. This study confirms that P. vivax strains genetically distinct from those of Mauritania are circulating in Mali. Finally, we conclude that sWGA is a feasible approach for P. vivax DNA enrichment for WGS despite the high proportion of human contamination.

This paper seeks to investigate why did ECOWAS’s AFISMA fail to resolve the Malian conflict between 2012 and 2013. The idea is not to go over the different challenges that ECOWAS faced in handling the Malian conflict but to instead establish the single main challenge that inhibited ECOWAS from achieving its desired goals in resolving and managing the crisis in Mali. This thesis employed the theoretical framework of neoliberal institutionalism. Methodologically, this thesis has utilised critical discourse  analysis method.  The paper will analyse data from both primary sources (i.e ECOWAS’ policy documents, United Nations Security Council (UNSC) resolutions on the Mali crisis, AU documents, Mali’s government documents, speeches and reports) and secondary sources (i.e news articles and media reports). This paper is arguing that the reason why ECOWAS’s AFISMA failed to resolve the Malian conflict with regards to its conflict management quest in Mali is the community’s lack of ownership of its military intervention initiative in the country. In agreement with its hypothesis the paper concluded by positing that indeed the ‘reason why ECOWAS’s AFISMA failed in its conflict management quest in Mali is the community’s lack of ownership of its military intervention initiative in the country’.

Cette étude met un accent sur les modes de coordination verticale identifiés dans la filière d’exportation de la mangue fraîche malienne. En effet, nos analyses ont porté sur l’identification, la description et la caractérisation des modes de coordination verticale dans la filière d’exportation de la mangue fraîche malienne. En plus, des recommandations ont été formulées aux acteurs de la filière en matière de coordination verticale qui réduit les problèmes de qualité (réductions des pertes) et qui favorise un meilleur partage des bénéfices. Un cadre d’analyse portant sur la théorie des coûts de transaction a été privilégié pour comprendre l’existence ou la coexistence des différents modes de coordination verticale identifiés dans la filière. Par la suite, une grille d’analyse sur les caractéristiques des modes de coordination verticale a été élaborée à partir de Williamson (1991) ; Masten et Soussier (2000) ; Peterson et al. (2001) ; OCDE (2007) et Geyskens et al. (2006) afin d’analyser les modes de coordination verticale identifiés dans cette étude. De plus, des investigations ont été menées dans les différents bassins de production de la mangue au Mali en vue de rencontrer les acteurs ciblés par cette recherche (producteur, pisteurs et exportateurs) dans le but de collecter les informations nécessaires pour répondre à nos objectifs de recherche. Aussi, l’approche choisie est de type qualitatif qui combine l’utilisation d’un questionnaire et des guides d’entretien. À partir de nos analyses, quatre modes de coordination verticale ont été identifiés dans la filière d’exportation de la mangue fraîche malienne, il s’agit de : (i) le marché au comptant, (ii) le contrat écrit (formel) (iii) le contrat relationnel (verbal ou informel) et (iv) l’intégration verticale. Ces modes de coordination verticale sont différents selon les caractéristiques élaborées dans notre grille d’analyse, comme on a pu le constater dans l’analyse des données collectées sur le terrain. Mots-clés : Coordination verticale, contrat relationnel, contrat écrit, intégration verticale, coût de transaction, filière, actif spécifique. / This study focuses on the vertical coordination methods identified in the export chain of fresh Malian mango. In fact, our analyzes focused on the identification, description and characterization of vertical coordination methods in the Malian fresh mango export sector. In addition, recommendations were made to the actors of the sector in terms of vertical coordination that reduces quality problems (loss reduction) and promotes a better sharing of benefits. An analytical framework on the theory of transaction costs was favored to understand the existence or coexistence of the different modes of vertical coordination identified in the sector. Subsequently, an analysis grid on the characteristics of vertical coordination modes was developed from Williamson (1991); Masten and Soussier (2000); Peterson & al. (2001); OECD (2007) and Geyskens & al. (2006) to analyze the vertical coordination modes identified in this study. In addition, investigations were carried out in the various production basins of mango in Mali in order to meet the actors targeted by this research (producer, trackers and exporters) in order to collect the information necessary to meet our objectives of research, the chosen approach is of a qualitative type that combines the use of a questionnaire and interview guides. Based on our analyzes, four modes of vertical coordination have been identified in the Malian fresh mango export chain, namely: (i) the spot market, (ii) the written (formal) contract ( iii) the relational contract (verbal or informal) and (iv) vertical integration. These vertical coordination modes are different according to the characteristics elaborated in our analysis grid, as we have seen in the analysis of data collected in the field. Keywords: Vertical coordination, relationship contract, written contract, vertical integration, transaction cost, sector, specific asset.

L'objectif principal de cette thèse est de brosser un portrait de la santé reproductive des femmes travailleuses du sexe (FTSs) de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (Bénin et Mali) afin d'informer les décideurs et ainsi d'adapter les programmes qui assurent des services au sein de cette population vulnérable. Cette démarche vise à prévenir la mortalité maternelle en évitant les grossesses non désirées et en accompagnant et ciblant les femmes qui désirent des grossesses pendant la pratique du travail du sexe. Pour ce faire, trois objectifs spécifiques ont été définis. Premièrement, faire un survol des facteurs de risque associés aux grossesses lors de la pratique du travail du sexe. Deuxièmement, quantifier la survenue des grossesses et leur issue avant et pendant cette pratique du travail du sexe. Finalement, déterminer les intentions qui entourent les grossesses et l'association entre leur survenue et cette intention. Tout d'abord, notons que les facteurs de risque ont été identifiés à l'aide d'une régression de Poisson avec équation d'estimation généralisée et d'une sélection descendante des facteurs de risque. Les principaux facteurs associés aux grossesses et identifiés dans le cadre de cette thèse sont : le jeune âge des FTSs, pratiquer le travail du sexe depuis plus de deux ans et avoir un petit ami. Le devis transversal de cette analyse ne permet pas de tenir compte de la temporalité ni d'évaluer une association causale potentielle. La grande taille de l'échantillon et la représentativité de celui-ci permettent la transférabilité des résultats à la population générale des FTSs. De plus, la comparaison des issues de grossesses avant et après la pratique du travail du sexe a été faite à l'aide du khi carré de McNemar, et le calcul des taux d'incidence à l'aide d'un modèle linéaire généralisé et d'imputations multiples. L'évaluation de la survenue des grossesses a permis d'identifier que le taux d'incidence de grossesse était deux fois plus élevé avant la pratique du travail du sexe que pendant. Enfin, le taux d'avortement est beaucoup plus élevé pendant la pratique du travail du sexe. Le sujet très sensible des grossesses et l'illégalité des avortements entraînent nécessairement une sous-estimation de l'incidence des grossesses et du taux d'avortement. Le fait que des professionnelles de recherche formées aient questionné les femmes dans des cliniques consacrées aux FTSs a aidé à diminuer ces biais. Finalement, la distinction entre les grossesses survenues avant et pendant la pratique du travail du sexe a permis d'avoir une vision plus claire du taux d'incidence associé à ce travail, évitant ainsi des biais d'information. Enfin, des données longitudinales récoltées sur une période d'un an ont été utilisées pour mesurer l'association entre l'intention d'avoir une grossesse et la survenue d'une grossesse pendant la pratique du travail du sexe. L'intention d'avoir une grossesse a été évaluée au recrutement et à six mois à l'aide d'une mesure multidimensionnelle prospective développée et validée pour l'étude. La survenue de grossesse a été mesurée à l'aide d'un test d'urine et d'une question rétrospective à six et 12 mois. L'intention a été définie en trois catégories afin de tenir compte de l'ambivalence, et a été mesurée prospectivement. L'association a été mesurée à l'aide d'un modèle à risque proportionnel de Cox, et la mesure de l'intention a été validée à l'aide d'une analyse hiérarchique par grappe (clustering). L'inverse de probabilité de censure a aussi été utilisé afin de tenir compte des femmes perdues au suivi. Une femme sur six désire un enfant dans les six prochains mois, et ce, malgré la pratique du travail du sexe. Une sur quatre est ambivalente. Trois sur cinq ne veulent pas devenir enceintes. Selon l'intention, la survenue d'une grossesse augmente de façon proportionnelle. Les données sont autorapportées et donc sujettes à la désirabilité sociale, alors que les pertes au suivi ont diminué la capacité de détecter une association, bien qu'une tendance semble présente. En conclusion, malgré la pratique du travail du sexe, il n'est pas rare qu'une femme désire avoir un enfant. En dépit de cette réalité, le taux d'incidence des grossesses reste deux fois plus élevé avant la pratique du travail du sexe. Par contre, les avortements s'avèrent plus fréquents « pendant ». Les femmes qui tombent enceintes pendant la pratique du travail du sexe, sans regard à l'intention, semblent plus vulnérables. / The main objective of this thesis was to gather information on the reproductive health of West African (Benin and Mali) female sex workers (FSWs). This knowledge will inform policymakers and help adapt the programs that provide services to this vulnerable population. This process aims at reducing maternal mortality by preventing unwanted pregnancies while identifying and supporting women who want a pregnancy during their sex work practice. To do so, three objectives were defined. Firstly, to provide an overview of the risk factors associated with pregnancy during sex work practice. Secondly, to quantify pregnancy occurrence and its outcomes before and during sex work practice. Finally, to identify the intentions surrounding the pregnancies and evaluate the association between pregnancy occurrence and intention. In the first place, the risk factors were identified using Poisson regression with Generalized Estimating Equations and robust variance. A backward selection was used. The principal risk factors associated with pregnancies and identified in this thesis were, younger age, practicing sex work for more than two years and having a boyfriend. The cross-sectional design did not allow to take the temporality into account and to evaluate the potential causal association. The results could be transferred to the FSWs' general population because of the large sample size and its representativeness. In the second place, a comparison between pregnancy outcomes occurring before and during sex work practice was carried out using McNemar chi-square. In addition, general linear models with multiple imputations were used to estimate and compare the incidence rate of pregnancy before and during sex work practice. The pregnancy incidence rate was twice higher before than during sex work practice. Moreover, the abortion rate was higher during sex work practice. The sensitivity surrounding pregnancy and the illegal aspect of abortions may lead to an underestimation of pregnancy occurrence and abortion rate. To minimise such biases, FSWs were recruited and interviewed at FSW-friendly clinics by trained research professionals. Finally, the distinction between pregnancies occurring before and during sex work practice allows a clearer evaluation of the incidence rate associated with sex work practice and prevents information biases. In the third place, the estimation of the association between pregnancy intention and pregnancy occurrence during sex work practice was evaluated using longitudinal data over a one-year period. The intention to become pregnant was assessed at baseline and at six months using a multidimensional measure specifically developed and validated for this study. Pregnancy occurrence was measured with a urine test and retrospective questions at six and twelve months. A Cox proportional hazard model was used to quantify the association and a cluster analysis to corroborate the multidimensional measure of pregnancy intention. Losses to follow-up were considered using the inverse of probability of censoring weights. One out of six women wanted a child in the next six months despite practicing sex work, one out of four was ambivalent and three out of five did not want to get pregnant. Pregnancy intention was measured prospectively and defined using three categories to include the ambivalence. The pregnancy occurrence increased proportionally to the intention level. Data were self-reported and could thus have entailed a social desirability bias. Losses to follow-up could have decreased the statistical power preventing the capability to detect a significant association even though a trend seemed to be present. In conclusion, it is not infrequent that women desire children although practicing sex work. Despite this reality, the pregnancy incidence rate was twice higher before sex work practice and abortions more frequent during sex work. Finally, women who face a pregnancy while practicing sex work seem more vulnerable.

The parasitic weeds belonging to the genus Striga are among the world's most tenacious, prolific and destructive agricultural pests. Crop loss estimates due to Striga infestations can reach 100 percent. Furthermore, the weeds' affinity for low-fertility soils and low rainfall means that those farming the most marginal lands are most severely affected. Nonetheless, subsistence farmer have yet to adopt seemingly beneficial control practices to any appreciable degree. This paper develops a bio-economic model capable of identifying: (1) affordable, effective Striga control practices consistent with the resource constraints of subsistence farmers; and (2) barriers to the adoption of those practices. The model is comprised of two components: a biological component modeling Striga population dynamics, and an economic component representing the production opportunity set, resource constraints, and price parameters farmers face. The model is applied to two zones in Northwestern Mali, Sirakorola and Mourdiah, and solved using non-linear, dynamic programming. Data collected by the USAID IPM-CRSP/Mali project are used to specify the economic parameters of the model. A new technique for estimating the lower bound of a farmer's production planning horizon is also developed and employed in the application of the model to Sirakorola and Mourdiah. The results of several model scenarios indicate that the availability of information regarding the efficacy of Striga control practices is a primary barrier to their adoption by subsistence farmers. The movement of Striga seed between fields, however, is of limited importance. The "optimal control practices" identified by the model depend on the size and demographic composition of the production unit (UP), the zone in which the UP is located, and the cash budget available to the UP. At low budget levels, the model suggests planting millet without fertilizer at a high density in Sirakorola and a low density in Mourdiah. At high budget levels, the model suggests planting millet at a high density in both zones while applying urea. The benefits of adopting the optimal set of practices are presented in both nutritional and financial terms, and can reach as much as a ten-fold increase in the nutritional content of and financial returns to a harvest. / Ph. D.

Population dynamics of selected pests (Panonychus ulmi, Aculus schlechtendali, Aphis citricola, Dysaphis plantaginea spp.) in Virginia apple orchards and predators (Leptothrips mali, Haplothrips subtilissimus, Orius insidiosus, Stethorus punctum, Dereacoris nebulosus, Chrysopa spp.) were monitored during 1977-78 under 3 reduced pesticide programs. The pesticide program with phosalone and Dikarᴿ as its principal components allowed the largest number of predators to remain in the orchard and controlled most pests. L. mali and H. subtilissimus were the most abundant predators and appeared to respond numerically to densities of A. schlechtendali. O. insidiosus and D. nebulosus usually increased late in the season and S. punctum responded to densities of P. ulmi inconsistently but together with thrips may have had an important role in reducing P. ulmi populations. Chrysopa spp. remained at consistently low levels throughout the study. Laboratory studies indicated that phosalone and Dikar were the least toxic to L. mali among the pesticides tested. Benomyl can probably be substituted for Dikar in order to lessen mortality of A. schlechtendali in the field. L. mali was studied in the laboratory to determine aspects of its development, biology and prey relationships. Mean development time (days) for each stage at 23.9°C was: egg, 7.5; Ist larva, 5.7; 2nd larva, 5.4; prepupa, 1.0; pupa I, 1.5; pupa II, 4.0 and total (eggadult), 25.6. The preoviposition period ranged 5-7 days and the mean no. eggs/lab-reared (LR) and field collected (FC) females were: mated - LR, 13.0; FC, 28.0 and unmated - LR, 11.7; FC, 45.1. Mean longevity (days) of unmated females (LR, 50.1 and FC, 54.2, respectively) was greater than that for males and mated females. L. mali completed development on Golden Delicious apple pollen in 23 days (1st stage larva - adult). This thrips fed on the following orchard pests: A. schlechtendali, Tetranychus urticae, Lecanium corni, and on the eggs of Laspeyresia pomonella and Platynota flavedana. No feeding was observed on S. punctum, but L. mali fed on the phytoseiid mite, Proprioseius oudemansi. The functional response of all feeding stages of L. mali to densities of P. ulmi was determined at 18.3, 23.9, and 29.4°C and the numerical response of adult female L. mali to this mite species was investigated. The greatest effect of temperature on the functional response curve was observed with field collected adult female L mali. The numerical response of L. mali reached a maximum of 0.70 eggs/ female/48 h. The individual or joint potential impact of L. mali with S. punctum or O. insidiosus on P. ulmi was evaluated in the laboratory. At a mite density of 45/arena, L. mali with S. punctum killed significantly more P. ulmi than L. mali or S. punctum alone. In 75% of the replicates where L. mali was combined with O. insidiosus, the latter killed and consumed the thrips. A simple, non-destructive, but inefficient visual sampling method for L. mali on apple foliage was compared to a destructive, time-consuming, efficient limb-tapping sampling technique. With this comparison the usefulness of the visual sampling method was improved, thus increasing the potential of this sampling technique. / Ph. D.

This study assesses the research benefits of IPM technologies and management practices aimed at reducing the virus problem in tomatoes in West Africa. Surveys are conducted with producers, extension agents, scientists, and other experts to obtain information and economic surplus analysis is used to project benefits over time. The determinants of adoption are assessed using a probit model. Results show that adoption of the host-free period reduced the amount of insecticide sprays by 71% and the production cost by $200/ha in Mali. The cost-benefit analysis indicated that the use of virus-tolerant seeds generated profits ranging from $1,188 to $2,116/ha in Mali and from $1,789 to $4,806/ha in Senegal. The likely factors influencing adoption of the technologies in both countries are the frequency of extension visits, farmer's field school training, gender, education, seed cost, tomato area, and experience in tomato losses. The benefits in the closed economy market vary from $3.4 million to $14.8 million for the host-free period, $0.5 million to $3 million for the virus-tolerant seeds, and $4.8 million to $21.6 million for the overall IPM program. In the same order, the benefits under the open economy market range from $3.5 million to $15.4 million, $0.5 million to $3million, and $5 million to $24 million. The distribution pattern indicates that producers gain one-third and consumers two-thirds of the benefits. Our results support policies aiming to increase the adoption rate or the expected change in yield. / Master of Science