Increased concerns have been raised regarding the lack of coherence between interior design education and its industry in China. Although this phenomenon persists, there have been limited research studies addressing the issue. The underlying causes of the lack of coherence remains, and the industry's expectations remain unclear. Therefore, the overall aim of this study is to explore the interactive dynamics in client-designer relationships during the design process, in order to define the industry's expectations on essential designer skills that will enable the closure of the gap between education and practice. In-depth interviews were conducted as the data collection method in this study. Twelve participants comprising six clients and six designers were selected under a purposive sampling procedure. Data collection, analysis and limitations of the study were explored. The current industry context was identified from the literature. Five broad themes were identified from the findings: progression in design perceptions; interactive dynamics; power relations; client-designer relationship; and features in design process. The inter-relations between the current industry context and themes were examined and a framework for interior designer training and ‘model' skills for interior designers are proposed, and the industry's expectations and situated influences were identified that addressed the long standing knowledge gap between education and practice. The framework comprises three aspects of client-designer relationships that reflect different designer's roles in the current industry context. The ‘model' skills may serve as sets of criteria to support or examine the conditions. The framework and its ‘model' skills could be adapted into strategic plans and developed into practical client-management techniques; this may help designers or organizations operating proactively, to be prepared to encounter either familiar or challenging situations.

To date, several disciplines have broached the systems view of service and the engineering of service systems. Operations research applied to services began with a rather simplistic, macro view of resource integration in the form of data envelopment analysis (DEA), introduced by Charnes, Cooper and Rhodes in 1978 (Banker et al., 1984; Charnes et al., 1994). Micro models of service systems have tended to study the systems’ IT components (Hsu, 2009; Qiu 2009). Engineering, which has always been associated with ‘assembling pieces that work in specific ways’ (Ottino, 2004) and ‘a process of precise composition to achieve a predictable purpose and function’ (Fromm, 2010: 2), has contributed to greater scalability and purposeful control in service systems. However, the agents of the system are usually people whose activities may not easily be controlled by predictable processes and yet are critical aspects of the value-creating system (Ng et al., 2011b). There is need for a new combinative paradigm, such as third-generation activity theory, in which two or more activity systems come into contact, to explore dialogue, exchanging perspectives of multiple actors, resulting in networks or groups of activity systems that are constantly interacting (Marken, 2006; Nardi, 1996, Oliveros et al., 2010). While various systems approaches, such as general systems theory (von Bertalanffy, 1962); open systems theory (Boulding, 1956; Katz and Kahn, 1978); and viable systems approach (Barile, 2008; Beer, 1972; Golinelli, 2010), will not be reviewed here (see Ng et al., 2011a for a systems approach to service science), they share common tenets: boundaries, interfaces, hierarchy, feedback and adaptation to which most systems writers would add emergence, input, output and transformation (Kast and Rosenzweig, 1972). These terms may be used as a basis for a research agenda for the consideration of a service system.

Codirection: Dr. Gonzalo Lizarralde / Les projets d’aménagement souffrent de problèmes de performance et de décalages significatifs entre ce qui est planifié et est effectivement réalisé. L’objectif principal de la thèse est d’examiner le phénomène permettant au projet d’aménagement de s’organiser et de se réaliser. L’hypothèse générale avance que :  Les projets influencent, transforment et créent les organisations qui les réalisent, selon un processus dynamique et récursif de structuration et d’organisation. Ce processus d’« organisation active » génère des transformations – organisationnelles et processuelles – liées à la nature même du projet. Pour vérifier cette hypothèse générale, une grille des ontologies a été élaborée, sur la base de quatre champs de connaissances, soit : (a) l’organisation et ses structures ; (b) le projet et ses processus ; (c) l’artefact et sa conception et ; (d) la dynamique des acteurs. La mise en relation de ces champs de connaissances fait appel à l’approche systémique à l’intérieur du cadre paradigmatique de la complexité. La méthodologie se déploie en trois volets, répartis sur les cinq articles de la thèse : l’article no1 présente une exploration théorique de la problématique ; les articles no2, 3 et 4 déploient des études de cas et des case survey ; l’article no5 propose une étude de cas longitudinale, s’échelonnant sur trois ans, visant l’élaboration de la cartographie des processus décisionnels. Les cinq articles de la thèse explorent les enjeux suivant : (no1) l’approche par le design et la dynamique des acteurs ; (no2) l’informalité des communications et de la coordination ; (no3) les facteurs de contingences qui influencent la « structuration » de la multiorganisation temporaire – MOT;  (no4) les typologies de la MOT, et ; (no5) l’itérativité des processus décisionnels et leurs influences sur les structures organisationnelles. Sept résultats permettent de valider les sous-hypothèses : qu’un processus d’« organisation active » génère des transformations – organisationnelles et processuelles – liées à la nature même du projet. Aussi, le projet d’aménagement : (1) est réalisé autant par des approches de gestion traditionnellement formelles et linéaires que par des processus de conception – qui sont, eux, non linéaires et auto-organisants, articulés à partir d’approches systémiques ; (2) amène à repenser ses propres processus de réalisation, et ; (3) constitue un facteur de contingence et influence la structure de la MOT créée pour développer le projet lui-même. La thèse révèle la diversité et la complexité des processus et des configurations organisationnelles, contribuant à produire une représentation multidimensionnelle de la conduite effective du projet. Trois contributions importantes, ouvrant la voie à de nouvelles recherches, découlent de ces conclusions, soit : (1) la construction du cadre des ontologies du projet et son articulation par les outils de la systémique ; (2) l’existence des constellations interorganisationnelles et des typologies de la MOT, et ; (3) l’énoncé du concept du « projet organisant » voulant que le projet « s’organise et organise » les processus et les organisations, par le jeu multiple des acteurs. / Construction projects are often affected by lower levels of performance and significant gaps between what is planned and what is actually realized. This thesis aims to examine the phenomenon that allows the built environment project to organize itself and carry out its objectives. The hypothesis states that: projects influence, transform and create the organizations that conduct them, following a dynamic and iterative process, referred to as «self- organizing » and «  structuring ». This « active organizing » process generates transformations – organizational and structural – conditioned by the very nature of the project itself. To validate this hypothesis, an ontological frame, based on four categories of analysis has been devised, including: (a) organization and structures; (b) the project and its processes; (c) the artefact and its design, and; (d) actors’ dynamic. These fields are put in relations using systemic principles and tools within the paradigmatic frame of complexity. The methodology includes three steps, deployed along five articles : article no1 presents the research problem and theoretical framework; articles no2, 3 and 4 use case studies and case surveys for the study of various aspects of the organizational structures; article no5 presents a longitudinal case study, spanning three years, which examined decision processes. The five articles explore the following topics: (no1) the design thinking approach to projects and actors’ dynamic behavior ; (no2) the informality of communications and coordination ; (no3) contingency factors that influence the « structuring » of the temporary multiorganization – TMO;  (no4) the typologies of the TMO, and ; (no5) the study of iterative processes and their influence on organizational structures. Seven results validate sub-hypotheses that state that: a process of «self-organization » generates transformations – organizational and processual – linked to the specific nature of the project. Therefore, the project : (1) is conducted by both formalized and often linear management approaches as well as  iterative design process, the former being non-linear and self-organizing and responding to systemic principles ; (2) contributes to create its own processes of development, and ; (3) constitutes a contingency factor that influences the structuring of the TMO that is created to conduct the project itself. This analysis reveals the diversity and complexity of organizational processes and structures, producing a multidimensional representation of project behaviour. Three important contributions are drawn from these conclusions : (1) the frame of ontologies of the project and its underlying systemic functioning ; (2) the existence of inter-organizational work constellations and a typology of six TMO configurations, and ; (3) the statement of the « organizing  project » that, through the « self-organization » approach, « organizes » itself and the processes and organization that are created to conduct it, through actors’ multiple roles.

Les projets d’aménagement souffrent de problèmes de performance et de décalages significatifs entre ce qui est planifié et est effectivement réalisé. L’objectif principal de la thèse est d’examiner le phénomène permettant au projet d’aménagement de s’organiser et de se réaliser. L’hypothèse générale avance que :  Les projets influencent, transforment et créent les organisations qui les réalisent, selon un processus dynamique et récursif de structuration et d’organisation. Ce processus d’« organisation active » génère des transformations – organisationnelles et processuelles – liées à la nature même du projet. Pour vérifier cette hypothèse générale, une grille des ontologies a été élaborée, sur la base de quatre champs de connaissances, soit : (a) l’organisation et ses structures ; (b) le projet et ses processus ; (c) l’artefact et sa conception et ; (d) la dynamique des acteurs. La mise en relation de ces champs de connaissances fait appel à l’approche systémique à l’intérieur du cadre paradigmatique de la complexité. La méthodologie se déploie en trois volets, répartis sur les cinq articles de la thèse : l’article no1 présente une exploration théorique de la problématique ; les articles no2, 3 et 4 déploient des études de cas et des case survey ; l’article no5 propose une étude de cas longitudinale, s’échelonnant sur trois ans, visant l’élaboration de la cartographie des processus décisionnels. Les cinq articles de la thèse explorent les enjeux suivant : (no1) l’approche par le design et la dynamique des acteurs ; (no2) l’informalité des communications et de la coordination ; (no3) les facteurs de contingences qui influencent la « structuration » de la multiorganisation temporaire – MOT;  (no4) les typologies de la MOT, et ; (no5) l’itérativité des processus décisionnels et leurs influences sur les structures organisationnelles. Sept résultats permettent de valider les sous-hypothèses : qu’un processus d’« organisation active » génère des transformations – organisationnelles et processuelles – liées à la nature même du projet. Aussi, le projet d’aménagement : (1) est réalisé autant par des approches de gestion traditionnellement formelles et linéaires que par des processus de conception – qui sont, eux, non linéaires et auto-organisants, articulés à partir d’approches systémiques ; (2) amène à repenser ses propres processus de réalisation, et ; (3) constitue un facteur de contingence et influence la structure de la MOT créée pour développer le projet lui-même. La thèse révèle la diversité et la complexité des processus et des configurations organisationnelles, contribuant à produire une représentation multidimensionnelle de la conduite effective du projet. Trois contributions importantes, ouvrant la voie à de nouvelles recherches, découlent de ces conclusions, soit : (1) la construction du cadre des ontologies du projet et son articulation par les outils de la systémique ; (2) l’existence des constellations interorganisationnelles et des typologies de la MOT, et ; (3) l’énoncé du concept du « projet organisant » voulant que le projet « s’organise et organise » les processus et les organisations, par le jeu multiple des acteurs. / Construction projects are often affected by lower levels of performance and significant gaps between what is planned and what is actually realized. This thesis aims to examine the phenomenon that allows the built environment project to organize itself and carry out its objectives. The hypothesis states that: projects influence, transform and create the organizations that conduct them, following a dynamic and iterative process, referred to as «self- organizing » and «  structuring ». This « active organizing » process generates transformations – organizational and structural – conditioned by the very nature of the project itself. To validate this hypothesis, an ontological frame, based on four categories of analysis has been devised, including: (a) organization and structures; (b) the project and its processes; (c) the artefact and its design, and; (d) actors’ dynamic. These fields are put in relations using systemic principles and tools within the paradigmatic frame of complexity. The methodology includes three steps, deployed along five articles : article no1 presents the research problem and theoretical framework; articles no2, 3 and 4 use case studies and case surveys for the study of various aspects of the organizational structures; article no5 presents a longitudinal case study, spanning three years, which examined decision processes. The five articles explore the following topics: (no1) the design thinking approach to projects and actors’ dynamic behavior ; (no2) the informality of communications and coordination ; (no3) contingency factors that influence the « structuring » of the temporary multiorganization – TMO;  (no4) the typologies of the TMO, and ; (no5) the study of iterative processes and their influence on organizational structures. Seven results validate sub-hypotheses that state that: a process of «self-organization » generates transformations – organizational and processual – linked to the specific nature of the project. Therefore, the project : (1) is conducted by both formalized and often linear management approaches as well as  iterative design process, the former being non-linear and self-organizing and responding to systemic principles ; (2) contributes to create its own processes of development, and ; (3) constitutes a contingency factor that influences the structuring of the TMO that is created to conduct the project itself. This analysis reveals the diversity and complexity of organizational processes and structures, producing a multidimensional representation of project behaviour. Three important contributions are drawn from these conclusions : (1) the frame of ontologies of the project and its underlying systemic functioning ; (2) the existence of inter-organizational work constellations and a typology of six TMO configurations, and ; (3) the statement of the « organizing  project » that, through the « self-organization » approach, « organizes » itself and the processes and organization that are created to conduct it, through actors’ multiple roles. / Codirection: Dr. Gonzalo Lizarralde

Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2017-04-25T12:16:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FLAVIA A. A. GOUVEA NEGREIROS.pdf: 7750202 bytes, checksum: 72f144994e6357ef52e3ee2aa4f52dbf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-25T12:16:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FLAVIA A. A. GOUVEA NEGREIROS.pdf: 7750202 bytes, checksum: 72f144994e6357ef52e3ee2aa4f52dbf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-08 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Throughout the 20th century, the city center of Campinas was object of interventions that affected its mobility conditions, causing trouble to the pedestrian when prioritizing the car mobility. This dissertation discusses the problem of pedestrian mobility planning in Brazilian cities, more precisely in the city center of Campinas, area of the biggest urban pedestrian flow in the city. In addition, tries to understand the specificity of the urban drawing for pedestrian mobility in central contemporary areas to find ways to improve the public space for the pedestrian. In order to understand these impacts and the challenges for the recovery of public space for pedestrians, this dissertation presents the main transformations of the neighborhood and analyzes it based on theorists such as Jacobs (1961), Lynch (1960), (Gehl), Lamas (1993;2007). To do so, the panorama of urban mobility planning in Brazil, the legal frameworks and the technical discussion are investigated. In the case of Campinas, urban mobility interventions are not yet fully implemented. In order of this change of scenery to take place satisfactorily, planning must be carried out according to the functionality needs, comfort and safety of pedestrians, so the development of the city and the neighborhood must collaborate to serve the small scale, in which can occur the relation between man and space. / Ao longo do s?culo XX, o Centro de Campinas foi objeto de interven??es que impactaram as condi??es de mobilidade, acarretando preju?zos para o pedestre ao priorizar o autom?vel nos deslocamentos. O objetivo dessa pesquisa ? discutir a problem?tica do planejamento da mobilidade peatonal nas cidades brasileiras, mais precisamente do Centro de Campinas, local de maior fluxo peatonal urbano da cidade. Al?m disso, busca compreender a especificidade do desenho urbano para mobilidade peatonal em ?reas centrais contempor?neas para encontrar caminhos poss?veis para a qualifica??o dos espa?os p?blicos para o pedestre. Para compreender estes impactos e os desafios para a recupera??o do espa?o p?blico para os pedestres, a presente disserta??o apresenta as principais transforma??es desta ?rea central e analisa a realidade cotidiana local ? luz de te?ricos, tais como Jacobs (1961), Lynch (1960), Gehl (2013), Lamas (1993;2007). Para tanto, s?o investigados o panorama do planejamento da mobilidade urbana no Brasil, os marcos legais e os aspectos t?cnicos. No caso de Campinas, as interven??es urban?sticas de mobilidade ainda n?o s?o aplicadas de forma integral. Para que esta mudan?a de cen?rio aconte?a de modo satisfat?rio, o planejamento deve ser realizado de acordo com as necessidades de funcionalidade, conforto e seguran?a dos pedestres e, para isso, o desenvolvimento da cidade e do bairro devem colaborar para o atendimento da pequena escala, local em que ocorre a rela??o direta do homem com o espa?o.

In South Africa issues regarding the dissatisfactory delivery of low-cost housing developments are well known. Low-cost housing has generally been delivered in a manner which attempts to address housing backlogs, instead of focussing on establishing quality environments and sustainable communities. In order to address the current deficient approaches to low-cost residential development, a literature and empirical investigation was conducted with the purpose of exploring the South African status quo. Issues for improvement were researched within the existing knowledge base. The literature reviewed for this study encompassed government literature, policies and legislation as well as work from both national and international authors from a variety of fields, given the diverse nature and multiple impacts related to housing development. These literary works provided evidence to the conclusions drawn and informed the recommendations made accordingly. The empirical research conducted included several structured interviews, the distribution of questionnaires and the evaluation of various South African case studies. Empirical results added a quantitative measure to the evidence provided by the literature study and thus offered further conclusions and recommendations. The recommendations made were categorised according to their contribution to planning, management and design. It is believed that the adoption of these preliminary recommendations may greatly improve the housing delivery process and quality of life experienced by low-income beneficiaries. The issues covered in this study include research, conclusions and recommendations on: * Investigating the South African status quo with regard to housing policies and legislature. * Identifying the merits of historical theoretical models and their value in modern day housing development. * Discussing the importance of a locally focussed development approach with regard to the role of local municipalities versus provincial authorities in low-cost residential development. * Identifying the value of low-cost housing in local economic development and sustainable socio-economic growth. * Discussing the role of community participation in delivering sustainable neighbourhoods and communities. * Investigating the need for higher density development with specific reference to the integration of various housing typologies. * Exploring the relevance and benefits of alternative construction materials in low-cost residential development. * Exploring the informal backyard rental sector. * Exploring the approaches followed in South African case studies of varying successes in various provinces. It should be noted that the research conducted for this study, the conclusions drawn and the recommendations made provide substantial value, but are all mainly provided as preliminary concepts to be elaborated in a future PhD study. / Thesis (MArt et Scien (Urban and Regional Planning))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

In South Africa issues regarding the dissatisfactory delivery of low-cost housing developments are well known. Low-cost housing has generally been delivered in a manner which attempts to address housing backlogs, instead of focussing on establishing quality environments and sustainable communities. In order to address the current deficient approaches to low-cost residential development, a literature and empirical investigation was conducted with the purpose of exploring the South African status quo. Issues for improvement were researched within the existing knowledge base. The literature reviewed for this study encompassed government literature, policies and legislation as well as work from both national and international authors from a variety of fields, given the diverse nature and multiple impacts related to housing development. These literary works provided evidence to the conclusions drawn and informed the recommendations made accordingly. The empirical research conducted included several structured interviews, the distribution of questionnaires and the evaluation of various South African case studies. Empirical results added a quantitative measure to the evidence provided by the literature study and thus offered further conclusions and recommendations. The recommendations made were categorised according to their contribution to planning, management and design. It is believed that the adoption of these preliminary recommendations may greatly improve the housing delivery process and quality of life experienced by low-income beneficiaries. The issues covered in this study include research, conclusions and recommendations on: * Investigating the South African status quo with regard to housing policies and legislature. * Identifying the merits of historical theoretical models and their value in modern day housing development. * Discussing the importance of a locally focussed development approach with regard to the role of local municipalities versus provincial authorities in low-cost residential development. * Identifying the value of low-cost housing in local economic development and sustainable socio-economic growth. * Discussing the role of community participation in delivering sustainable neighbourhoods and communities. * Investigating the need for higher density development with specific reference to the integration of various housing typologies. * Exploring the relevance and benefits of alternative construction materials in low-cost residential development. * Exploring the informal backyard rental sector. * Exploring the approaches followed in South African case studies of varying successes in various provinces. It should be noted that the research conducted for this study, the conclusions drawn and the recommendations made provide substantial value, but are all mainly provided as preliminary concepts to be elaborated in a future PhD study. / Thesis (MArt et Scien (Urban and Regional Planning))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

This thesis focuses in production business and its management. Theses propose and describe a manufacturing process for particular product. Production process is based on an analysis of final product. Production is scheduled in process form, so it includes process maps of production stages. Simultaneously with the planning, it also determines human needs for production, and calculation of its economics. Thesis also deals with the issue of product quality and suggests way to ensure quality in production.

<h4>A generalized physics-based modeling framework is presented to analyze: (a) the effects of temperature on identified degradation mechanisms, (b) interfacial debonding processes, including deterministic and stochastic mechanisms, and (c) establishing model performance benchmarks of electrochemical porous electrode theory models, as a necessary stepping stone to perform valid battery degradation analyses and designs. Specifically, the effects of temperature were incorporated into a physics-based, reduced-order model and extended for a LiCoO₂ -graphite 18650 cell. Three dimensionless driving forces were identified, controlling the temperature-dependent reversible charge capacity. The identified temperature-dependent irreversible mechanisms include homogeneous SEI, at moderate to high temperatures, and the chemomechanical degradation of the cathode at low temperatures. Also, debonding of a statistically representative electrochemically active particle from the surrounding binder-electrolyte matrix in a porous electrode was modeled analytically, for the first time. The proposed framework enables to determine the space of C-Rates and electrode particle radii that suppresses or enhances debonding and is graphically summarized into performance–microstructure maps where four debonding mechanisms were identified, and condensed into power-law relations with respect to the particle radius. Finally, in order to incorporate existing or emerging degradation models into porous electrode theory (PET) implementations, a set of benchmarks were proposed to establish a common basis to assess their physical reaches, limitations, and accuracy. Three open source models: dualfoil, MPET, and LIONSIMBA were compared, exhibiting significant qualitative differences, despite showing the same macroscopic voltage response, leading the user to different conclusions regarding the battery performance and possible degradation mechanisms of the analyzed system.</h4>