Hambrick and Mason¡]1984¡^, with their ¡§upper echelon¡¨ perspective, proposed that top managers had great influences on organizational performances. Then, more and more scholars paid attention to the issues of the top management teams¡]TMT¡^. Although the impact of top management teams has been widely studied, research that tests the applicability of TMT variables on MNC is zero. The top management teams of the MNC included expatriates and local managers¡]Tung, 1982; Zeira and Shenkar, 1986¡^, would show higher richness and variety. Therefore, this study will use two independent variables: ¡uthe strategic roles of MNC subsidiaries¡vand ¡uthe nationalities of the MNC¡vto study the influences of these two independent variables on the traits, heterogeneity and interaction of the top management teams of the subsidiaries in Taiwan. The traits of the top management teams included the percentages of the local managers, average age, educational level and organizational tenure of the top management teams. The heterogeneity of the top management teams included the variation of the age, educational level and organizational tenure of the top management teams. The interaction of the top management teams included the extent to the social integration, communication frequency, and informal communication of the top management teams. Using ANOVA analysis on samples of 46 manufacturing MNC subsidiaries in Taiwan, the study finds that the strategic roles of the MNC subsidiaries have significant influences on the educational level, social integration and communication frequency of top management teams. In addition, the nationalities of the MNC have significantinfluences on the age, educational level and organizational tenure.

<p>Organizations are in today’s business society faced with an increasing number of crises. The knowledge about how to manage a crisis has become an important tool for competitive advantage. The question is no longer if or when an organization will experience a crisis, but rather in what form and how prepared it is when a crisis actually occurs.</p><p>The many networks of today’s business society make organizations even more vulnerable to the possibility of indirectly being affected by a crisis. This paper focuses on the banking industry as banks form an important part of many business networks. Furthermore, focus is put on the immediate form of a crisis and specifically robberies. The immediate crisis reflects the importance for an organization to be prepared as the immediate crisis by its nature gives little or no warning, following that it is more difficult to prevent these types of crises. The banking industry is often discussed in terms of stability and security whereas the crisis brings instability and uncertainty and challenges the organization’s structure.</p><p>The purpose of this thesis is to understand how and why crisis management concerning robberies is implemented within a bank organization. This paper looks into the current theories discussed in the literature and the field of crisis management, the authors have chosen a qualitative approach and have performed a number of interviews, both with internal and external parties.</p><p>Through the research performed the conclusion was drawn that the bank organization is very professional in their handling of crisis management concerning robberies. The bank has identified the importance of having a well prepared plan as a crisis situation such as robbery occur and the policies on crisis management concerning robberies has, for an extensive time period, continuously been processed and developed. The policies developed include all aspects of a crisis, both educational program in the Pre-crisis stage, aspects to consider and how to act when a robbery occurs, and also how the organization responds in the Post-crisis stage. The bank organization has in their approach chosen to a great extent to handle the work with crisis management internally. It was concluded that, since the bank organization has, during an extensive period of time, identified the risk of being robbed as a constantly relevant issue, the policies has been processed and developed repeatedly to cover all aspects of a crisis. The implementation of the policies is in the Pre-crisis and Crisis stage performed without any flexibility as they are explicit in their design and covers every aspect of a crisis. Contrary, the implementation in the Post-crisis stage has a more flexible approach as the Crisis group is working with people that experiences a situation of trauma. It is acknowledged that the bank organization is following the different stages of crisis in their policies, dividing the responsibility of the implementation of crisis management in each and every stage.</p>

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 205-233). Available also in a digital version from Dissertation Abstracts.

Incorporating team context into research and practice concerning team effectiveness in multinational organizations still remains an ongoing challenge. The purpose of this dissertation was to explore the influence of industry, corporate culture, structure, strategy and task characteristics on MNTs in business organizations and to develop a more comprehensive framework connecting the internal dynamics with contextual aspects of MNTs functioning in companies in Europe and the USA. The study was conducted in an Austrian (VA TECH), a German (Henkel) and an American company (K&M International). Forty-two problem-centered interviews were conducted with 22 team members and 20 team leaders. Levels of uncertainty, stress and turbulence influence organizations and MNTs since teams and organizations have to reshape their strategies. Multinational strategy has a positive impact on MNTs while companies with a global strategy assign low value to diversity. MNT norms in companies with a strong corporate culture are reflective of the organizational culture. MNTs at companies with a weak corporate culture develop their own unique cultures and deviate from the values and norms set by the organization. Team composition, size and length of cooperation have a moderating effect on MNTs. We could identify several team leader competences that contribute to team success. The results show how teams reduce the complexity of operations by facilitating the creation and transfer of explicit and tacit knowledge and by transferring appropriate dimensions of the HQ corporate culture between geographically dispersed business units. (author's abstract)

Due to globalization and technical development, organizations continually need to change to be able to retain their competitive force. This highlights the need for formal management meetings to lead and develop the organization. The purpose of this study is to examine how eight meeting participants experience a Swedish municipality’s management teams. To understand the management meeting’s functions for the organization, its tasks and the individuals themselves, Robert Merton’s functionalist theory with manifest and latent functions and dysfunctions will be used. Furhermore, how the management meetings can be understood on the basis of Erving Goffman’s concepts front and back stage and team performance will be analysed. The results of this study show that the management teams create both manifest and latent functions and dysfunctions which have an impact on the organization at many levels. The management team will result in the development of the organization, and to the promotion and enforcement of the vision. It will also monitor the operations of the organization and entail a deeper understanding for the internal actions. The members of the management team learn to approach their tasks in new ways and improve their motivation. At the level of the individual, the management team will help the individual to grow as a human being, but also professionally and in his or her position as a leader. Being a member of the management team implies expectations, but the management team also offers support. To sum up, the management team is important for the organization and entail relevant functions. In order to make the management team as efficient as possible, the dysfunctions must also be analysed. Based on Goffman’s theory, it is possible to state that the management meeting gives the participants a front stage and back stage, and that they are themselves alternately in the different stages. / Globalisering och teknisk utveckling bidrar till att organisationer ständigt är i behov av förändring för att kunna bibehålla sin konkurrenskraft. Detta aktualiserar behovet av formella ledningsmötenmed uppgift att leda och utveckla organisationen. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur åtta mötesdeltagare upplever en svensk kommuns ledningsgrupper. För att förstå vilka funktioner ledningsmötet har för organisation, arbetsuppgiften och individen används Robert Mertons funktionalistiska analys med manifesta och latenta funktioner samt dysfunktioner. Studien analyserar dessutom hur ledningsmötet kan förstås utifrån Erving Goffmans begrepp främre och bakre regioner samt teamframträdande. Studiens resultat visar att det går att se att ledningsgruppen skapar såväl manifesta som latenta funktioner och manifesta och latenta dysfunktioner vilka påverkar flera av organisationens nivåer. Ledningsmötet leder bland annat till en utveckling av organisationen, samt att en levande vision skapas och upprätthålls, att organisationens arbete följs upp och att organisationsmedlemmarnas förståelse för den interna verksamheten ökar. Mötesdeltagarna får med hjälp av ledningsmötet ett annat förhållningsätt för sina arbetsuppgifter, både en ökad förmåga att genomföra sina uppgifter och en ökad motivation. De funktioner som ledningsmötet skapar på individnivå är att mötesdeltagarna utvecklas som individer. Dessutom skapar ledningsmötet förväntningar på att deltagarna ska prestera, men är också en plats där de kan få hjälp och stöd. Resultatet visar att ledningsmötet är betydelsefullt för organisationen och leder till många relevanta funktioner, men också att det finns ett behov av att kartlägga dysfunktionernaför att skapar förutsättningar att ledningsmötet ska genomsyra verksamheten så effektivt som möjligt. Resultatet som framkom utifrån analysen av Goffmans begrepp visade att ledningsmötet erbjuder deltagarna en bakre och en främre region och att de växelvis befinner sig i de olika regionerna. Resultatet visar därmed att de olika regionerna inte enbart behöver ses som tydligt uppdelade utan i stället kan existera i samverkan och överlappa varandra.

This study investigated the role played by School Management Team (SMT) members in the induction of novice teachers in rural schools. The study arose out of the challenges experienced by the researcher as a member of the SMT with regard to the lack of clarity and direction in the induction of novice teachers attached to his school and a high attrition rate amongst novice teachers.The researcher posed this primary research question: How do members of the SMT in rural schools induct novice teachers? A sample of six rural schools in the Limpopo Provincial Education Department that had recently employed novice teachers was purposefully selected. Particpants uncluded the principal or the Deputy Principal, the HOD or the senior teacher and a novice teacher. Research has documented an array of challenges that novice teachers encounter in schools and hence the high attrition rates. This study used a qualitative research approach and a case study design to investigate the problem. The study was framed by Feldman’s (1981) theory of organisational socialisation, which stated that newly employed incumbents need to be inducted into their new organisation by management in order to become effect employees. The findings reveal that SMT members in rural schools do indeed induct their novice teachers, but that their dutis and efforts in this regard are negatively affected by a lack of induction policy, lack of support from the Education Department personnel and a lack of training. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Education Management and Policy Studies / MEd / Unrestricted

Cette thèse porte sur la gestion du changement et plus particulièrement sur le support offert aux gestionnaires par une équipe de gestion du changement lors de l'implantation d'un système de gestion intégré (SGI). Hydro-Québec nous a offert un excellent terrain de recherche par son projet Système Information Clientèle (SIC) qui consiste à l'implantation du logiciel SAP R/3. L'équipe de gestion du changement du projet nous a ouvert ses portes d'autant plus qu'elle désirait faire le point sur les services offerts aux gestionnaires durant la première phase du projet pour ensuite ajuster celles des deux phases subséquentes. La première phase, pour une livraison en mars 2005, inclut le volet mesurage. La deuxième phase regroupe les volets affaires et commercial pour une livraison en janvier 2006. Quant à la troisième phase, elle concerne le volet résidentiel pour une livraison en janvier 2008. Afin de supporter l'équipe de gestion du changement à Hydro-Québec, les connaissances théoriques relatives aux équipes de gestion du changement, aux gestionnaires en situation de changement et aux implantations de SGI ont guidé et alimenté la recherche. Bien que comportant un nombre impressionnant de références, ce champ d'études renferme toutefois peu d'études empiriques (Melkonian, 2008; Stewart et Kringas, 2003; Venkatesh, 2006, Wang, Klein et Jiang, 2006). De plus, il se dégage, d'une recension de vingt-deux modèles en gestion du changement, un manque de précision sur les activités de gestion du changement et sur les intervenants impliqués dans ces activités. Considérant ces deux constats, la présente étude doctorale vise à répondre à la question suivante : Comment une équipe de gestion du changement soutient-elle les gestionnaires lors de l'implantation d'un système de gestion intégré? Pour ce faire, les objectifs poursuivis sont, d'abord, d'identifier et de décrire les activités développées et réalisées par une équipe de gestion du changement destinées à soutenir les gestionnaires; ensuite, de rendre compte de la satisfaction des gestionnaires intermédiaires et de premier niveau à l'égard du soutien offert par l'équipe de gestion du changement et; finalement, de générer un modèle des interventions d'une équipe de gestion du changement destinées à soutenir les gestionnaires. Adhérant au paradigme épistémologique constructiviste, cette étude doctorale se distingue par ses allers-retours entre le terrain et les connaissances théoriques lui accordant un statut de recherche abductive. Mettant l'accent sur la compréhension de dynamiques se déroulant dans un environnement unique et visant l'exploration, la description et l'explication d'un phénomène pour en dégager une modélisation, l'étude de cas s'avère une méthode de recherche appropriée (Gummesson, 2000; Hlady Rispal, 2002; Nieto et Pérez, 2000; Robson, 1993; Tashakkori et Teddlie, 1998). Les quatre outils de cueillette de données se sont avérés être la recherche documentaire, les entrevues semi-structurées avec des gestionnaires intermédiaires et de premier niveau, l'observation-participation des activités de gestion du changement ainsi que des documents produits et discutés avec l'équipe de gestion du changement. L'analyse de ces données a suivi trois étapes soient une première étape de codage pendant la collecte de données, une deuxième étape d'analyse avec le logiciel d'analyse qualitative Atlas.ti et une troisième étape de modélisation. Bien qu'ayant suivi trois étapes, l'analyse de données s'est davantage présentée comme un processus itératif avec des activités concomitantes de mises à jour de la littérature, de codage, de création de catégories conceptualisantes et de modélisation. Cette façon de procéder s'appuie sur les méthodes de Hlady Rispal (2002), Laperrière (1997b), Miles et Huberman (2003) et Paillé et Mucchielli (2003). Les principaux résultats de recherche émanant de l'étude de cas sont la description et l'évaluation d'activités de gestion du changement réalisées par une équipe de gestion du changement afin de soutenir les gestionnaires intermédiaires et de premier niveau. Les entrevues avec les gestionnaires appuient le choix d'activités offert par l'équipe de gestion du changement à Hydro-Québec ainsi que celles émanant de la littérature. Le côté original issu des entrevues avec les gestionnaires consiste à l'émergence de principes opératoires. En effet, les améliorations suggérées par les gestionnaires prennent la forme de principes opératoires venant ainsi guider l'équipe de gestion du changement dans la réalisation de leurs activités. Il se dégage alors un modèle composé de six groupes d'activités et de trois principes opératoires. Les activités sont les suivantes : Implication des gestionnaires et des employés, Communication, Ateliers de préparation au changement, Ateliers et formation sur la gestion du changement, Plan de gestion du changement et Formation. Quant aux principes opératoires, il s'agit de : Activités génériques de plus en plus spécifiques, Contextualisation des activités et Intervention de la ligne hiérarchique. Lorsque cette liste d'activités est comparée aux activités communes aux équipes de gestion du changement (Collerette et ses collaborateurs, 2002, 2003a, 2003c, 2004; Fabi, Martin et Valois, 1999; Grenier et Gowigati, 2002; Prosci, 2006a, 2006b, 2006c; Rondeau, 1999; Sherer, Kohli et Baron, 2003; Victor et Franckeiss, 2002) et aux gestionnaires (Bareil, 2004; Collerette, Schneider et Legris, 2003c; Coyle-Shapiro, 1999; Doyle, 2002; Fabi et al., 1999; Prosci, 2006b) issues de la littérature, il ressort que toutes les activités de la littérature sont incluses dans celles émergentes de l'étude de cas réalisée à Hydro-Québec. De plus, le modèle provenant de l'étude de cas se démarque des autres modèles présents dans la littérature par deux principaux éléments. D'abord, les activités ne sont pas uniquement nommées, elles sont richement décrites et accompagnées d'exemples. Puis, les activités sont accompagnées de principes opératoires pour enrichir les activités de gestion du changement et guider leur réalisation. En contrepartie, les gestionnaires rencontrés à Hydro-Québec soulignent que les activités de gestion du changement réalisées par l'équipe GCC ne prennent pas suffisamment en compte les aspects humains dont la qualité de la relation établie entre l'équipe GCC et les gestionnaires ainsi que l'identification des besoins des gestionnaires suivie de l'ajustement des activités pour répondre à ces besoins. Il apparait en effet que l'équipe GCC aurait eu avantage à favoriser davantage les échanges de négociations avec les gestionnaires, aspect d'ailleurs soulevé par Collerette, Schneider et Legris (2003b) et Giroux (1998). Quant à l'identification des besoins et des ajustements aux activités, il semble que l'équipe GCC désirait s'en tenir à son programme initial. Lorsque les participants aux activités (gestionnaires et employés) émettaient des critiques, l'équipe GCC semblait peu ouverte l'état psychologique des participants. À titre illustratif, au lieu d'envisager des ajustements à une activité de formation, la décision de l'équipe GCC a plutôt été de l'annuler. Il faut toutefois mentionner, qu'en contre partie, des efforts ont été déployés par l'équipe GCC pour ajuster les activités entourant les Supers utilisateurs. Nonobstant ces améliorations possibles, le modèle émergeant de l'étude de cas à Hydro-Québec pourrait être transférable dans d'autres milieux organisationnels pour guider des équipes de gestion du changement dans le cadre de projet d'implantation de SGI. Outre le fait d'offrir un modèle d'intervention pour une équipe de gestion du changement transférable dans d'autres milieux organisationnels, cette recherche doctorale permet également d'accroître le nombre d'études empiriques dans un domaine qui en contient peu. Cette thèse offre ainsi une étude de cas portant sur le fonctionnement d'une équipe de gestion du changement dans un projet d'implantation de SGI tout en présentant une panoplie d'activités précises en gestion du changement accompagnées du niveau de satisfaction de gestionnaires intermédiaires et de premier niveau à l'égard de ces activités.

The transition for any executive into a new appointment is a challenge. This transition for the newly appointed Chief Information Officer (CIO) is especially challenging given the complexity and ambiguous nature of their role. Investment in information technology (IT) has steadily increased over the past twenty years and contributes to enabling business changes that drive organizational performance improvements. The role of the Chief Information Officer (CIO) has evolved into an executive who holds significant responsibility for leading the organization in realizing these investment benefits. Therefore unsuccessful CIO transitions can negatively impact the extent to which the organization’s IT benefits are fully realized. This research has one objective: to increase our understanding of the process of taking charge for the newly appointed Chief Information Officer (CIO). This increased understanding contributes to academic research as well as provides insights to practicing CIOs that will increase their probability of successfully taking charge of a new appointment. The project explores this phenomenon in depth from both the CIO’s and non-IT executive’s (CxO) perspective through semi-structured interviews with 43 executives. Participants included twenty-one Chief Information Officers and twenty-two C-suite, non-IT executives. The study integrates concepts from role theory and leader socialization with CIO leadership challenges. Findings indicate that the newly appointed CIO experiences a mutual adjustment process when they take charge. This adjustment occurs within their role set; the IT leadership team, the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and the other top management team members (CxOs). The data suggests that CIOs experience three overlapping phases of taking charge; Entry, Stabilization and Renewal. These phases result in confidence, credibility and legitimacy as a new leader in the organization. The data further reveals that the type of transition (Start-up, Turnaround, Realignment or Success-sustaining) encountered by the CIO is a significant influence on the taking charge process. CIO socialization is influenced heavily by their role set and the expectations within it. CIOs will encounter CxO peers with varying preferences on interaction style and focus. In addition the CxOs in the study identified three different views of CIOs that reinforce the role ambiguity for the newly appointed CIO. The study reveals that CIOs experience organizational socialization in two domains of leadership. These domains are supply-side and demand-side leadership. The data suggests that supply-side socialization occurs prior to demand-side socialization. These socialization outcomes are dependent on transition type. This research extends previous work done on CIO transitions by identifying phases, activities and outcomes. An additional contribution is the first empirical model of new CIO socialization. Leader socialization research is enhanced with the study of a non-CEO executive. This model contributes a deeper understanding of the mutual adjustment process experienced by a newly appointed CIO. Practicing CIOs can apply these findings in developing transition plans and actions for taking a new appointment. The CxO types and attitudes can inform the newly appointed CIO on customizing their relationship building approaches. Understanding that taking charge requires 2-3 years can lead to more realistic expectations of the executive. The findings of this study can lead CIOs to a higher probability of success in taking charge of a new appointment.

Research has been conducted regarding what relationship demographic diversity have to organisational ambidexterity and team resilience; however never at the same time. This research adds a new context, to this field of research since research has never, to our knowledge, been conducted in a school context. The purpose with this thesis is to explain what relationships gender, age, cultural and tenure diversity have on organisational ambidexterity and team resilience. A cross-sectional research design was used, because of the positivist and deductive approach. The method consisted of a quantitative part in the form of a web based self-completion questionnaire mediated by email, to upper secondary schools, in five Counties, with a minimum of three managers. The qualitative part was in the form of three in-depth interviews, two with School Directors and one with a registrar. The findings shows that gender, culture have a negative relationship to organisational ambidexterity, and age have a positive relationship when moderated by shared vision. The limitations are that only schools with a minimum of three top managers were chosen; the results thereby lack generalisability in other contexts. The implications are that shared vision, when applied to an upper secondary school context seem to decrease in importance and suggestibility. The original value of the conducted study is new insights regarding the relationships demographic diversities have on organisational ambidexterity and team resilience; the choice to conduct the test in a school context.

Increasing compensation disclosures mandated by the Securities Exchange Commission provide transparency that allows more shareholders to question the results produced by highly compensated executives. The popular business press often decries the apparent imbalance between executive pay and firm performance. Published academic research has responded with hundreds of studies attempting to explain executive pay in terms of firm performance. The preponderance of these studies focus on Chief Executive Officers. This study empirically examines executive compensation for team effects on future firm performance.Applying a firm specific fixed-effects model to a sample of 13,021 firm-year observations from ExecuComp, the current study regresses top management team compensation and control variables on firm performance averaged one, three, and five years following the year of compensation. One accounting based measure of performance (return on assets) and one market based measure of firm performance (shareholder return) is examined over the one three and five year horizons.Consistent with increasing concerns raised by investors regarding excess executive pay, this study finds evidence that higher top management team pay is associated with companies experiencing lower rates of return in the future. However, higher management team pay is associated with higher profits and market value measured in dollars. Theses effects are significantly different between the short-term and long term components of compensation. Although compensation of the team is highly correlated with the CEO, the compensation of the executive team has incremental effects on future firm performance of the company.This study contributes to the executive compensation literature by providing evidence that the compensation of the top management team affects future company performance. The observed impact of management team compensation on company performance is: incremental to CEO effects noted in prior studies, differential between short- and long-term components of compensation, sensitive to the proxy used for company performance, and attenuates over time. These findings suggest that further research on executive management team compensation is merited in order to address an interesting gap in the extant literature.