Memoria para optar al título profesional de Ingeniera Agrónoma Mención Fruticultura / Un año de alta producción provoca el agotamiento del árbol y como consecuencia se obtiene una menor producción frutal al año siguiente. El raleo de frutos ayuda a disminuir este problema. Además se obtiene fruta más uniforme en diámetro y de mejor calidad, para el mercado fresco. Por esta razón se realizaron dos ensayos, uno con ácido giberélico (GAз), para inhibir la inducción floral, que lleva como fin reducir el número de flores y con esto la carga que el árbol tenía presupuestada, y otro ensayo con una auxina de síntesis, 2,4-D, para ralear flores y frutos pequeños. El primer ensayo con ácido giberélico (GAз) consistió en siete tratamientos, separados en dos fechas y dos concentraciones: T0, testigo sin aplicación; T1, 25 mg•L¯¹, el 19/04/06; T2, 2 aplicaciones de 25 mg•L¯¹, el 19/04/06 y otra el 29/05/06; T3, 25 mg•L¯¹, el 29/05/06; T4, 50 mg•L¯¹, el 19/04/06; T5, 2 aplicaciones de 50 mg•L¯¹, el 19/04/06 y otra el 29/05/06 y T6, 50 mg•L¯¹, el 29/05/06. En el caso de el segundo ensayo, se aplicó 2,4-D el 22 de noviembre del 2006, en tres concentraciones diferentes más el testigo sin aplicación, las concentraciones fueron: 20 mg•L¯¹, 40 mg•L¯¹ y 60 mg•L¯¹.

A pesar de la intensa floración exhibida por el mandarino var. Fortuna, la alta competencia entre flores y frutos cuajados, origina una fuerte caída de estos órganos reproductivos, que finalmente provoca una baja producción. Por ello se realizaron diferentes tratamientos con el objeto de lograr aumentar la retención de frutos en esta variedad. Se seleccionaron 5 árboles por tratamiento, escogidos al azar. Los tratamientos fueron: testigo, ácido bórico (10 g·L¯¹), ácido naftalenacético (20 mg·L¯¹), ácido giberélico (20 mg·L¯¹), ácido giberélico (20 mg·L¯¹) más citoquininas (1 cm³·L¯¹), ácido giberélico (20 mg·L¯¹) más incisión de corteza, e incisión de corteza. Todos los tratamientos se realizaron en postcuaja, salvo el ácido bórico el cual fue aplicado en prefloración. Las aplicaciones de ácido bórico, ácido naftalenacético y ácido giberélico no presentaron diferencias significativas en cuanto a eficiencia productiva en relación al testigo. Todos estos tratamientos tuvieron, en promedio, menos de 2 frutos·cm¯² de ASTT a la cosecha. Los tratamientos con ácido giberélico más citoquininas, ácido giberélico más incisión de corteza e incisión de corteza, presentaron diferencias significativas en eficiencia productiva con el testigo, reteniendo 3,7; 11,1 y 15,4 frutos·cm¯² de ASTT, respectivamente. Los árboles en los cuales se aplicó ácido giberélico tuvieron un claro retraso en la caída de frutos en comparación al testigo, pero esto no se vio reflejado en un aumento de fruta a la cosecha, salvo en los tratamientos combinados con citoquininas e incisión de corteza. No hubo diferencias en los parámetros de calidad de frutos entre los distintos tratamientos, como son: grosor de cáscara, color, porcentaje de jugo, cantidad de sólidos solubles, acidez y relación sólidos solubles/acidez. Tampoco existió una relación clara entre el peso del fruto y la cantidad de semillas presente en él. / In spite of the intense bloom displayed by the ‘Fortune’ mandarin, the high competition between flowers and set fruits results in a considerable drop of these reproductive organs, which finally causes a low production. Hence, different treatments were made to increase fruit retention in this cultivar. Five trees per treatment were selected at random. The treatments were: control, boric acid (10 g·L¯¹), naphthalenacetic acid (20 mg·L¯¹), gibberellic acid (20 mg·L¯¹), gibberellic acid (20 mg·L¯¹) plus citokinins (1 cm³·L¯¹), gibberellic acid (20 mg·L¯¹) plus bark girdling and bark girdling. All treatments were made after fruit set, except for boric acid which was applied at pre-bloom. The applications of boric acid, naphthalenacetic acid and gibberellic acid did not present significant differences in productive efficiency in relation to the control. On the average, all these treatments had fewer than 2 fruits•cm¯² of trunk transversal section area (TTSA) at harvest. Treatments with gibberellic acid plus citokinins, gibberellic acid plus bark girdling and bark girdling presented significant differences in productive efficiency with respect to the control, retaining 3.7, 11.1 and 15.4 fruits•cm¯² of TTSA, respectively. Trees treated with gibberellic acid clearly showed delayed fruit drop in comparison to the control, but this was not reflected in fruit increase at harvest, except in the treatments combined with citokinins and bark girdling. No differences were found in fruit quality among the different treatments in parameters such as rind thickness, color, juice percentage, amount of soluble solids, acidity and soluble solids/acidity ratio. Neither was there a clear relationship between fruit weight and seed number in each fruit.

Citrus is the main fruit crop in the world and Spain is the 6th producer and the major exporter for the fresh fruit market. Seedlessness is one of the most important fruit quality traits for this market since consumers do not accept seedy fruits. Recovery of triploid hybrids has become an important breeding strategy to develop new seedless citrus varieties and several of them have been already released from citrus breeding programs worldwide. Despite the undisputable importance of polyploidy in plant species, their genetics are much less well known than those of their diploid counterparts. Citrus triploid hybrids can be routinely recovered from sexual polyploidization (2x ¿ 2x) or interploid crosses (2x ¿ 4x and 4x ¿ 2x). In 2x ¿ 2x sexual crosses, spontaneous triploid hybrids arise from the union of an unreduced (2n) megagametophyte with haploid pollen. In the case of interploid sexual crosses (2x ¿ 4x and 4x ¿ 2x), triploid hybrids result from the fecundation of a diploid gamete arising from the tetraploid parent and a haploid gamete arising from the diploid parent. The genetic and phenotypic structures of triploid populations greatly depend on the parental heterozygosity restitution (HR) in the diploid gamete at each locus, which is mainly affected by the triploid recovery strategy. In 2x ¿ 2x crosses, HR depends on the underlying mechanism leading to the unreduced gamete formation, which are genetically equivalent to First Division Restitution (FDR) or Second Division Restitution (SDR) mechanisms. Moreover, under each restitution mechanism, HR also depends on the locus-centromere genetic distance. In the case of interploid crosses, parental heterozygosity restitution from tetraploid parents depends on the double reduction frequency. In citrus, the unreduced gamete formation mechanism is still controversial; FDR has been the mechanism proposed for sweet orange, whereas SDR has been proposed for clementine. On the other hand, inferring the allelic configurations of genetic markers is a main challenge in polyploidy crops to infer genotypic and gametic structures with the objective to analyze meiosis and inheritance mechanisms. According to this scientific context, the objectives of the thesis where: (i) to develop a new approach for allele dosis assignation when using co-dominant markers, (ii) to implement and apply methods for the analysis of 2n gametes origin and locate centromeres, and (iii) to take advantage of this knowledge to locate a major gene of resistance to Alternaria Brown Spot (ABS) which is a major constraint for triploid mandarin breeding. For microsatellite (SSR) markers, we have demonstrated that triploid progeny genotyping can be successfully performed using the microsatellite allele-counting peak ratio (MAC-PR) method. However, SSR analysis remains relatively costly and time consuming compared with actual SNP genotyping methods. Moreover, with the increasing availability of EST databases and whole genome sequences, SNPs have become the most abundant and powerful polymorphic markers that can be selected along the entire genome. In this thesis, a new method based on competitive allele-specific PCR has been developed to assign SNP allele dosage in an accurate, simple, and cost effective way. Combining the MAC-PR and the new developed SNP genotyping methods offers the possibility to utilize a broad range of molecular markers in genotyping triploid genotypes. Both methods have been used in further works included in this thesis. SDR has been demonstrated as the mechanism underlying unreduced gamete production in `Fortune¿ mandarin by genotyping triploid progenies with SSR markers. In addition, a new method to locate the centromere, based on the best fit between observed heterozygosity restitution within a linkage group and theoretical functions under either partial or no chiasma interference hypotheses has been developed and successfully applied. To expand the knowledge of the mechanism underlying unreduced gamete formation to other citrus genotypes besides clementines and `Fortune¿ mandarin, a maximum likelihood method based on parental heterozygosity restitution of centromeric loci was developed and successfully applied in sixteen mandarin cultivars. The new method developed in the study allows inferring the restitution mechanism both at population level and even at individual level. Maternal origin of 2n gametes was confirmed for all triploid hybrids and SDR was proposed as the restitution mechanism for all analyzed progenies. The information acquired from the mode of heterozygosity restitution in citrus was useful to determine the genetic and phenotypic structures of new triploid populations arising from different breeding strategies. We studied these structures for the resistance to Alternaria brown spot (ABS), a serious fungal disease producing necrotic lesions on fruits and young leaves in susceptible citrus genotypes. In the present work, different approaches were combined taking advantage of the particular genetic structures of 2n gametes resulting from SDR to map a genome region linked to ABS resistance in triploid citrus progeny. The monolocus dominant inheritance of the susceptibility, proposed on the basis of diploid population studies, was corroborated in triploid progeny. A 3.3 Mb genomic region linked to ABS resistance was located near the centromere on chromosome III, which includes clusters of resistance genes. SSR and SNP markers were developed for an efficient early selection of ABS resistant hybrids and they are currently used in our breeding program to perform marker assisted selection. The knowledge obtained in this thesis on the mechanism of sexual polyploidization and inheritance of concrete traits in citrus will allow implementing much more efficient triploid breeding programs on the basis of current and future needs. Indeed, applied outcomes of this PhD are already routinely used in the IVIA triploid breeding program. / Cuenca Ibáñez, J. (2013). Mechanisms of sexual polyploidization and inheritance in triploid citrus populations [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/34671 / TESIS / Premios Extraordinarios de tesis doctorales

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-09-29T18:54:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Peter Sana.pdf: 2426905 bytes, checksum: 4886ee552c348aa742f8706df208997b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-29T18:54:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Peter Sana.pdf: 2426905 bytes, checksum: 4886ee552c348aa742f8706df208997b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-27 / The work titled as "The educational dimension of the thought and the action D. Adriano Hyp?lito in the social struggles of the Baixada Fluminense during the military dictatorship (1964-1985)", investigated since the formation of the thought of the Catholic Church in Brazil, it's share the colonial, imperial and republican education to date that corresponds to the decision-making by senior ecclesiastical hierarchy, depending on the situation which was driven to coexist in opting for the poorest in society. During the first half of the twentieth century Church, with its conservative nature, seeks the most influential means to ally and so take him a role in active participation of society, whether in the case of formal education means such as schools and seminars, even in the informal means such as the press, radio and television media. The political education now has an importance for the Church in as observing situation in Latin America, it is noticed that the less affluent classes of society suffered from injustice and social inequality. It was in this way that there were some sectors of the Catholic Church, strengthened by the Vatican Council and the Medellin and Puebla conferences, sought more active forms of political activity in the mobilization and politicization of the masses, uniting faith to fight for social justice. In this context that the figure of the Bishop Adriano Mandarino Hyp?lito in the Baixada Fluminense, when in 1966, already observing the political structure set up after the 1964 coup, took over the Nova Igua?u Diocese and joined the movement called Liberation Theology and spent to take a leadership attitude toward the union, social movements, and lay and religious who sought social equality and improvements in the most important sectors of society such as education, health, sanitation, land reform and policy, etc. The participation of Nova Igua?u bishop made the conservative sectors of the Church reacted against his bishopric, as well as the current military government and the economic elite, seeking to end the wave of political awareness of the people, exploited by organizations such as the Christian Communities Base and Neighborhood Friends Movement, these who had the guidance and funding for the Church proposed by Don Adriano de bishopric in line with the situation of struggle and resistance against the military regime and social inequalities and injustices caused by the current system. / No trabalho intitulado como "A dimens?o educativa do pensamento e da a??o de D. Adriano Hyp?lito nas lutas sociais da Baixada Fluminense no per?odo da ditadura militar (1964-1985)", investigamos desde a forma??o do pensamento da Igreja Cat?lica no Brasil, sua participa??o na educa??o colonial, imperial e republicana at? o momento que corresponde ? tomada de decis?o por parte da alta hierarquia eclesi?stica, em fun??o da conjuntura a qual foi impulsionada a coexistir, em optar pelos mais pobres da sociedade. Durante a primeira metade do s?culo XX a Igreja com seu car?ter conservador busca os meios mais influentes para aliar-se e assim tomar para si uma import?ncia na participa??o ativa da sociedade, quer seja no ?mbito dos meios formais de educa??o como escolas e semin?rios, at? nos meios informais como a m?dia impressa, radiof?nica e televisiva. A forma??o pol?tica passou a ter uma import?ncia para a Igreja na medida que observando conjuntura da Am?rica Latina, percebe-se que as classes menos abastadas da sociedade sofriam com a injusti?a e desigualdade social. Foi desta maneira que surgiram alguns setores da Igreja Cat?lica que, fortalecidos pelo Conc?lio Vaticano e as Confer?ncias de Medell?n e Puebla, buscaram formas mais ativas de atua??o pol?tica na mobiliza??o e politiza??o das massas, unindo f? ? luta por justi?a social. Neste contexto que surgiu a figura do Bispo Dom Adriano Mandarino Hyp?lito na Baixada Fluminense, quando no ano de 1966, j? observando a estrutura pol?tica montada ap?s o golpe de 1964, assumiu a Diocese de Nova Igua?u e aderiu o movimento denominado Teologia da Liberta??o e passou a ter uma postura de lideran?a diante dos movimentos sindicais, sociais, e dos leigos e religiosos que buscavam igualdade social e melhorias nos setores mais importantes da sociedade como a educa??o, sa?de, saneamento b?sico, reforma agr?ria e pol?tica, etc. A participa??o do bispo de Nova Igua?u fez com que os setores conservadores da pr?pria Igreja reagissem contra seu bispado, assim como o governo militar vigente e a elite econ?mica, buscando terminar com a onda de conscientiza??o pol?tica do povo, instrumentalizada por organiza??es como as Comunidades Eclesiais de Base e Movimento Amigos de Bairro, estes que tiveram a orienta??o e financiamento pela Igreja proposta pelo bispado de Dom Adriano em conson?ncia com a conjuntura de luta e resist?ncia contra o regime militar e as desigualdades e injusti?as sociais provocadas pelo sistema vigente.

La citricultura es una de las ramas de la fruticultura de mayor producción a nivel mundial, siendo España el cuarto productor y primer país exportador mundial de cítricos para consumo en fresco (FAO, 2005). La obtención de nuevas variedades que se adapten a las exigencias de mercado y de cultivo es la clave para continuar siendo competitivos. La reducción de las precipitaciones en muchas zonas agrícolas provoca que el estrés hídrico sea uno de los estreses abióticos que más limita la producción de los cultivos, entre ellos los cítricos. Aunque son numerosos los estudios orientados a conocer mejor la respuesta de la planta ante el estrés hídrico a nivel molecular en especies modelo, son pocos los trabajos realizados en relación a la respuesta al estrés hídrico en cítricos. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo el desarrollo de herramientas que nos permitan conocer mejor la respuesta de los cítricos frente a este estrés que en un futuro puedan utilizarse para conseguir cítricos que sean capaces de aprovechar mejor el agua disponible en condiciones adversas, evitando las importantes pérdidas de cosecha. El análisis global de la respuesta a estrés hídrico en cítricos se ha llevado a cabo a través de un estudio del transcriptoma de los cítricos sometidos a este estrés. Para ello se han utilizado dos abordajes, la generación de ESTs y la hibridación de micromatrices de cDNA, que han permitido identificar genes candidatos a estar implicados en la respuesta a estrés hídrico. La generación de ESTs se ha realizado a partir de la secuenciación de un total de 2296 clones aislados de dos bibliotecas de cDNA sustraido, Drought1 y Drought2, construidas a partir de hojas y raíces de plantas sometidas a estrés hídrico respectivamente. Las ESTs obtenidas han pasado a formar parte de la colección del CFGP (Citrus Functional Genomics Project). Como resultado del estudio de los unigenes resultantes de las bibliotecas construidas con material sometido a estrés hídrico, en relación con el r / Gimeno Romeu, J. (2007). Respuesta transcripcional al estrés hídrico en mandarino. Estudio genómico-funcional con micromatrices de cDNA [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/1993 / Palancia