The aim of this thesis is to investigate the effects of Mn content and alloying additions such as Cr and Mo, and various heat treatment procedures on both microstructure and mechanical properties of austenitic manganese (Hadfield) steels. For this purpose, steels with two different Mn content were considered (12-14 Mn, 16-18 Mn). First, five different heat treatment procedures were applied to the as-cast 12-14 Mn specimens to decide the procedure resulting the optimum tensile properties. Then, the specimens having various amounts of Mn, Cr and Mo were cast and heat-treated to investigate the effect of alloy modifications on austenitic manganese steels. Optical and scanning electron microscopies were used for microstructural investigation. To determine the mechanical properties, tensile tests and hardness tests were carried out. In addition to correlation between microstructure and mechanical properties, ultrasonic velocity measurements were also done. The results show that both composition and heat treatment affect the performance of hadfield steels extensively, and these changes also affect the propogation velocity of the ultrasonic waves.

CERRA FLOREZ, M. A. Estudo comparativo da resistência à corrosão entre aços alto manganês e o aço 9% níquel em soluções aquosas de H2SO4 e NaCl. 2017. 108 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciência de Materiais)–Centro de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2017. / Submitted by Marlene Sousa (mmarlene@ufc.br) on 2017-09-13T13:08:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_dis_macerraflorez.pdf: 7059370 bytes, checksum: 037d39ae844a1b60cbe1183a10902438 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marlene Sousa (mmarlene@ufc.br) on 2017-09-13T13:09:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_dis_macerraflorez.pdf: 7059370 bytes, checksum: 037d39ae844a1b60cbe1183a10902438 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-13T13:09:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_dis_macerraflorez.pdf: 7059370 bytes, checksum: 037d39ae844a1b60cbe1183a10902438 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-08 / Liquefied natural gas volumes which at present have to be stored and/or transported require that the materials engineering constantly develop materials that adapt to the mechanical, chemical and economic needs of the industry. Aluminum alloys, 9% nickel steel alloys and austenitic stainless steels are currently used for cryogenic applications, however, all these materials have disadvantages, such as high cost of production, welding difficulties, corrosion resistance, among others. High manganese steels offer an attractive alternative because manganese and carbon replace nickel as austenite stabilizer; this change also represents a significant decrease in steel fabrication costs. The present study aims to establish a comparative degree of corrosion resistance in two aqueous solutions between four high manganese steels with a content of 28% Mn, 26% Mn, 22% Mn, 20% Mn in relation to the 9% Nickel that is widely used in petrochemical industry. Mass fraction diagrams were performed in Thermo-Calc® software. The steels were characterized using the techniques: Optical Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Electron Backscatter Diffraction Analysis (EBSD), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Optical Emission Spectroscopy, X-ray Fluorescence. The mechanical properties were evaluated by hardness and microhardness measurements. The corrosion resistance was evaluated in aqueous solutions of NaCl and H 2 SO 4 by Open Circuit Potential (OCP), Linear Polarization Curves and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. The results obtained in the thermodynamic study helped to predict the phases present in these steels as well as the heat treatment temperature. The microstructural study revealed the influence of the phases on the mechanical properties, showing that the 9% nickel steel presents higher hardness values than the high manganese steels. The corrosion tests showed that the high manganese steels have less corrosion resistance than 9% nickel steel, due to the formation of unstable and poorly compacted oxides that do not provide protection against corrosion; In contrast, the oxides formed by the 9% nickel steel gave it a better protection as observed in the curves that were found. / Os volumes de gás natural liquefeito que na atualidade precisam ser armazenados e/ou transportados requerem que a engenharia de materiais desenvolva constantemente materiais que se adaptem às necessidades mecânicas, químicas e econômicas da indústria. As ligas de alumínio, aço 9% níquel e aços inoxidáveis são utilizadas para aplicações criogênicas, mas todos estes materiais têm desvantagens, como altos custos de produção, dificuldades para a soldagem, entre outras. Os aços alto manganês oferecem uma alternativa – devido ao manganês e o carbono substituírem o níquel como estabilizador da austenita no aço, este câmbio também representa uma diminuição apreciável nos custos de fabricação do aço. O presente estudo visa estabelecer um grau comparativo da resistência à corrosão em duas soluções aquosas entre quatro aços alto manganês com conteúdo de 28%Mn, 26%Mn, 22%Mn, 20%Mn em relação ao aço 9% níquel que é amplamente utilizado na indústria petroquímica. Foram realizados diagramas de fração em massa no software Thermo-Calc ® ; os aços foram caracterizados utilizando as técnicas: Microscopia Óptica, MEV, EBSD, EDS, Espectroscopia de Emissão Ótica e Fluorescência de Raios X; as propriedades mecânicas foram avaliadas por medidas de dureza e microdureza. A resistência à corrosão foi avaliada em soluções aquosas de NaCl e de H 2 SO 4 utilizando as técnicas de monitoramento do Potencial de Circuito Aberto (OCP), as Curvas de Polarização Linear e a Espectroscopia de Impedância Eletroquímica. Os resultados obtidos no estudo termodinâmico ajudaram a prever as fases presentes nestes aços, assim como a temperatura de tratamento térmico. O estudo microestrutural revelou a influência das fases nas propriedades mecânicas, mostrando que o aço 9% níquel apresenta maiores valores de dureza que os aços alto manganês. E os ensaios de corrosão mostraram que os aços alto manganês apresentam menor resistência à corrosão do que o aço 9% níquel, devido à formação de óxidos instáveis e pouco compactos que não provêm proteção contra a corrosão; em contraste com os óxidos formados pelo aço 9% níquel, outorgaram-lhe uma melhor proteção como foi observado nas curvas encontradas.

Manganese is an essential alloying element in the 2nd and 3rd generation of Advanced High Strength steels (AHSS) containing 5 to 25% manganese. A combination of excellent strength and ductility makes these grades of steel attractive for the automotive industry. To produce these steels to meet metallurgical requirements the main concern for the steelmakers is to decrease the carbon concentration as low as 0.1% while suppressing the excessive manganese losses at high temperatures. Argon Oxygen Decarburization (AOD) is a promising candidate for the refining of high manganese steels. This work has studied the kinetics of decarburization and manganese losses during the argon oxygen bubbling into a wide range of iron-manganese-carbon alloys. It was shown that decreasing the initial carbon content increased the manganese loss. In the competition between manganese and carbon for oxygen, alloys with lower initial manganese concentrations consumed a higher portion of oxygen for decarburization. This behavior was not expected by thermodynamics and the results did not support the concept of the critical carbon content either. It was demonstrated that for lower range carbon (≤0.42%) alloys, the total manganese loss can be explained by considering multiple mechanisms in parallel; oxide formation (MnO) and vapor formation (Mn (g)), and formation of Manganese mist by evaporation-condensation (Mn (l)). The evaporation-condensation mechanism was proposed with the assumption that the heat generated from MnO and CO formation increases the temperature at the surface of the bubble which facilitates the evaporation of manganese at a high vapor pressure. Consequently, manganese vapor condenses as fine droplets at the lower temperature inside the bubble. Although dilution of oxygen with argon increased the efficiency of oxygen for decarburization as expected from the mechanism of the AOD process, manganese loss did not stop completely at higher argon concentrations in the gas mixture. Therefore, the bubble and melt do not fully equilibrate with respect to Mn and C. For high carbon alloys (1%), there was excess oxygen after accounting for CO and MnO formation. According to mass balance and thermodynamic calculations, and assuming manganese loss by evaporation was negligible it was shown that oxygen was distributed amongst MnO, FeO, CO, and CO2. It was demonstrated that increasing temperature resulted in the higher manganese loss as a mist and by simple evaporation due to the increased vapor pressure and less manganese loss by oxidation. Furthermore, it was found that the rate of decarburization increased with increasing temperature due to more partitioning of oxygen to carbon than manganese. In addition, it was found that the variations of depth of lance submergence did not affect the rate of decarburization or manganese loss. This means that the reactions occur within such a short time that prolonged time after the reaction is completed does not lead to a repartitioning of the species. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

No description available.

The objective of this study was to produce a metal matrix composite (MMC). This compositematerial proves highly suitable for scenarios involving abrasive wear, owing to the exceptionalhardness of carbide particles, in conjunction with the remarkable ductility and capacity for workhardening found in Hadfield steel. Therefore, the effect of WC and TiC on the microstructure,mechanical properties, and wear resistance was investigated. The X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)technique and Scanning Electron Microscope coupled with Energy X-ray Dispersive Spectroscopy(SEM-EDS) were employed to examine the phase transformation and microstructurecharacteristics of the MMCs. The grain size of carbides was calculated using ImageJ software.The wear test was conducted using a mini jaw crusher equipped with a stationary jaw (SJ) andmovable jaw (MJ). The wear characterization involved assessing volume loss, hardness profile,and the worn surface. The microstructures showed the formation of carbides particles dispersedwithin the matrix. Compared to the hardness of the manganese steel matrix, the MMCs exhibiteda significant increase in hardness. Regarding the wear performances, the movable jaw (MJ)demonstrated greater resistance (lower volume loss) compared to the stationnary jaw (SJ), indicatingdifferent wear mechanisms between the two jaws. The worn surface exhibited a texturedappearance with visible grooves, scratches, and embedded abrasive fragments. The hardnessprofile from the worn surface towards the core displayed a gradual decrease for both the SJ andMJ, indicating the work hardening capacity of manganese steel.

High manganese TWIP (TWinning Induced Plasticity) steels are particularly attractive for automotive applications because of their exceptional properties of strength combined with an excellent ductility. However, as austenitic steels, they appear to be sensitive to liquid zinc embrittlement during welding, the liquid zinc arising from the melted coating due to the high temperatures reached during the welding process. In this framework, the cracking behaviour of a high manganese austenitic steel has been investigated in relation to the liquid metal embrittlement (LME) phenomenon by hot tensile tests carried out on electro-galvanized specimens using a Gleeble 3500 thermomechanical simulator. The influence of different parameters such as temperature and strain rate on cracking behaviour has been studied. Embrittlement appears within a limited range of temperature depending on experimental conditions. Conditions for which cracking occurs could be experienced during welding processes. The existence of a critical stress above which cracking appears has been evidenced and this critical stress can be used as a cracking criterion. Finally, the study of the influence of different parameters such as time of contact between steel and liquid zinc before stress application, coating and steel on LME occurrence provides understanding elements of LME mechanism and permits to suggest solutions for preventing cracking during spot welding of such steels.

Dans les générateurs de vapeur des centrales nucléaires à eau pressurisée, les tuyauteries sont soumises à des chargements thermique et mécanique, qui sont variables et divisés en deux régimes différents : la fatigue oligocyclique et la fatigue gigacyclique. Les aciers au carbone – manganèse, type A42, A48 et Tu48 (normes françaises) sont souvent utilisés dans de telles applications. Les propriétés du matériau manifestent certains caractères spéciaux en mécanique et métallurgie comme le vieillissement dynamique conduisant à une augmentation de la valeur de la contrainte maximale et une diminution de la ductilité à la température 200 ℃. Le comportement en fatigue oligocyclique et gigacyclique sont étudiés à température ambiante et 200 ℃. Des essais de fatigue cumulée ont été mis en oeuvre pour étudier l’effet du cumul de dommage combinant des cycles de fatigue oligocyclique suivis de cycles en fatigue gigacyclique. Tous les résultats sont analysés en utilisant la mécanique de l’endommagement des milieux continus et l’analyse microfractographique. Les cycles d’hystérésis en fatigue oligocyclique sont dus à la déformation plastique de durcissement cinématique, ils peuvent être décrits par sous le modèle d’Armstrong – Frederick ; le durcissement isotrope est utile pour prédire l’évolution de l’amplitude de contrainte. Mais avec l’augmentation de la déformation plastique accumulée, le dommage ne peut être négligé. Le modèle de Chaboche d’endommagement par fatigue est utilisé pour décrire l’évolution des dommages oligocyclique et il est étendu au régime gigacyclique. Un modèle de fatigue cumulée des dommages a été développé à partir du modèle de Chaboche et appliqué à l’estimation des dommages de fatigue pour décrire le comportement de l’évolution de la contrainte en fonction du nombre de cycles. En fatigue oligocyclique à la température de 200 ℃, l’acier A48 est sensible au phénomène de vieillissement dynamique et il apparaît un durcissement secondaire, qui peut être prédit par la théorie des dislocations et est simulé dans la thése. L’analyse des surfaces de rupture est effectuée par fractographie au Microscope Electronique à Balayage pour les essais en oligocyclique, gigacyclique et cumul. En fatigue oligocylique, la fissure est initiée en surface. En fatigue gigacyclique, certaines fissures sont initiées sur des inclusions situées à l’intérieur d’éprouvettes. / In steam generators of nuclear power plants, typical pipes components are subjected to thermal and mechanical loading which are variable and divided into two different regimes: low cycle fatigue and gigacycle fatigue. Carbon-manganese steels A42, A48 and Tu48 steels (French standards) are often used in such applications. The material properties manifest some special characters in mechanics and metallurgy such as Dynamic Strain Aging, increasing UTS values in 200℃ temperature domain. The LCF and VHCF behaviors are investigated respectively by test method at room temperature and 200℃. The cumulative fatigue tests are implemented through referencing the load as prior LCF following gigacycle fatigue from the steam generator pipes thermal loads in order to obtain the performance of material under accumulated fatigue damage. All the test results are analyzed by using plastic mechanics, continuums damage mechanics and microscopic analysis. Hysteresis loops are due to plastic deformation in LCF which is the effect of kinematic hardening and they can be described by Armstrong – Frederick form models; the isotropy hardening is used to predict the evolution of stress amplitude in LCF. But with rising of accumulated plastic deformation, the damage can not be neglected. The Chaboche fatigue damage model is applied to describe the damage evolution of LCF and extended to VHCF regime. The cumulative fatigue damage model is extended from Chaboche model and applies to the estimation cumulative fatigue damage. The constitutive relationship and isotropy rule are coupled with fatigue damage model that can describe the whole fatigue behavior. In 200℃ for LCF, A48 is sensitive to dynamic strain aging and its secondary hardening behavior is important which can be predicted by dislocation theory and is simulated in the paper. The fractographic analysis is performed by SEM for LCF, VHCF and cumulative fatigue tests. The LCF crack is initiated in surface. Some of cracks of VHCF are given birth from the inclusions located at interior of sample.

Les aciers TWIP (TWinning Induced Plasticity) à haute teneur en manganèse sont particulièrement prometteurs pour les applications automobiles de par leur excellent compromis entre résistance mécanique et ductilité. Cependant, la microstructure austénitique leur confère une sensibilité à la fragilisation par le zinc liquide durant les procédés de soudage ; le zinc liquide provenant de la fusion du revêtement résultant de l’élévation de température à la surface de l’acier. Dans cette étude, la fissuration d’un acier austénitique à haute teneur en manganèse a été étudiée en rapport avec le phénomène de fragilisation par les métaux liquides par des essais de traction à chaud réalisés sur des éprouvettes électrozinguées au moyen d’un simulateur thermomécanique Gleeble 3500. L’influence de nombreux paramètres tels que la température et la vitesse de déformation sur la fissuration a été étudiée. La fragilisation apparaît dans un domaine de température limité qui dépend des conditions expérimentales. Les conditions pour lesquelles la fissuration apparaît peuvent être rencontrées durant les procédés de soudage. L’existence d’une contrainte critique pour laquelle la fissuration apparait a été mise en évidence et celle-ci peut être utilisée comme critère de fissuration. Enfin, l’étude de l’influence de différents paramètres tels que le temps de contact entre l’acier et le zinc liquide avant l’application des contraintes, le revêtement et l’acier sur l’apparition de la fragilisation apporte des éléments de compréhension du mécanisme de fissuration et permet de proposer des solutions pour éviter la fissuration durant le soudage par point de l’acier étudié. / High manganese TWIP (TWinning Induced Plasticity) steels are particularly attractive for automotive applications because of their exceptional properties of strength combined with an excellent ductility. However, as austenitic steels, they appear to be sensitive to liquid zinc embrittlement during welding, the liquid zinc arising from the melted coating due to the high temperatures reached during the welding process. In this framework, the cracking behaviour of a high manganese austenitic steel has been investigated in relation to the liquid metal embrittlement (LME) phenomenon by hot tensile tests carried out on electro-galvanized specimens using a Gleeble 3500 thermomechanical simulator. The influence of different parameters such as temperature and strain rate on cracking behaviour has been studied. Embrittlement appears within a limited range of temperature depending on experimental conditions. Conditions for which cracking occurs could be experienced during welding processes. The existence of a critical stress above which cracking appears has been evidenced and this critical stress can be used as a cracking criterion. Finally, the study of the influence of different parameters such as time of contact between steel and liquid zinc before stress application, coating and steel on LME occurrence provides understanding elements of LME mechanism and permits to suggest solutions for preventing cracking during spot welding of such steels.