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As próximas gerações de processadores many-core exigem que novas abordagens no projeto de arquitetura de processadores sejam propostas. Neste novo contexto, as redes de comunicação intra-chip são importantes para garantir o desempenho dos programas. Soluções tradicionais de interconexão possuem limites físicos que comprometem a escalabilidade e o desempenho no processamento de aplicações paralelas de diversos tipos. A alternativa apontada pelo estado da arte é a Network-on-Chip (NoC) composta por roteadores e outros elementos de rede capazes de prover comunicação escalável e de alto desempenho. No entanto, as cargas de trabalho geram padrões de comunicação diferentes que podem influenciar no desempenho da rede. Existem pesquisas que abordam metodologias de projeto dedicado de NoCs em função de domínios de aplicações específicos. Apesar de uma NoC dedicada possuir um alto desempenho, cargas de trabalho paralelas geram padrões de comunicação coletiva que mudam dinamicamente. Com o objetivo de aumentar a flexibilidade de redes-em-chip, trabalhos correlatos utilizam conceitos de computação reconfigurável para aumentar a capacidade da arquitetura da NoC se adaptar em função de padrões de comunicação. Alguns trabalhos focam na programação de FPGAs e outros em ASICs polimórficos. O objetivo desta tese é propor uma arquitetura de Network-on-Chip que suporte múltiplos clusters de núcleos de processamento através de roteadores programáveis e de topologias reconfiguráveis. Cada roteador é composto por uma chave crossbar reconfigurável capaz de implementar topologias dinamicamente através do uso de um segundo nível de reconfiguração. Os roteadores possuem processadores de rede que aumentam a flexibilidade e a capacidade da NoC se adaptar ao padrão de comunicação através de programas que monitoram e gerenciam a rede. Portanto, a contribuição da tese é a Arquitetura de NoC Programável Baseada em Múltiplos Clusters de Cores. Os resultados baseados em modelos analíticos e de simulação, e cargas de trabalho artificiais e naturais, mostram que a arquitetura da NoC possui um alto desempenho e vazão de pacotes, proporcionados pela adaptação de topologias e redução da influência da rede na comunicação. A ocupação em FPGA mostra que os roteadores programáveis possuem tamanho similares a NoCs com arquiteturas tradicionais para gerenciamento de mesma quantidade de núcleos. A menor utilização de buffers de entrada resulta em uma melhor eficiência no consumo de potência e energia. Portanto, através dos modelos de projeto e avaliação foi possível verificar através dos resultados que a arquitetura da MCNoC é uma alternativa para suportar padrões de comunicações coletivas. / For the next generation of many-core processors, new design methodologies must be proposed. In this context, on-chip interconnections are important to assure the program performance. Traditional approaches of interconnections have physical constraints that reduce the scalability and performance to process parallel applications. The state-of-theart points out to the Network-on-Chip (NoC), which consists of routers and other network devices capable of increasing the communication scalability and performance. However, workloads produce different types of communication patterns, which can influence the network performance. There are research works that explore applicationspecific NoC design to response the demand on specific workloads. Although a dedicated NoC has a high performance, parallel workloads have different collective communication patterns. In order to increase the flexibility of NoCs, related works use concepts of reconfigurable computing to add architecture adaptability to support dynamic communication patterns. Some works focus on FPGA-based reconfiguration and others on polymorphic ASICs. The goal of this thesis is to propose an alternative Programmable Multi-Cluster NoC architecture. Each router consists of a reconfigurable crossbar switch capable of implementing dynamic topologies through a second reconfiguration level. The routers have network processors that increase the flexibility and the NoC adaptability through management programs in order to support different workloads. Therefore, the contribution of this thesis is the following: A Programmable Multi-Cluster NoC (MCNoC) architecture. Based on analytical and simulation models, and artificial and natural workloads, results show the high performance and throughput for the proposed NoC architecture, due to the adaptable topologies and low network latency impact. Results based on FPGA shows a similar component utilization considering the proposed programmable NoC relative to conventional NoC architectures for the same number of processing cores. The low utilization of input buffers improves the efficiency of power and energy consumption. Therefore, through design and evaluation models, the NoC proposal was verified and the results point out the MCNoC as an alternative architecture to support collective communication patterns.

As próximas gerações de processadores many-core exigem que novas abordagens no projeto de arquitetura de processadores sejam propostas. Neste novo contexto, as redes de comunicação intra-chip são importantes para garantir o desempenho dos programas. Soluções tradicionais de interconexão possuem limites físicos que comprometem a escalabilidade e o desempenho no processamento de aplicações paralelas de diversos tipos. A alternativa apontada pelo estado da arte é a Network-on-Chip (NoC) composta por roteadores e outros elementos de rede capazes de prover comunicação escalável e de alto desempenho. No entanto, as cargas de trabalho geram padrões de comunicação diferentes que podem influenciar no desempenho da rede. Existem pesquisas que abordam metodologias de projeto dedicado de NoCs em função de domínios de aplicações específicos. Apesar de uma NoC dedicada possuir um alto desempenho, cargas de trabalho paralelas geram padrões de comunicação coletiva que mudam dinamicamente. Com o objetivo de aumentar a flexibilidade de redes-em-chip, trabalhos correlatos utilizam conceitos de computação reconfigurável para aumentar a capacidade da arquitetura da NoC se adaptar em função de padrões de comunicação. Alguns trabalhos focam na programação de FPGAs e outros em ASICs polimórficos. O objetivo desta tese é propor uma arquitetura de Network-on-Chip que suporte múltiplos clusters de núcleos de processamento através de roteadores programáveis e de topologias reconfiguráveis. Cada roteador é composto por uma chave crossbar reconfigurável capaz de implementar topologias dinamicamente através do uso de um segundo nível de reconfiguração. Os roteadores possuem processadores de rede que aumentam a flexibilidade e a capacidade da NoC se adaptar ao padrão de comunicação através de programas que monitoram e gerenciam a rede. Portanto, a contribuição da tese é a Arquitetura de NoC Programável Baseada em Múltiplos Clusters de Cores. Os resultados baseados em modelos analíticos e de simulação, e cargas de trabalho artificiais e naturais, mostram que a arquitetura da NoC possui um alto desempenho e vazão de pacotes, proporcionados pela adaptação de topologias e redução da influência da rede na comunicação. A ocupação em FPGA mostra que os roteadores programáveis possuem tamanho similares a NoCs com arquiteturas tradicionais para gerenciamento de mesma quantidade de núcleos. A menor utilização de buffers de entrada resulta em uma melhor eficiência no consumo de potência e energia. Portanto, através dos modelos de projeto e avaliação foi possível verificar através dos resultados que a arquitetura da MCNoC é uma alternativa para suportar padrões de comunicações coletivas. / For the next generation of many-core processors, new design methodologies must be proposed. In this context, on-chip interconnections are important to assure the program performance. Traditional approaches of interconnections have physical constraints that reduce the scalability and performance to process parallel applications. The state-of-theart points out to the Network-on-Chip (NoC), which consists of routers and other network devices capable of increasing the communication scalability and performance. However, workloads produce different types of communication patterns, which can influence the network performance. There are research works that explore applicationspecific NoC design to response the demand on specific workloads. Although a dedicated NoC has a high performance, parallel workloads have different collective communication patterns. In order to increase the flexibility of NoCs, related works use concepts of reconfigurable computing to add architecture adaptability to support dynamic communication patterns. Some works focus on FPGA-based reconfiguration and others on polymorphic ASICs. The goal of this thesis is to propose an alternative Programmable Multi-Cluster NoC architecture. Each router consists of a reconfigurable crossbar switch capable of implementing dynamic topologies through a second reconfiguration level. The routers have network processors that increase the flexibility and the NoC adaptability through management programs in order to support different workloads. Therefore, the contribution of this thesis is the following: A Programmable Multi-Cluster NoC (MCNoC) architecture. Based on analytical and simulation models, and artificial and natural workloads, results show the high performance and throughput for the proposed NoC architecture, due to the adaptable topologies and low network latency impact. Results based on FPGA shows a similar component utilization considering the proposed programmable NoC relative to conventional NoC architectures for the same number of processing cores. The low utilization of input buffers improves the efficiency of power and energy consumption. Therefore, through design and evaluation models, the NoC proposal was verified and the results point out the MCNoC as an alternative architecture to support collective communication patterns.

As próximas gerações de processadores many-core exigem que novas abordagens no projeto de arquitetura de processadores sejam propostas. Neste novo contexto, as redes de comunicação intra-chip são importantes para garantir o desempenho dos programas. Soluções tradicionais de interconexão possuem limites físicos que comprometem a escalabilidade e o desempenho no processamento de aplicações paralelas de diversos tipos. A alternativa apontada pelo estado da arte é a Network-on-Chip (NoC) composta por roteadores e outros elementos de rede capazes de prover comunicação escalável e de alto desempenho. No entanto, as cargas de trabalho geram padrões de comunicação diferentes que podem influenciar no desempenho da rede. Existem pesquisas que abordam metodologias de projeto dedicado de NoCs em função de domínios de aplicações específicos. Apesar de uma NoC dedicada possuir um alto desempenho, cargas de trabalho paralelas geram padrões de comunicação coletiva que mudam dinamicamente. Com o objetivo de aumentar a flexibilidade de redes-em-chip, trabalhos correlatos utilizam conceitos de computação reconfigurável para aumentar a capacidade da arquitetura da NoC se adaptar em função de padrões de comunicação. Alguns trabalhos focam na programação de FPGAs e outros em ASICs polimórficos. O objetivo desta tese é propor uma arquitetura de Network-on-Chip que suporte múltiplos clusters de núcleos de processamento através de roteadores programáveis e de topologias reconfiguráveis. Cada roteador é composto por uma chave crossbar reconfigurável capaz de implementar topologias dinamicamente através do uso de um segundo nível de reconfiguração. Os roteadores possuem processadores de rede que aumentam a flexibilidade e a capacidade da NoC se adaptar ao padrão de comunicação através de programas que monitoram e gerenciam a rede. Portanto, a contribuição da tese é a Arquitetura de NoC Programável Baseada em Múltiplos Clusters de Cores. Os resultados baseados em modelos analíticos e de simulação, e cargas de trabalho artificiais e naturais, mostram que a arquitetura da NoC possui um alto desempenho e vazão de pacotes, proporcionados pela adaptação de topologias e redução da influência da rede na comunicação. A ocupação em FPGA mostra que os roteadores programáveis possuem tamanho similares a NoCs com arquiteturas tradicionais para gerenciamento de mesma quantidade de núcleos. A menor utilização de buffers de entrada resulta em uma melhor eficiência no consumo de potência e energia. Portanto, através dos modelos de projeto e avaliação foi possível verificar através dos resultados que a arquitetura da MCNoC é uma alternativa para suportar padrões de comunicações coletivas. / For the next generation of many-core processors, new design methodologies must be proposed. In this context, on-chip interconnections are important to assure the program performance. Traditional approaches of interconnections have physical constraints that reduce the scalability and performance to process parallel applications. The state-of-theart points out to the Network-on-Chip (NoC), which consists of routers and other network devices capable of increasing the communication scalability and performance. However, workloads produce different types of communication patterns, which can influence the network performance. There are research works that explore applicationspecific NoC design to response the demand on specific workloads. Although a dedicated NoC has a high performance, parallel workloads have different collective communication patterns. In order to increase the flexibility of NoCs, related works use concepts of reconfigurable computing to add architecture adaptability to support dynamic communication patterns. Some works focus on FPGA-based reconfiguration and others on polymorphic ASICs. The goal of this thesis is to propose an alternative Programmable Multi-Cluster NoC architecture. Each router consists of a reconfigurable crossbar switch capable of implementing dynamic topologies through a second reconfiguration level. The routers have network processors that increase the flexibility and the NoC adaptability through management programs in order to support different workloads. Therefore, the contribution of this thesis is the following: A Programmable Multi-Cluster NoC (MCNoC) architecture. Based on analytical and simulation models, and artificial and natural workloads, results show the high performance and throughput for the proposed NoC architecture, due to the adaptable topologies and low network latency impact. Results based on FPGA shows a similar component utilization considering the proposed programmable NoC relative to conventional NoC architectures for the same number of processing cores. The low utilization of input buffers improves the efficiency of power and energy consumption. Therefore, through design and evaluation models, the NoC proposal was verified and the results point out the MCNoC as an alternative architecture to support collective communication patterns.

La présente thèse vise à évaluer la sensibilité statique et dynamique face aux SEE de trois dispositifs COTS différents. Le premier est le processeur multi-cœurs P2041 de Freescale fabriqué en technologie 45nm SOI qui met en œuvre ECC et la parité dans leurs mémoires cache. Le second est le processeur multifonction Kalray MPPA-256 fabriqué en technologie CMOS 28nm TSMC qui intègre 16 clusters de calcul chacun avec 16 cœurs, et met en œuvre ECC dans ses mémoires statiques et parité dans ses mémoires caches. Le troisième est le microprocesseur Adapteva E16G301 fabriqué en 65nm CMOS processus qui intègre 16 cœurs de processeur et ne pas mettre en œuvre des mécanismes de protection. L'évaluation a été réalisée par des expériences de rayonnement avec des neutrons de 14 Mev dans des accélérateurs de particules pour émuler un environnement de rayonnement agressif, et par injection de fautes dans des mémoires cache, des mémoires partagées ou des registres de processeur pour simuler les conséquences des SEU dans l'exécution du programme. Une analyse approfondie des erreurs observées a été effectuée pour identifier les vulnérabilités dans les mécanismes de protection. Des zones critiques telles que des Tag adresses et des registres à usage général ont été affectées pendant les expériences de rayonnement. De plus, l'approche Code Emulating Upset (CEU), développée au Laboratoire TIMA, a été étendue pour des processeurs multi-cœur et many-cœur pour prédire le taux d'erreur d'application en combinant les résultats issus des campagnes d'injection de fautes avec ceux issus des expériences de rayonnement. / The present thesis aims at evaluating the SEE static and dynamic sensitivity of three different COTS multi-core and many-core processors. The first one is the Freescale P2041 multi-core processor manufactured in 45nm SOI technology which implements ECC and parity in their cache memories. The second one is the Kalray MPPA-256 many-core processor manufactured in 28nm TSMC CMOS technology which integrates 16 compute clusters each one with 16 processor cores, and implements ECC in its static memories and parity in its cache memories. The third one is the Adapteva Epiphany E16G301 microprocessor manufactured in 65nm CMOS process which integrates 16 processor cores and do not implement protection mechanisms. The evaluation was accomplished through radiation experiments with 14 Mev neutrons in particle accelerators to emulate a harsh radiation environment, and by fault injection in cache memories, shared memories or processor registers, to simulate the consequences of SEUs in the execution of the program. A deep analysis of the observed errors was carried out to identify vulnerabilities in the protection mechanisms. Critical zones such as address tag and general purpose registers were affected during the radiation experiments. In addition, The Code Emulating Upset (CEU) approach, developed at TIMA Laboratory was extended to multi-core and many core processors for predicting the application error rate by combining the results issued from fault injection campaigns with those coming from radiation experiments.

With the development of on-chip manufacturing technologies and the requirements of high-performance computing, the core count is growing quickly in Chip Multi/Many-core Processors (CMPs) and Multiprocessor System-on-Chip (MPSoC) to support larger scale parallel execution. Network-on-Chip (NoC) has become the de facto solution for CMPs and MPSoCs in addressing the communication challenge. In the thesis, we tackle a few key problems facing high-performance NoC designs. For general-purpose CMPs, we encompass a full system perspective to design high-performance NoC for multi-threaded programs. By exploring the cache coherence under the whole system scenario, we present a smart communication service called Advance Virtual Channel Reservation (AVCR) to provide a highway to target packets, which can greatly reduce their contention delay in NoC. AVCR takes advantage of the fact that we can know or predict the destination of some packets ahead of their arrival at the Network Interface (NI). Exploiting the time interval before a packet is ready, AVCR establishes an end-to-end highway from the source NI to the destination NI. This highway is built up by reserving the Virtual Channel (VC) resources ahead of the target packet transmission and offering priority service to flits in the reserved VC in the wormhole router, which can avoid the target packets’ VC allocation and switch arbitration delay. Besides, we also propose an admission control method in NoC with a centralized Artificial Neural Network (ANN) admission controller, which can improve system performance by predicting the most appropriate injection rate of each node using the network performance information. In the online control process, a data preprocessing unit is applied to simplify the ANN architecture and make the prediction results more accurate. Based on the preprocessed information, the ANN predictor determines the control strategy and broadcasts it to each node where the admission control will be applied. For application-specific MPSoCs, we focus on developing high-performance NoC and NI compatible with the common AMBA AXI4 interconnect protocol. To offer the possibility of utilizing the AXI4 based processors and peripherals in the on-chip network based system, we propose a whole system architecture solution to make the AXI4 protocol compatible with the NoC based communication interconnect in the many-core system. Due to possible out-of-order transmission in the NoC interconnect, which conflicts with the ordering requirements specified by the AXI4 protocol, in the first place, we especially focus on the design of the transaction ordering units, realizing a high-performance and low cost solution to the ordering requirements. The microarchitectures and the functionalities of the transaction ordering units are also described and explained in detail for ease of implementation. Then, we focus on the NI and the Quality of Service (QoS) support in NoC. In our design, the NI is proposed to make the NoC architecture independent from the AXI4 protocol via message format conversion between the AXI4 signal format and the packet format, offering high flexibility to the NoC design. The NoC based communication architecture is designed to support high-performance multiple QoS schemes. The NoC system contains Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) and VC subnetworks to apply multiple QoS schemes to AXI4 signals with different QoS tags and the NI is responsible for traffic distribution between two subnetworks. Besides, a QoS inheritance mechanism is applied in the slave-side NI to support QoS during packets’ round-trip transfer in NoC. / Med utvecklingen av tillverkningsteknologi av on-chip och kraven på högpresterande da-toranläggning växer kärnantalet snabbt i Chip Multi/Many-core Processors (CMPs) ochMultiprocessor Systems-on-Chip (MPSoCs) för att stödja större parallellkörning. Network-on-Chip (NoC) har blivit den de facto lösningen för CMP:er och MPSoC:er för att mötakommunikationsutmaningen. I uppsatsen tar vi upp några viktiga problem med hög-presterande NoC-konstruktioner.Allmänna CMP:er omfattas ett fullständigt systemperspektiv för att design högprester-ande NoC för flertrådad program. Genom att utforska cachekoherensen under hela system-scenariot presenterar vi en smart kommunikationstjänst, AVCR (Advance Virtual ChannelReservation) för att tillhandahålla en motorväg till målpaket, vilket i hög grad kan min-ska deras förseningar i NoC. AVCR utnyttjar det faktum att vi kan veta eller förutsägadestinationen för vissa paket före deras ankomst till nätverksgränssnittet (Network inter-face, NI). Genom att utnyttja tidsintervallet innan ett paket är klart, etablerar AVCRen ände till ände motorväg från källan NI till destinationen NI. Denna motorväg byggsupp genom att reservera virtuell kanal (Virtual Channel, VC) resurser före målpaket-söverföringen och erbjuda prioriterade tjänster till flisar i den reserverade VC i wormholerouter. Dessutom föreslår vi också en tillträdeskontrollmetod i NoC med en centraliseradartificiellt neuronät (Artificial Neural Network, ANN) tillträdeskontroll, som kan förbättrasystemets prestanda genom att förutsäga den mest lämpliga injektionshastigheten för varjenod via nätverksprestationsinformationen. I onlinekontrollprocessen används en förbehan-dlingsenhet på data för att förenkla ANN-arkitekturen och göra förutsägningsresultatenmer korrekta. Baserat på den förbehandlade informationen bestämmer ANN-prediktornkontrollstrategin och sänder den till varje nod där tillträdeskontrollen kommer att tilläm-pas.För applikationsspecifika MPSoC:er fokuserar vi på att utveckla högpresterande NoCoch NI kompatibla med det gemensamma AMBA AXI4 protokoll. För att erbjuda möj-ligheten att använda AXI4-baserade processorer och kringutrustning i det on-chip baseradenätverkssystemet föreslår vi en hel systemarkitekturlösning för att göra AXI4 protokolletkompatibelt med den NoC-baserade kommunikation i det multikärnsystemet. På grundav den out-of-order överföring i NoC, som strider mot ordningskraven som anges i AXI4-protokollet, fokuserar vi i första hand på utformningen av transaktionsordningsenheterna,för att förverkliga en hög prestanda och låg kostnad-lösning på ordningskraven. Sedanfokuserar vi på NI och Quality of Service (QoS)-stödet i NoC. I vår design föreslås NI attgöra NoC-arkitekturen oberoende av AXI4-protokollet via meddelandeformatkonverteringmellan AXI4 signalformatet och paketformatet, vilket erbjuder NoC-designen hög flexi-bilitet. Den NoC-baserade kommunikationsarkitekturen är utformad för att stödja fleraQoS-schema med hög prestanda. NoC-systemet innehåller Time-Division Multiplexing(TDM) och VC-subnät för att tillämpa flera QoS-scheman på AXI4-signaler med olikaQoS-taggar och NI ansvarar för trafikdistribution mellan två subnät. Dessutom tillämpasen QoS-arvsmekanism i slav-sidan NI för att stödja QoS under paketets tur-returöverföringiNoC / <p>QC 20201008</p>

La prédictibilité est un aspect important des systèmes temps-réel critiques. Garantir la fonctionnalité de ces systèmespasse par la prise en compte des contraintes temporelles. Les architectures mono-cœurs traditionnelles ne sont plussuffisantes pour répondre aux besoins croissants en performance de ces systèmes. De nouvelles architectures multi-cœurssont conçues pour offrir plus de performance mais introduisent d'autres défis. Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressonsau problème d’accès aux ressources partagées dans un environnement multi-cœur.La première partie de ce travail propose une approche qui considère la modélisation de programme avec des formules desatisfiabilité modulo des théories (SMT). On utilise un solveur SMT pour trouverun chemin d’exécution qui maximise le temps d’exécution. On considère comme ressource partagée un bus utilisant unepolitique d’accès multiple à répartition dans le temps (TDMA). On explique comment la sémantique du programme analyséet le bus partagé peuvent être modélisés en SMT. Les résultats expérimentaux montrent une meilleure précision encomparaison à des approches simples et pessimistes.Dans la deuxième partie, nous proposons une analyse de temps de réponse de programmes à flot de données synchroness'exécutant sur un processeur pluri-cœur. Notre approche calcule l'ensemble des dates de début d'exécution et des tempsde réponse en respectant la contrainte de dépendance entre les tâches. Ce travail est appliqué au processeur pluri-cœurindustriel Kalray MPPA-256. Nous proposons un modèle mathématique de l'arbitre de bus implémenté sur le processeur. Deplus, l'analyse de l'interférence sur le bus est raffinée en prenant en compte : (i) les temps de réponseet les dates de début des tâches concurrentes, (ii) le modèle d'exécution, (iii) les bancsmémoires, (iv) le pipeline des accès à la mémoire. L'évaluation expérimentale est réalisé sur desexemples générés aléatoirement et sur un cas d'étude d'un contrôleur de vol. / Predictability is of paramount importance in real-time and safety-critical systems, where non-functional properties --such as the timing behavior -- have high impact on the system's correctness. As many safety-critical systems have agrowing performance demand, classical architectures, such as single-cores, are not sufficient anymore. One increasinglypopular solution is the use of multi-core systems, even in the real-time domain. Recent many-core architectures, such asthe Kalray MPPA, were designed to take advantage of the performance benefits of a multi-core architecture whileoffering certain predictability. It is still hard, however, to predict the execution time due to interferences on sharedresources (e.g., bus, memory, etc.).To tackle this challenge, Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) buses are often advocated. In the first part of thisthesis, we are interested in the timing analysis of accesses to shared resources in such environments. Our approach usesSatisfiability Modulo Theory (SMT) to encode the semantics and the execution time of the analyzed program. To estimatethe delays of shared resource accesses, we propose an SMT model of a shared TDMA bus. An SMT-solver is used to find asolution that corresponds to the execution path with the maximal execution time. Using examples, we show how theworst-case execution time estimation is enhanced by combining the semantics and the shared bus analysis in SMT.In the second part, we introduce a response time analysis technique for Synchronous Data Flow programs. These are mappedto multiple parallel dependent tasks running on a compute cluster of the Kalray MPPA-256 many-core processor. Theanalysis we devise computes a set of response times and release dates that respect the constraints in the taskdependency graph. We derive a mathematical model of the multi-level bus arbitration policy used by the MPPA. Further,we refine the analysis to account for (i) release dates and response times of co-runners, (ii)task execution models, (iii) use of memory banks, (iv) memory accesses pipelining. Furtherimprovements to the precision of the analysis were achieved by considering only accesses that block the emitting core inthe interference analysis. Our experimental evaluation focuses on randomly generated benchmarks and an avionics casestudy.