Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós–Graduação em Aqüicultura, Instituto de Oceanografia, 2011. / Submitted by Cristiane Silva (cristiane_gomides@hotmail.com) on 2012-08-20T13:42:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertao renato a santos.pdf: 788840 bytes, checksum: d822bbd2dd77094d946ed0d5d725098d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2012-11-13T22:09:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertao renato a santos.pdf: 788840 bytes, checksum: d822bbd2dd77094d946ed0d5d725098d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-11-13T22:09:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertao renato a santos.pdf: 788840 bytes, checksum: d822bbd2dd77094d946ed0d5d725098d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Organismos marinhos em salinidades reduzidas encontram um desafio fisiológico diferente daquele naturalmente encontrado em salinidade oceânica. Isso ocorre porque esses se tornam hiper-osmóticos em relação ao meio. A literatura sugere que a adição de sal na dieta pode suprir a perda passaiva de íons e, consequentemente, melhorar o crescimento. Dessa forma, os efeitos da suplementação de sal na dieta (SD) no crescimento, na sobrevivência, na osmorregulação e nas alterações histológicas branquiais foram avaliados em juvenis de bijupirá (12 g) criados em salinidade 5. O bijupirá, Rachycentron canadum, tem recebido a atenção de pesquisadores e investidores no mundo inteiro devido às suas características positivas que a elegem uma espécie com potencial na piscicultura marinha. Durante 40 dias, os peixes foram alimentados, diariamente em dois turnos, com dietas contendo diferentes níveis de NaCl: 0,0; 2,5; 5,0; 7,5 e 10,0% do peso seco da dieta basal (todos em triplicata). Ao final do experimento os arcos branquiais foram coletados para avaliação histológica e determinação da atividade Na+, K+-ATPase. A sobrevivência foi 100% em todos os grupos e não houve diferença no peso médio final entre os tratamentos. Entretanto, 7,5 e 10% de NaCl resultaram em piores taxas de conversão alimentar e maior consumo alimentar comparadas aos demais grupos. A atividade da Na+, K+-ATPase branquial foi estatisticamente reduzida quando os peixes receberam dietas com níveis de 2,5; 5 e 7,5% de NaCl em relação ao grupo 0,0%. O número de células de cloreto do grupo controle (16 células mm-2) diferiu significativamente dos grupos SD. Foi verificado o aumento da proliferação celular de acordo com o aumento do sal na dieta, atingindo 41 células mm-2 nas brânquias dos peixes do grupo 10% de NaCl. Esses dados sugerem que a suplementação de NaCl não é necessária para o crescimento em salinidade 5, apesar do bijupirá apresentar menor atividade Na+, K+-ATPase nos grupos com baixa adição de NaCl na dieta. / Marine fish in low-saline water encounter the physiological challenge of passive loss of ions and water gain. Some studies suggested that dietary salt can provide physiological necessities and may, consequently, improve growth. Cobia Rachycentron canadum is a fast growing fish and its commercial interest has been increasing around the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of salty diet (SD) on growth performance, gill histological alterations, and osmoregulation of cobia reared in low salinity. Cobia juveniles (12 g) were acclimated to salinity 5 and fed with five dietary NaCl levels: 0.0%, 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5% and 10.0% dry weight of a basal diet (all with three replicates). Fishes were fed twice daily until satiation for 40 days. At the end of experiment, gill arches were sampled for histological evaluation and for determination of Na+, K+-ATPase activity. Survival after 40 days was 100% in all treatments. The results showed that NaCl supplementation did not improve growth performance and the highest levels of SD (7.5 and 10%) showed unfavorable effects on food conversion and feed intake. Na+, K+-ATPase activity in fishes fed with the basal diet was significantly higher than in those fed with 2.5%, 5.0 and 7.0% NaCl supplementation. The number of chloride cells significantly increased with increasing dietary salt level, reaching 2.5 fold higher in 10% NaCl supplementation (41 cells mm-2) when compared to group 0.0% (16 cells mm-2). Summarily, dietary salt supplemented has consequences on chloride cells proliferation, but, apparently, cobia seems to spare energy, since it reduced the Na+, K+-ATPase activity.

A ação antimicrobiana da nanopartícula de prata (AgNP) favorece seu uso em diversos produtos. Sua toxicidade está relacionada com o tamanho da nanopartícula, seu estado de agregação e a capacidade em gerar espécies reativas de oxigênio (EsRO). O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos citogenotóxicos, como também o estresse oxidativo em eritrócitos de Trachinotus carolinus expostos à AgNP. Os peixes receberam, via injeção intraperitoneal, três diferentes doses de suspensão de AgNP, 3, 1.5 e 0.75 μgAgNP/gpeixe. Após 12, 24, 36, 72 e 108 horas o sangue foi coletado para realizar o ensaio cometa e o teste do micronúcleo (MN) outras anormalidades nucleares (ANE), como também o fígado para a atividade enzimática da catalase. A AgNP demonstrou ser citogenotóxica, como também se capaz de promover o estresse oxidativo em Trachinotus carolinus. Os resultados mostram que os danos ao DNA e a ocorrência de MN e ANE apresentaram relação dose-resposta dependente. A redução no dano ao DNA mostrou estar relacionada com o aumento da atividade da catalase. / Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) are applied as antimicrobial agents to many manufactured products. Nanoparticles size, aggregation and its induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are associated with AgNP toxicity. This study was undertaken to examine the citogenotoxicity as well as oxidative stress of AgNP in Trachinotus carolinos erythrocytes. The fish received tree different doses of 3, 1.5 e 0.75 µgAgNP/gfish by intraperitoneal injection. Bloods samples were collected and at 12, 24, 36, 72 and 108 hours post-injection to perform the comet assay and the micronucleus test. Extract of liver were used to measure catalase activity. This study showed that AgNP is citogenotoxic to this species and is able to induce oxidative stress. The results showed that the DNA damage, micronucleus and nuclear abnormalities was dose dependent. The reduction of DNA damage exhibit a close relationship with catalase activity.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-09T12:13:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Carolina Notaro de Barros.pdf: 471792 bytes, checksum: 565309c707bb10b4d250687b7f4c6182 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-09T12:13:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carolina Notaro de Barros.pdf: 471792 bytes, checksum: 565309c707bb10b4d250687b7f4c6182 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The indiscriminate use of antimicrobial drugs in aquaculture may cause development of drug-resistant bacteria, which become more difficult to be controlled and eliminated. Probiotics may represent an alternative prophylactic disease control, replacing the use of antibiotics. In this respect, this study isolated, tested and identified potential probiotic bacteria from the gut of cobia, Rachycentron canadum, a potential candidate for marine aquaculture. 40 animals were captured, 10 from a private hatchery and 30 from an offshore culture system (PE, Brazil) between November 2010 and July 2011. Fishes from the hatchery had weight of 139.30 ± 31.52 g and length of 27.13 ± 1.46 cm, while those from offshore culture system weighed 456.77 ± 264.46 g and had length of 37.29 ± 6.05 cm. 45 bacterial were isolated and tested in vitro against five known pathogenic species, Aeromonas hydrophila (IOC/FDA 110-36), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 15442), Streptococcus agalactiae (ATCC 13813), Vibrio parahaemolyticus (ATCC 17802) and Vibrio vulnificus (ATCC 27562). Fifteen strains (33.33%) had antibacterial activity to at least one pathogen, while eight (17.77%) were inhibited all pathogens tested. There was significant difference (P<0.05) between percentage of potential probiotic obtained from different seasons, rainy and dry. Strains that presented the best results antagonism test in vitro were identified as Lactobacillus plantarum, Bacillus coagulans, Klebsiella spp., Bacillus circulans, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis and Bacillus firmus. The largest inhibition zone observed in the antagonism test was produced by B. circulans against V. vulnificus. Some potential probiotic species identified were characterized by others authors, but isolated from the intestine of other fish species. It is suggested in vivo antagonism tests are performed to prove the effectiveness of these bacteria as probiotic to cobia. / O uso indiscriminado de drogas antimicrobianas na aquicultura pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento de bactérias resistentes aos medicamentos, o que torna esses micro-organismos mais difíceis de serem controlados e eliminados. Probióticos podem representar uma alternativa profilática no controle de doenças, em substituição ao uso de antibióticos. Neste contexto, o estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de isolar, testar e identificar bactérias com potencial probiótico do beijupirá, Rachycentron canadum, potencial candidato para a piscicultura marinha. Foram coletados 40 animais, 10 na fase de berçário e 30 na fase de engorda em sistema offshore (PE, Brasil), no período de novembro de 2010 a julho de 2011. Os peixes coletados do berçário apresentaram peso de 139,30 ± 31,52 g e comprimento de 27,13 ± 1,46 cm, enquanto os animais provenientes do sistema offshore apresentaram peso de 456,77 ± 264,46 g e comprimento de 37,29 ± 6,05 cm. Foram obtidos 45 isolados bacterianos testados in vitro frente a cinco espécies patogênicas conhecidas, Aeromonas hydrophila (IOC/FDA 110-36), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 15442); Streptococcus agalactiae (ATCC 13813); Vibrio parahaemolyticus (ATCC 17802) e Vibrio vulnificus (ATCC 27562). Quinze isolados (33,33%) apresentaram atividade antibacteriana a pelo menos um patógeno e oito (17,77%) inibiram todos os patógenos testados. Houve diferença significativa (P<0,05) na proporção de isolados potenciais probióticos obtidos nas distintas épocas do ano, chuvosa e seca. Os isolados que apresentaram os melhores resultados no teste de antagonismo in vitro foram identificados como Lactobacillus plantarum, Bacillus coagulans, Klebsiella spp., Bacillus circulans, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis e Bacillus firmus. O maior halo de inibição observado no teste de antagonismo foi produzido por B. circulans frente ao V. vulnificus. Algumas espécies potenciais probióticas identificadas já foram caracterizadas por outros autores, porém isoladas de intestino de outras espécies de peixes. Sugere-se a realização de testes de antagonismo in vivo para que seja comprovada a efetividade das bactérias como probióticas para o beijupirá.

O presente estudo propõe uma metodologia para dissolução de tecidos biológicos em sistema de micro-ondas com radiação focalizada e posterior análise elementar por espectrometria de massas com plasma acoplado indutivamente (ICPMS). Foram determinados os elementos arsênio (As), cádmio (Cd), cobre (Cu), chumbo (Pb), níquel (Ni), vanádio (V) e zinco (Zn). A matriz nitro-peroxo-sulfúrica foi comparada com outra sem o ácido sulfúrico e apresentou melhor padrão de recuperação (acima de 90%) na quantificação dos elementos certificados no material de referência TORT-2. As interferências causadas pela presença do ácido sulfúrico na matriz digestora foram contornadas com o uso da célula de reação/colisão com gás hélio (He) e adição deste ácido na composição da curva de quantificação. O ganho analítico proporcionado pelo método de digestão em matriz sulfúrica, em sistema não pressurizado, baseia-se no incremento da temperatura reacional e na degradação completa da matéria orgânica. As digestões tradicionalmente realizadas para quantificação por ICPMS, compostas unicamente de ácido nítrico (HNO3) e peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2), não apresentam a mesma eficiência na degradação da matéria orgânica em sistemas abertos. Por fim, este método foi aplicado satisfatoriamente em amostras de tecido hepático de peixe Mugil liza (tainha), comprovando sua eficiência em monitorar a bioacumulação, utilizando-se da sensibilidade da técnica multielementar de ICPMS / This study proposes a methodology for dissolution of biological tissues in microwave system with focused radiation and subsequent elemental analysis by mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICPMS). The elements arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), vanadium (V) and zinc (Zn) were identified and quantified. The nitro-peroxo-sulfuric acid matrix was compared to another without sulfuric acid and showed better recovery (above 90%) in the quantification of elements in certified reference material TORT-2. The interferences caused by the presence of sulfuric acid in digesting matrix were bypassed by the use of ORS (octapole reaction system) with helium (He) gas and the addition of this acid in the composition of the quantification curve. The gain provided by the analytical method of digestion with sulfuric acid matrix in non-pressurized system, is based on increasing the reaction temperature and the complete degradation of organic matter. Digestions traditionally performed for quantification by ICPMS, composed only with nitric acid (HNO3) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), are not as efficient in the degradation of organic matter in open systems. Finally, this method was satisfactorily applied in samples of liver tissue of fish Mugil liza (mullet), proving its effectiveness in monitoring the bioaccumulation, using the sensitivity of multielemental ICPMS technique

Gram-positive bacteria are part of the normal flora of fish from different aquatic environments. They are mesophilic bacteria and demonstrate optimum growth at ambient temperature. In the sub-tropics, marine fish are caught from seas at temperatures of 16 to 34C, they are usually not iced and are handled at ambient temperature. It was hypothesized that under these conditions Gram-positive bacteria will be abundant in sub-tropical marine fish and will have roles in the spoilage of fish. A review of literature showed that there is a gap in understanding the Gram-positive bacterial populations in sub-tropical marine fish. This is partly due to the fact that the selective media used for isolating Gram-positive bacteria have limitations. Ecological and speciation studies have revealed that the ecology and speciation of many Gram-positive bacteria have not been clearly elucidated. The effect of ambient storage on the individual genera and species of Gram-positive bacteria in fish has been rarely studied. The spoilage potential of Gram-positive bacteria of marine fish origin has not been clearly determined. Therefore, the main aims of this study were to isolate Gram-positive bacteria from fresh and ambient-temperature-stored sub-tropical marine fish, speciate the isolates and study the spoilage potential of the isolates. The practical components of this study were conducted in four parts. The first part dealt with validation of tryptone soya agar with 0.25% phenylethyl alcohol (PEA-TSA) to enumerate Gram-positive bacteria. The second part enumerated Gram-positive bacteria from the muscles, gills and gut of Pseudocaranx dentex (Silver Trevally), Pagrus auratus (Snapper) and Mugil cephalus (Sea Mullet) stored at 25C for 15 hours using PEA-TSA. The third part dealt with the speciation of the isolates using appropriate methods such as polymerase chain reaction, 16S rRNA gene sequence, the VITEK JR system and conventional biochemical methods. In the fourth part, the isolates were assayed qualitatively for their ability to produce volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), reduce trimethylamine oxide and decarboxylate histidine, lysine and ornithine at mesophilic temperature, 32C. Initial studies indicated that PEA-TSA significantly (P< 0.05) reduced the total aerobic bacterial count of fish whereas control Gram-positive bacteria were not affected (P> 0.05). Gram-positive aerobic bacterial counts (GABC) significantly (P< 0.05) increased in the muscles and gills during ambient storage for 15 hours. Within each species, no significant (P> 0.05) differences were found in GABC between muscles and gills. Moreover, there were no significant differences (P> 0.05) in GABC between fish species during storage. In total, 390 bacteria were isolated from the fresh and stored fish; 339 isolates (87%) were found to be Gram-positive. Two hundred and sixty-six isolates (78%) of Gram-positive bacteria were identified to fall into 13 genera, namely Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Bacillus, Virgibacillus, Brevibacillus, Corynebacterium, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Aerococcus, Exiguobacterium, Carnobacterium, Vagococcus and Sporosarcina and 30 species. In fresh fish, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Micrococcus luteus were the most frequent isolates. The effect of storage at 25C for 15 hours resulted in a change of Gram-positive bacterial populations; while S. epidermidis, S. xylosus and Bacillus megaterium were no longer present, S. warneri, B. sphaericus, Brevibacillus borstelensis, Enterococcus faecium and Streptococcus uberis increased. Three species, E. faecium, Str. uberis and B. sphaericus, were the most prevalent at the end of storage. Micrococcus luteus and S. warneri were the most prevalent isolates from Pseudocaranx dentex, but E. faecium and Str. uberis were the most frequently isolated from Pagrus auratus and Mugil cephalus. With respect to different parts of the fish body, E. faecium, Str. uberis and B. sphaericus were the most frequent isolates from the muscles, E. faecium, Str. uberis from the gills and M. luteus from the gut. Among the 228 isolates examined, Br. borstelensis 73, Br. borstelensis 291, Str. uberis 339, Vagococcus fluvialis 31 and Vag. fluvialis 132 produced VSC from sodium thiosulphate, cysteine and methionine. However, strains varied in sulphur source utilization. Exiguobacterium acetylicum 5, Exiguobacterium spp. 191, Carnobacterium spp. 338, Br. borstelensis 73, Br. borstelensis 291, Str. uberis 30, Str. uberis 339, Vag. fluvialis 31 and Vag. fluvialis 132 reduced TMAO. No histidine decarboxylase activity was found in the Gram-positive bacterial species tested. Lysine and ornithine were decarboxylated mainly by different strains of S. warneri, S. epidermidis and M. luteus. During ambient storage of fish, the frequency of lysine-decarboxylating bacteria increased and became more diverse after 5 hours of storage. Among fish species examined, the frequencies of lysine- and ornithine-decarboxylating bacteria were higher and more diverse in Pseudocaranx dentex than in Pagrus auratus and Mugil cephalus. This study found that Gram-positive bacteria were abundant and diverse in sub-tropical marine fish; however, their frequencies were affected by fish habitat and fish body part. Ambient temperature storage determined which Gram-positive bacterial species were dominant. With the exception of one isolate of S. aureus, Gram-positive bacteria isolated from sub-tropical marine fish caught from unpolluted water were not potential pathogens. The study also showed that Gram-positive bacteria had greater ability to decarboxylate lysine and ornithine than to produce VSC or reduce TMAO, and the spoilage potential of a bacterial species was a strain-dependent behaviour. This is a significant study as it is the first study on this aspect sub-tropical marine fish. It validated a selective medium that can be used to enumerate most Gram-positive bacteria from a marine environment. Most of the Gram-positive bacterial species from sub-tropical marine fish identified in this study were documented for the first time. The effects of ambient storage and the spoilage potential of Gram-positive bacteria from sub-tropical marine were clearly elucidated.

L’oxygène dissous dans l’eau de mer a régulièrement baissé dans de nombreux écosystèmes marins côtiers ces 50 dernières années du fait du réchauffement climatique et des activités humaines côtières croissantes. Cette diminution de l’oxygène présent dans l’eau de mer provoque des épisodes d’hypoxie de plus en plus fréquents et sévères dans les zones côtières et estuariennes. Certains organismes peuvent échapper à ces contraintes environnementales par migration ou dispersion. D’autres, présentant des capacités de nages plus réduites, doivent mettre en oeuvre des régulations physiologiques (plasticité phénotypique) pour leur permettre de s’adapter et survivre. C’est notamment le cas des larves de poissons marins qui sont susceptibles d’être présentes dans les nourriceries côtières à la fin de leur développement. Il est aujourd’hui bien établi que les régulations mises en oeuvre par les organismes pour faire face à leur environnement durant les jeunes stades de vie peuvent imprégner leur fonctionnement physiologique sur le long-terme et modifier leur trajectoire de vie. Si de nombreuses informations relatives aux conditionnements précoces sont disponibles dans le domaine médical, les connaissances de ces effets chez les organismes marins dans un contexte écologique sont encore très fragmentaires. L’objectif principal de ce travail de thèse a donc été d’évaluer les conséquences physiologiques, non seulement à court-terme mais surtout à long-terme, d’une exposition de poissons marins en fin de développement larvaire à une hypoxie modérée (8 jours, 40% de saturation à l’air). L’autre originalité de ce travail reposait sur la comparaison des réponses adaptatives mises en oeuvre chez deux espèces, l’une pélagique ─ le bar Européen (Dicentrarchus labrax) ─ et l’autre benthique ─ la sole commune (Solea solea). Nos résultats nous ont permis de montrer un effet significatif à long-terme de la contrainte hypoxique précoce sur les performances physiologiques des juvéniles et notamment sur leur croissance. Les juvéniles de bars et de soles présentent respectivement de plus faibles et de plus fortes croissances après avoir été exposés à un environnement hypoxique au stade larvaire. L’effet négatif sur la croissance observé chez le bar s’explique, au moins en partie, par une moins bonne assimilation énergétique due à un impact sur la fonction digestive. Les analyses moléculaires réalisées au niveau hépatique chez le juvénile de bar révèlent, par ailleurs, une imprégnation au niveau transcriptionnel de l’expression de gènes impliqués dans la réponse à l’hypoxie. L’effet positif observé sur la croissance des juvéniles de sole est associé à une meilleure tolérance aux stress thermiques et hypoxiques et à une diminution du registre métabolique. Les résultats obtenus chez le bar et la sole suggèrent que des modifications d’allocations énergétiques sous-tendent les effets observés à long-terme sur les performances physiologiques. Plus globalement, l’ensemble des données obtenues au cours de cette thèse soutiennent l’importance que revêt la nature de l’environnement rencontré par le poisson au cours de ses jeunes stades de vie sur ses futures performances physiologiques. Nos résultats indiquent par ailleurs que l’imprégnation physiologique par l’environnement est espèce-spécifique révélant des probables stratégies d’adaptation différentes suivant les espèces. / The dissolved oxygen in seawater has steadily declined in many coastal marine ecosystems in the last 50 years because of global warming and increasing coastal human activities. This decrease in oxygen in seawater causes episodes of hypoxia increasingly frequent and severe in coastal and estuarine areas. Some organisms may escape these environmental constraints by migration or dispersion. Others, with limited swimming capabilities must implement physiological regulation (phenotypic plasticity) to enable them to adapt and survive. This is particularly the case of marine fish larvae that are likely to be present in coastal nursery at the end of their development. It is now well established that the regulations implemented by organisms to cope with their environment during the early stages of life can imprint their physiological function in the long-term and change their life trajectory. While much information on early conditioning is available in the field of medicine, knowledge of these effects in marine organisms in an ecological context are still very fragmentary. Therefore, the main objective of this thesis was to evaluate the physiological consequences, not only in the short-term but especially in the long-term, of an exposition to a moderate hypoxia (8 days, 40% air saturation) of marine fish at the end of larval development. Another originality of this work was based on the comparison of adaptive responses implemented in two species, one pelagic ─ European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) ─ and one benthic ─ the common sole (Solea solea). Our results have allowed us to show a significant long-term effect of early hypoxic stress on the physiological performance of juvenile and especially their growth. Juveniles of European sea bass and juveniles of common sole have, respectively, lower and higher growth after being exposed to a hypoxic environment in the larval stage. The negative effect on growth observed in sea bass was due, in part, to lower energy assimilation as a consequence of an impact on the digestive function. Moreover, molecular analyzes in the liver of sea bass juveniles indicate an impregnation at the transcriptional level of the expression of genes involved in the response to hypoxia. The positive effect observed on the growth of sole juveniles is associated with better tolerance to thermal and hypoxic stress and a decrease in metabolic scope. The results obtained in European sea bass and common sole suggest that changes in energy allocations could explain the physiological performances observed in the long-term. Globally, all the data obtained in this thesis underline the importance of the environmental parameters encountered by fish during their young life stages on their future physiological performances. Such physiological impregnation by the early environment is species-specific, revealing potential different adaptation strategies.

A ecologia humana analisa as relações entre populações humanas e os recursos naturais e pode gerar informações úteis para o manejo das atividades de pesca em áreas costeiras. Este estudo foi realizado nos anos de 2007 e 2008 em duas comunidades de pescadores do litoral sul do Brasil, localizadas nas praias da Guarda do Embaú (GE) e Pinheira (PP), no estado de Santa Catarina. Os principais objetivos deste estudo foram: analisar as estratégias de pesca e as interações entre diferentes grupos humanos nas atividades da pesca artesanal de subsistência; identificar as decisões e estratégias utilizadas pelos pescadores na pesca artesanal comercial e registrar o conhecimento ecológico local (CEL) dos pescadores de duas comunidades sobre os peixes, comparando-o com o conhecimento científico e comparando o CEL entre as comunidades. Na praia da GE foi registrado o número de pescadores e obtidas as seguintes variáveis da pesca através de entrevistas realizadas com estes pescadores: procedência, atividade econômica, petrechos e técnicas utilizadas, tempo gasto pescando e pontos de pesca utilizados, além da composição e biomassa de peixes capturados. Na época de migração de tainhas e paratis (Mugil platanus e M. curema), pescadores locais e ocasionais (de outras regiões) intensificaram a atividade da pesca, registrando um maior rendimento pesqueiro. As técnicas de pesca (espía e sarraio utilizadas com tarrafas e a vara de pesca) utilizadas pelos pescadores (n=163), apresentaram diferenças quanto à produtividade e seletividade. A espía foi a técnica mais produtiva. O sarraio e a espía foram técnicas mais seletivas, quando comparadas à vara de pesca. Foi evidenciada a partilha de nicho entre os pescadores locais e ocasionais quanto ao uso do espaço de pesca e das estratégias de captura utilizadas. Foram observados indícios de regras de uso do espaço de pesca: o respeito dos pescadores ocasionais sobre o ponto de pesca utilizado apenas pelos pescadores locais, além de um comportamento territorial dos pescadores locais que defenderam o ponto de pesca através de sanções sociais (intimidação). Foram registrados os fatores sócio-ecológicos que favorecem planos de co-manejo pesqueiro, como a presença da associação de pescadores dentre outros. A pesca na praia da Pinheira foi analisada através do modelo de forrageio ótimo a partir de um “lugar central” (ponto de saída das embarcações de pesca), que prevê que os pescadores procurarão maximizar os ganhos (biomassa de peixe capturada) em pontos de pesca mais distantes intensificando o esforço de captura. Foram registrados os seguintes dados dos desembarques pesqueiros (n=285): técnicas e áreas de pesca, tempo de viagem até as áreas de pesca (custos), tempo de permanência nas áreas de pesca (esforço) e espécies capturadas (benefícios). O comportamento dos pescadores não seguiu as premissas do modelo de forrageio ótimo. Os pescadores das técnicas de pesca caceio e fundeio visitaram as áreas de pesca de maior probabilidade de boas capturas, independente da distância do “lugar central”. Para encontrar esses lugares os pescadores utilizaram técnicas de sondagem que indicaram as áreas de pesca de maior produtividade. Também foram realizadas entrevistas com pescadores das praias da GE (n=28) e PP (n=31), com mais de dez anos de experiência na atividade, com o objetivo de registrar o conhecimento ecológico local (CEL) e compará-lo com a literatura científica e com estudos biológicos. Foi registrado o CEL dos pescadores sobre a abundância, período de reprodução e itens alimentares ingeridos por 7 espécies de peixes na GE e 13 espécies na PP. Foram coletados peixes de cinco espécies junto aos pescadores da PP para análises dos aspectos reprodutivos e alimentares. Os pescadores das duas comunidades possuem um conhecimento detalhado sobre as espécies de peixes, que foi influenciado por fatores como a utilidade e a abundância dos peixes e esteve de acordo com a literatura científica, na maioria das vezes. Algumas informações obtidas pelo CEL não foram encontradas na literatura científica e outras não condizentes com a literatura serviram para formular hipóteses para futuras investigações. Foram registradas diferenças no CEL dos pescadores quanto à biologia das espécies de mugilídeos e da anchova (Pomatomus saltatrix), quando comparadas as duas comunidades de pesca. O reconhecimento das particularidades das diferentes comunidades de pescadores permite conduzir as estratégias de manejo dos recursos de uma forma participativa e mais eficiente, através de práticas de co-manejo pesqueiro. / Human ecology examines the relationships between human populations and natural resources and can generate useful information for management of fishing activities in coastal areas. This study was conducted in the years 2007 and 2008 in two fishing communities of southern Brazilian coast, located at Guarda do Embaú (GE) and Pinheira beaches (PP), state of Santa Catarina. The main objectives of this study were: analyze the strategies of fisheries and interactions between different groups in the activities of artisanal fisheries subsistence, identifying the decisions and strategies used by fishermen on the fishing trade and register the local ecological knowledge (LEK) of fishers of two communities over the fish, comparing it with scientific knowledge and comparing the LEK between communities. On the beach GE was the number of registered fishers and the following variables of fishing through interviews with fishers: origin, economic activity, fishing gear and techniques, time spent fishing and fishing spots used in addition to the composition and biomass fishes. At the time of migration of mullets (Mugil platanus and M. curema), local fishers and fishers occasional (other regions) have intensified the activity of fishing, logging a higher yield fishery. The fishing techniques (espia and sarraio used with cast nets and fishing pole) used by fishers (n = 163) differed in yield and selectivity. The espia was the most productive technique. The sarraio and espia techniques were more selective when compared to the fishing pole. There was evidence for niche sharing between local fishers and occasional about the use of the area of fisheries and capture strategies used. Indication, rules of use of space fishing: respect for the occasional fishers on the fishing spot only used by local fishermen, and a territorial behavior of the local fishers who defended the fishing spot through social sanctions (intimidation). Were recorded the socio-ecological factors that promote co-management plans for fisheries, as the presence of the fishermen's association and others. Fishing on the beach Pinheira was analyzed using the model of optimal foraging from a "central place" (point of exit of fishing vessels), which provides that the fishers seek to maximize gains (biomass of fish caught) in points more distant fishing intensifying the fishing effort. Were recorded the following data of fishing landings (n = 285): techniques and fishing areas, travel time to the fishing areas (costs), time in the fishing areas (effort) and species caught (benefits). The behavior of the fishers did not follow the model assumptions of optimal foraging. The fishers of the fishing techniques caceio and fundeio, visited the fishing areas with the highest probability of good catches, regardless of distance from the "central place". To find these places the fishers used probing techniques indicated that the fishing areas of higher productivity. Were also conducted interviews with fishers from the beaches of GE (n = 28) and PP (n = 31), with over ten years experience in the activity, in order to register the local ecological knowledge (LEK) and compare it with the scientific literature and other biological studies. Were registered fishers LEK on the abundance, breeding period and food items eaten by 7 species of fish and 13 species at GE in the PP. Were collected five species of fish of the fishers at PP for analysis of the reproductive aspects and feeding. Fishers from both communities have a detailed knowledge about the species of fish, which was influenced by such factors as the usefulness and abundance of fish and was in accordance with the scientific literature, most of the time. Some information obtained from LEK was not found in the literature and others not consistent with the literature used to formulate hypotheses for future investigations. Differences in the KEL were fishermen on the biology of the species of mullets and bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix), compared to the two fishing communities. The recognition of the particularities of different fishing communities allows driving the strategies for managing resources in a participatory manner and more efficiently, through practices of comanagement fisheries.

A ecologia humana analisa as relações entre populações humanas e os recursos naturais e pode gerar informações úteis para o manejo das atividades de pesca em áreas costeiras. Este estudo foi realizado nos anos de 2007 e 2008 em duas comunidades de pescadores do litoral sul do Brasil, localizadas nas praias da Guarda do Embaú (GE) e Pinheira (PP), no estado de Santa Catarina. Os principais objetivos deste estudo foram: analisar as estratégias de pesca e as interações entre diferentes grupos humanos nas atividades da pesca artesanal de subsistência; identificar as decisões e estratégias utilizadas pelos pescadores na pesca artesanal comercial e registrar o conhecimento ecológico local (CEL) dos pescadores de duas comunidades sobre os peixes, comparando-o com o conhecimento científico e comparando o CEL entre as comunidades. Na praia da GE foi registrado o número de pescadores e obtidas as seguintes variáveis da pesca através de entrevistas realizadas com estes pescadores: procedência, atividade econômica, petrechos e técnicas utilizadas, tempo gasto pescando e pontos de pesca utilizados, além da composição e biomassa de peixes capturados. Na época de migração de tainhas e paratis (Mugil platanus e M. curema), pescadores locais e ocasionais (de outras regiões) intensificaram a atividade da pesca, registrando um maior rendimento pesqueiro. As técnicas de pesca (espía e sarraio utilizadas com tarrafas e a vara de pesca) utilizadas pelos pescadores (n=163), apresentaram diferenças quanto à produtividade e seletividade. A espía foi a técnica mais produtiva. O sarraio e a espía foram técnicas mais seletivas, quando comparadas à vara de pesca. Foi evidenciada a partilha de nicho entre os pescadores locais e ocasionais quanto ao uso do espaço de pesca e das estratégias de captura utilizadas. Foram observados indícios de regras de uso do espaço de pesca: o respeito dos pescadores ocasionais sobre o ponto de pesca utilizado apenas pelos pescadores locais, além de um comportamento territorial dos pescadores locais que defenderam o ponto de pesca através de sanções sociais (intimidação). Foram registrados os fatores sócio-ecológicos que favorecem planos de co-manejo pesqueiro, como a presença da associação de pescadores dentre outros. A pesca na praia da Pinheira foi analisada através do modelo de forrageio ótimo a partir de um “lugar central” (ponto de saída das embarcações de pesca), que prevê que os pescadores procurarão maximizar os ganhos (biomassa de peixe capturada) em pontos de pesca mais distantes intensificando o esforço de captura. Foram registrados os seguintes dados dos desembarques pesqueiros (n=285): técnicas e áreas de pesca, tempo de viagem até as áreas de pesca (custos), tempo de permanência nas áreas de pesca (esforço) e espécies capturadas (benefícios). O comportamento dos pescadores não seguiu as premissas do modelo de forrageio ótimo. Os pescadores das técnicas de pesca caceio e fundeio visitaram as áreas de pesca de maior probabilidade de boas capturas, independente da distância do “lugar central”. Para encontrar esses lugares os pescadores utilizaram técnicas de sondagem que indicaram as áreas de pesca de maior produtividade. Também foram realizadas entrevistas com pescadores das praias da GE (n=28) e PP (n=31), com mais de dez anos de experiência na atividade, com o objetivo de registrar o conhecimento ecológico local (CEL) e compará-lo com a literatura científica e com estudos biológicos. Foi registrado o CEL dos pescadores sobre a abundância, período de reprodução e itens alimentares ingeridos por 7 espécies de peixes na GE e 13 espécies na PP. Foram coletados peixes de cinco espécies junto aos pescadores da PP para análises dos aspectos reprodutivos e alimentares. Os pescadores das duas comunidades possuem um conhecimento detalhado sobre as espécies de peixes, que foi influenciado por fatores como a utilidade e a abundância dos peixes e esteve de acordo com a literatura científica, na maioria das vezes. Algumas informações obtidas pelo CEL não foram encontradas na literatura científica e outras não condizentes com a literatura serviram para formular hipóteses para futuras investigações. Foram registradas diferenças no CEL dos pescadores quanto à biologia das espécies de mugilídeos e da anchova (Pomatomus saltatrix), quando comparadas as duas comunidades de pesca. O reconhecimento das particularidades das diferentes comunidades de pescadores permite conduzir as estratégias de manejo dos recursos de uma forma participativa e mais eficiente, através de práticas de co-manejo pesqueiro. / Human ecology examines the relationships between human populations and natural resources and can generate useful information for management of fishing activities in coastal areas. This study was conducted in the years 2007 and 2008 in two fishing communities of southern Brazilian coast, located at Guarda do Embaú (GE) and Pinheira beaches (PP), state of Santa Catarina. The main objectives of this study were: analyze the strategies of fisheries and interactions between different groups in the activities of artisanal fisheries subsistence, identifying the decisions and strategies used by fishermen on the fishing trade and register the local ecological knowledge (LEK) of fishers of two communities over the fish, comparing it with scientific knowledge and comparing the LEK between communities. On the beach GE was the number of registered fishers and the following variables of fishing through interviews with fishers: origin, economic activity, fishing gear and techniques, time spent fishing and fishing spots used in addition to the composition and biomass fishes. At the time of migration of mullets (Mugil platanus and M. curema), local fishers and fishers occasional (other regions) have intensified the activity of fishing, logging a higher yield fishery. The fishing techniques (espia and sarraio used with cast nets and fishing pole) used by fishers (n = 163) differed in yield and selectivity. The espia was the most productive technique. The sarraio and espia techniques were more selective when compared to the fishing pole. There was evidence for niche sharing between local fishers and occasional about the use of the area of fisheries and capture strategies used. Indication, rules of use of space fishing: respect for the occasional fishers on the fishing spot only used by local fishermen, and a territorial behavior of the local fishers who defended the fishing spot through social sanctions (intimidation). Were recorded the socio-ecological factors that promote co-management plans for fisheries, as the presence of the fishermen's association and others. Fishing on the beach Pinheira was analyzed using the model of optimal foraging from a "central place" (point of exit of fishing vessels), which provides that the fishers seek to maximize gains (biomass of fish caught) in points more distant fishing intensifying the fishing effort. Were recorded the following data of fishing landings (n = 285): techniques and fishing areas, travel time to the fishing areas (costs), time in the fishing areas (effort) and species caught (benefits). The behavior of the fishers did not follow the model assumptions of optimal foraging. The fishers of the fishing techniques caceio and fundeio, visited the fishing areas with the highest probability of good catches, regardless of distance from the "central place". To find these places the fishers used probing techniques indicated that the fishing areas of higher productivity. Were also conducted interviews with fishers from the beaches of GE (n = 28) and PP (n = 31), with over ten years experience in the activity, in order to register the local ecological knowledge (LEK) and compare it with the scientific literature and other biological studies. Were registered fishers LEK on the abundance, breeding period and food items eaten by 7 species of fish and 13 species at GE in the PP. Were collected five species of fish of the fishers at PP for analysis of the reproductive aspects and feeding. Fishers from both communities have a detailed knowledge about the species of fish, which was influenced by such factors as the usefulness and abundance of fish and was in accordance with the scientific literature, most of the time. Some information obtained from LEK was not found in the literature and others not consistent with the literature used to formulate hypotheses for future investigations. Differences in the KEL were fishermen on the biology of the species of mullets and bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix), compared to the two fishing communities. The recognition of the particularities of different fishing communities allows driving the strategies for managing resources in a participatory manner and more efficiently, through practices of comanagement fisheries.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:10:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GustavoSA.pdf: 4369904 bytes, checksum: 083c60d4ddf64c0281449771173dade6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-28 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / ?Oligoplites palometa (Cuvier) and Oligoplites saurus (Bloch & Schneider) (Osteichthyes: Carangidae) are coastal pelagic fish species. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of parasitism by isopods and the reproductive biology of the leather jack, Oligoplites spp. A total of 113 individuals of Oligoplites spp (35 of O. saurus and 78 of O. palometa) were captured during the period between January, 2005 and July, 2007 from the coastal waters of Natal, RN. The morphometric and meristic characters were registered; macroscopic analyses were done to collect the isopod parasites and the gonads were observed to verify the reproductive aspects. The crustacean isopod parasite, Cymothoa spinipalpa (Isopoda: Cymothidae) was encountered on the tongue in the oral cavity in both fish hosts. The parasitic indices of C. spinipalpa showed high values of prevalance of 51,4% for O. saurus and 64,1% for O. palometa. The host presented significant correlations between body mass and body length of O. palometa and the number of parasites. Body lengths of female C. spinipalpa were small due to the limited space available in the oral cavity of the host. There was a significant difference in the sex ratio of O. palometa, males outnumbered the females. The isopod parasites showed specificity to the oral cavity of hosts. Macroscopic analyses of gonads showed four stages of gonadal development for both sex of O. palometa: immature, maturing, mature and spent / ?As esp?cies Oligoplites palometa (Cuvier) e Oligoplites saurus (Bloch & Schneider) (Osteichthyes: Carangidae) s?o peixes costeiros pel?gicos. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar o parasitismo por is?podos e a biologia reprodutiva em tibiro, Oligoplites spp. Foram capturados cento e treze exemplares de Oligoplites spp durante o per?odo de janeiro de 2005 a julho de 2007 nas ?guas costeiras de Natal, RN. Foram realizadas as medidas morfom?tricas e mer?sticas, a an?lise macrosc?pica para coleta dos parasitos is?podos e a retirada das g?nadas para o estudo dos aspectos reprodutivos. Foi encontrada uma nova esp?cie de ectoparasito, Cymothoa spinipalpa (Isopoda: Cymothidae), sobre a l?ngua na cavidade oral em ambas as esp?cies de Oligoplites. Os ?ndices parasit?rios de C. spinipalpa indicaram uma alta preval?ncia sendo de 51,4% para O. saurus e de 64,1% para O. palometa. Em O. palometa existe uma correla??o significativa entre peso do hospedeiro e o n?mero de parasito como tamb?m entre o comprimento total do hospedeiro e o n?mero de parasito. As f?meas de C. spinipalpa tiveram seu comprimento limitado pelo ambiente f?sico dispon?vel na cavidade bucal do hospedeiro. Foi encontrada uma diferen?a significativa na propor??o sexual de O. palometa, com um maior n?mero de machos em rela??o ao n?mero de f?meas. Os is?podos t?m especificidade pela cavidade oral dos hospedeiros. A an?lise macrosc?pica das g?nadas permitiu a identifica??o de quatro est?dios distintos de matura??o em ambos os sexos de O. palometa: imaturo, em matura??o, maduro e esvaziado

O presente estudo propõe uma metodologia para dissolução de tecidos biológicos em sistema de micro-ondas com radiação focalizada e posterior análise elementar por espectrometria de massas com plasma acoplado indutivamente (ICPMS). Foram determinados os elementos arsênio (As), cádmio (Cd), cobre (Cu), chumbo (Pb), níquel (Ni), vanádio (V) e zinco (Zn). A matriz nitro-peroxo-sulfúrica foi comparada com outra sem o ácido sulfúrico e apresentou melhor padrão de recuperação (acima de 90%) na quantificação dos elementos certificados no material de referência TORT-2. As interferências causadas pela presença do ácido sulfúrico na matriz digestora foram contornadas com o uso da célula de reação/colisão com gás hélio (He) e adição deste ácido na composição da curva de quantificação. O ganho analítico proporcionado pelo método de digestão em matriz sulfúrica, em sistema não pressurizado, baseia-se no incremento da temperatura reacional e na degradação completa da matéria orgânica. As digestões tradicionalmente realizadas para quantificação por ICPMS, compostas unicamente de ácido nítrico (HNO3) e peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2), não apresentam a mesma eficiência na degradação da matéria orgânica em sistemas abertos. Por fim, este método foi aplicado satisfatoriamente em amostras de tecido hepático de peixe Mugil liza (tainha), comprovando sua eficiência em monitorar a bioacumulação, utilizando-se da sensibilidade da técnica multielementar de ICPMS / This study proposes a methodology for dissolution of biological tissues in microwave system with focused radiation and subsequent elemental analysis by mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICPMS). The elements arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), vanadium (V) and zinc (Zn) were identified and quantified. The nitro-peroxo-sulfuric acid matrix was compared to another without sulfuric acid and showed better recovery (above 90%) in the quantification of elements in certified reference material TORT-2. The interferences caused by the presence of sulfuric acid in digesting matrix were bypassed by the use of ORS (octapole reaction system) with helium (He) gas and the addition of this acid in the composition of the quantification curve. The gain provided by the analytical method of digestion with sulfuric acid matrix in non-pressurized system, is based on increasing the reaction temperature and the complete degradation of organic matter. Digestions traditionally performed for quantification by ICPMS, composed only with nitric acid (HNO3) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), are not as efficient in the degradation of organic matter in open systems. Finally, this method was satisfactorily applied in samples of liver tissue of fish Mugil liza (mullet), proving its effectiveness in monitoring the bioaccumulation, using the sensitivity of multielemental ICPMS technique