Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Wollongong, 2008. / Typescript. CD-ROM contains full thesis, appendix II database and abstract. Includes bibliographical references: p. 169-198.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, 2004. / Errata slips (3 p.) inserted. Includes bibliographical references (p. [242]-260).

Thesis (M.Ed. (Education)) - Rhodes University, 2009.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 162-176).

Diferentes enfoques etnoecológicos, com uma visão integrada dos processos da pesca, permitiram que fossem identificados sinais de transformação no modo de vida de uma comunidade de pesca em escala local, na Enseda do Pântano do Sul, Estado de Santa Catarina, Sul do Brasil. Os resultados obtidos, através do acompanhamento sobre o modo de vida e das artes de pesca durante os anos de 2005 e 2006, indicam que essa comunidade pesqueira tem sofrido principalmente pela falta de regramento ativo sobre o acesso aos espaços marinhos e o uso dos recursos pesqueiros. Como resultado dessa pressão exercida por diferentes usuários que utilizam a Enseada do Pântano do Sul e as áreas no entorno das ilhas adjacentes, têm-se ampliado as incertezas acerca do futuro da pesca local. Neste foco, estão principalmente os pescados que dependem de sardinhas e manjuvas (CLUPEIDAE/ENGRAULIDAE) em sua cadeia alimentar, como anchovas (Pomatomus saltatrix) e espada (Trichiurus lepturus), ou que possuem um interesse comercial em escala industrial, como corvinas (Micropogonias furnieri) e tainhas (Mugil platanus), ou ainda aquelas técnicas de captura que são influenciadas pela presença das embarcações industriais, em especial o arrasto de praia para as capturas de tainhas. Baseados em seus conhecimentos tradicionais, os pescadores locais têm construído novos arranjos como uma estratégia de adaptação para a manutenção do seu modo de vida e para minimizar a vulnerabilidade das pescarias. Nesse sentido, podemos observar a ampliação da composição das etnoespécies capturadas para a comercialização, a busca de áreas mais distantes da costa para as capturas e a inclusão de novas etapas as técnicas e equipamentos. Tais iniciativas têm-se mostrado importantes, mas não necessariamente eficientes e seguras. Alguns sinalizadores, como a alteração da estrutura etária desse grupo funcional, a variação do tempo de dedicação para a pesca, o abandono de técnicas de captura e a extinção local da pesca de cação-mangona (Carcharias taurus), em escala comercial, demonstram a necessidade de ações imediatas direcionadas para a conservação da diversidade biológica e cultural, em uma perspectiva de gestão costeira integrada. Desse modo, a restrição do uso da Enseada do Pântano do Sul e do entorno das ilhas para as atividades extrativistas, em escala industrial, seria uma medida prioritária, assim como a necessidade do planejamento de atividades de ressocialização da pesca na própria comunidade e com outros usuários que utilizam as mesmas áreas de vida e pesca. A valorização do pescado capturado na Enseada do Pântano do Sul e a ampliação das alternativas de geração de renda, focadas no turismo de base comunitária, também serão alguns mecanismos capazes de promover, de forma integrada, a conservação da biodiversidade marinha e o modo de vida dessa comunidade de pesca local. / Different ethnoecological approaches, with an integrated vision of the fishing processes, had allowed that transformation signals were identified in the livehood of a fishing community in local scale, in the Pântano do Sul Bay, Santa Catarina , Southern Brazil. The results obtained, through the accompaniment on the way of life and the fishing arts during the 2005 and 2006 years, indicate that this fishing community has mainly suffered a lack of active rules on the access of marine spaces and the fishing resources use. As a result of this pressure exercised for different users who use the Pântano do Sul Bay and the areas surrounding the adjacent islands, the uncertainness concerning the local fishing future have been extended. In this focus, there are mainly fish that depends on Sardines and Anchovys (CLUPEIDAE/ENGRAULIDAE) in food chain, as Tailor (Pomatomus saltatrix) and Cutlassfish (Trichiurus lepturus), or that have a commercial interest in industrial scale, as Croacker (Micropogonias furnieri) and Mullet (Mugil platanus), or still those capture techniques that are influenced by the presence of industrial vessels, in special the mullet beachseine. Based on their traditional knowledge, the local fishers have constructed new arrangements as an adaptation strategy to their way of life maintenance and to minimize the fishing vulnerability. In this direction, we can observe the composition increasing of the ethnospecies captured for the commercialization, the more distant areas of the coast search for the captures and inclusions of new stages the techniques and equipments. Such initiatives have revealed important, but not necessarily efficient and safe. Some signals, as the alteration of the age structure of this work group, the time variation of devotion for fishing, the capture techniques abandonment and the local extinguishing of the Sand Tiger Shark (Carcharias taurus), in commercial scale, demonstrates the necessity of directed immediate actions for the biological and cultural diversity conservation, in a integrated coast management perspective. In this manner, the restriction of the Pântano do Sul Bay and surrounding islands for the extractive activities, in industrial scale, would be a priority solution, as well as the planning necessity of resocialization activities of the fishing in the proper community and with other users who use the same areas of life and fishing. The valorization of the catched fish in the Pântano do Sul Bay and the alternatives of income generation increasing, focused in the communitarian base tourism, also will be some mechanisms capable to promote, in an integrated form, the marine biodiversity conservation and the way of life of this local fishing community.

In South Africa, the indigenous mussel Perna perna is threatened by both an invasive species and excessive human exploitation. The Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis is an invasive species that has been introduced to many parts of the world. In South Africa, this species arrived in the 1970s and spread rapidly along the west coast where today it is the dominant mussel species. Along the west coast, M. galloprovincialis is competitively superior in all aspects to the indigenous mussel species, and, as a result, has displaced some of them. On the south coast, M. galloprovincialis found more oligotrophic waters, higher species richness, and a stronger competitor in the indigenous mussel P. perna. The rate of spread of M. galloprovincialis along the south coast has decreased over the last 10 years and the present eastern limit of its distribution in South African is East London. On the south coast, M. galloprovincialis has not yet completely replaced P. perna; instead, the two exhibit spatial segregation, with P. perna dominating the low shore, M. galloprovincialis the high shore and an overlap zone between the two. An experiment on competition was carried out at one site on the south coast. The results showed that, on the low shore, P. perna is a more dominant competitor for space than M. galloprovincialis. Also byssus attachment of the two species differs, P. perna being much stronger than M. galloprovincialis, which suffers high mortality due to wave action on the low shore, especially in monospecific beds. As a result, mortality of M. galloprovincialis through wave action is reduced by the presence of P. perna, which seems to confer protection against dislodgement. However, in the absence of strong wave action, P. perna competitively excludes M. galloprovincialis. Human exploitation along 160 km of coast was examined by sampling mussel populations and using aerial surveys to determine where harvesters were distributed. Collectors did not seem to discriminate between species. The study has shown that higher abundances of mussels were found in protected or inaccessible sites, while in unprotected sites mussels were scarce. Coastal nature reserves are being proven to be effective in protecting mussel populations.

Diferentes enfoques etnoecológicos, com uma visão integrada dos processos da pesca, permitiram que fossem identificados sinais de transformação no modo de vida de uma comunidade de pesca em escala local, na Enseda do Pântano do Sul, Estado de Santa Catarina, Sul do Brasil. Os resultados obtidos, através do acompanhamento sobre o modo de vida e das artes de pesca durante os anos de 2005 e 2006, indicam que essa comunidade pesqueira tem sofrido principalmente pela falta de regramento ativo sobre o acesso aos espaços marinhos e o uso dos recursos pesqueiros. Como resultado dessa pressão exercida por diferentes usuários que utilizam a Enseada do Pântano do Sul e as áreas no entorno das ilhas adjacentes, têm-se ampliado as incertezas acerca do futuro da pesca local. Neste foco, estão principalmente os pescados que dependem de sardinhas e manjuvas (CLUPEIDAE/ENGRAULIDAE) em sua cadeia alimentar, como anchovas (Pomatomus saltatrix) e espada (Trichiurus lepturus), ou que possuem um interesse comercial em escala industrial, como corvinas (Micropogonias furnieri) e tainhas (Mugil platanus), ou ainda aquelas técnicas de captura que são influenciadas pela presença das embarcações industriais, em especial o arrasto de praia para as capturas de tainhas. Baseados em seus conhecimentos tradicionais, os pescadores locais têm construído novos arranjos como uma estratégia de adaptação para a manutenção do seu modo de vida e para minimizar a vulnerabilidade das pescarias. Nesse sentido, podemos observar a ampliação da composição das etnoespécies capturadas para a comercialização, a busca de áreas mais distantes da costa para as capturas e a inclusão de novas etapas as técnicas e equipamentos. Tais iniciativas têm-se mostrado importantes, mas não necessariamente eficientes e seguras. Alguns sinalizadores, como a alteração da estrutura etária desse grupo funcional, a variação do tempo de dedicação para a pesca, o abandono de técnicas de captura e a extinção local da pesca de cação-mangona (Carcharias taurus), em escala comercial, demonstram a necessidade de ações imediatas direcionadas para a conservação da diversidade biológica e cultural, em uma perspectiva de gestão costeira integrada. Desse modo, a restrição do uso da Enseada do Pântano do Sul e do entorno das ilhas para as atividades extrativistas, em escala industrial, seria uma medida prioritária, assim como a necessidade do planejamento de atividades de ressocialização da pesca na própria comunidade e com outros usuários que utilizam as mesmas áreas de vida e pesca. A valorização do pescado capturado na Enseada do Pântano do Sul e a ampliação das alternativas de geração de renda, focadas no turismo de base comunitária, também serão alguns mecanismos capazes de promover, de forma integrada, a conservação da biodiversidade marinha e o modo de vida dessa comunidade de pesca local. / Different ethnoecological approaches, with an integrated vision of the fishing processes, had allowed that transformation signals were identified in the livehood of a fishing community in local scale, in the Pântano do Sul Bay, Santa Catarina , Southern Brazil. The results obtained, through the accompaniment on the way of life and the fishing arts during the 2005 and 2006 years, indicate that this fishing community has mainly suffered a lack of active rules on the access of marine spaces and the fishing resources use. As a result of this pressure exercised for different users who use the Pântano do Sul Bay and the areas surrounding the adjacent islands, the uncertainness concerning the local fishing future have been extended. In this focus, there are mainly fish that depends on Sardines and Anchovys (CLUPEIDAE/ENGRAULIDAE) in food chain, as Tailor (Pomatomus saltatrix) and Cutlassfish (Trichiurus lepturus), or that have a commercial interest in industrial scale, as Croacker (Micropogonias furnieri) and Mullet (Mugil platanus), or still those capture techniques that are influenced by the presence of industrial vessels, in special the mullet beachseine. Based on their traditional knowledge, the local fishers have constructed new arrangements as an adaptation strategy to their way of life maintenance and to minimize the fishing vulnerability. In this direction, we can observe the composition increasing of the ethnospecies captured for the commercialization, the more distant areas of the coast search for the captures and inclusions of new stages the techniques and equipments. Such initiatives have revealed important, but not necessarily efficient and safe. Some signals, as the alteration of the age structure of this work group, the time variation of devotion for fishing, the capture techniques abandonment and the local extinguishing of the Sand Tiger Shark (Carcharias taurus), in commercial scale, demonstrates the necessity of directed immediate actions for the biological and cultural diversity conservation, in a integrated coast management perspective. In this manner, the restriction of the Pântano do Sul Bay and surrounding islands for the extractive activities, in industrial scale, would be a priority solution, as well as the planning necessity of resocialization activities of the fishing in the proper community and with other users who use the same areas of life and fishing. The valorization of the catched fish in the Pântano do Sul Bay and the alternatives of income generation increasing, focused in the communitarian base tourism, also will be some mechanisms capable to promote, in an integrated form, the marine biodiversity conservation and the way of life of this local fishing community.

Dissertation (MTech( Public Management))--Cape Technikon, Cape Town, 2004 / Marine resources play a major role in sustaining the economy and social development of the nation and contribute to national economy, to employment and security of the local community. The South African fisheries management was conducted largel)' with political default. This denied most fishers access to marine resources. Since the democratic election of 1994, the government was left with the challenge to re-allocate rights in a way that would ensure that the under-presentation of historical disadvantaged individuals (HDl's) in the fishing industry would be corrected. The laws and regulations related to marine fisheries were also revised. The Marine Living Resources Act, No. 18 of 1998 attempted transformation in the fishing industry but lacked clear guidelines which led to litigation and crises in the fishing industry as many fishers were unhappy with the whole process. Marine fisheries policy was established and published in 1997 to address those historical imbalances by introducing the fishing right system of allocating rights to represent the national demographics of the country. This report seeks to describe the theory of the South African fishing industry, policy developments and the current status of permit allocation in South Africa. It will also examine the effectiveness in the implementation of the marine fisheries policy for South Africa. It will focus on the distribution of marine resources for commercial fishing purposes.

Diferentes enfoques etnoecológicos, com uma visão integrada dos processos da pesca, permitiram que fossem identificados sinais de transformação no modo de vida de uma comunidade de pesca em escala local, na Enseda do Pântano do Sul, Estado de Santa Catarina, Sul do Brasil. Os resultados obtidos, através do acompanhamento sobre o modo de vida e das artes de pesca durante os anos de 2005 e 2006, indicam que essa comunidade pesqueira tem sofrido principalmente pela falta de regramento ativo sobre o acesso aos espaços marinhos e o uso dos recursos pesqueiros. Como resultado dessa pressão exercida por diferentes usuários que utilizam a Enseada do Pântano do Sul e as áreas no entorno das ilhas adjacentes, têm-se ampliado as incertezas acerca do futuro da pesca local. Neste foco, estão principalmente os pescados que dependem de sardinhas e manjuvas (CLUPEIDAE/ENGRAULIDAE) em sua cadeia alimentar, como anchovas (Pomatomus saltatrix) e espada (Trichiurus lepturus), ou que possuem um interesse comercial em escala industrial, como corvinas (Micropogonias furnieri) e tainhas (Mugil platanus), ou ainda aquelas técnicas de captura que são influenciadas pela presença das embarcações industriais, em especial o arrasto de praia para as capturas de tainhas. Baseados em seus conhecimentos tradicionais, os pescadores locais têm construído novos arranjos como uma estratégia de adaptação para a manutenção do seu modo de vida e para minimizar a vulnerabilidade das pescarias. Nesse sentido, podemos observar a ampliação da composição das etnoespécies capturadas para a comercialização, a busca de áreas mais distantes da costa para as capturas e a inclusão de novas etapas as técnicas e equipamentos. Tais iniciativas têm-se mostrado importantes, mas não necessariamente eficientes e seguras. Alguns sinalizadores, como a alteração da estrutura etária desse grupo funcional, a variação do tempo de dedicação para a pesca, o abandono de técnicas de captura e a extinção local da pesca de cação-mangona (Carcharias taurus), em escala comercial, demonstram a necessidade de ações imediatas direcionadas para a conservação da diversidade biológica e cultural, em uma perspectiva de gestão costeira integrada. Desse modo, a restrição do uso da Enseada do Pântano do Sul e do entorno das ilhas para as atividades extrativistas, em escala industrial, seria uma medida prioritária, assim como a necessidade do planejamento de atividades de ressocialização da pesca na própria comunidade e com outros usuários que utilizam as mesmas áreas de vida e pesca. A valorização do pescado capturado na Enseada do Pântano do Sul e a ampliação das alternativas de geração de renda, focadas no turismo de base comunitária, também serão alguns mecanismos capazes de promover, de forma integrada, a conservação da biodiversidade marinha e o modo de vida dessa comunidade de pesca local. / Different ethnoecological approaches, with an integrated vision of the fishing processes, had allowed that transformation signals were identified in the livehood of a fishing community in local scale, in the Pântano do Sul Bay, Santa Catarina , Southern Brazil. The results obtained, through the accompaniment on the way of life and the fishing arts during the 2005 and 2006 years, indicate that this fishing community has mainly suffered a lack of active rules on the access of marine spaces and the fishing resources use. As a result of this pressure exercised for different users who use the Pântano do Sul Bay and the areas surrounding the adjacent islands, the uncertainness concerning the local fishing future have been extended. In this focus, there are mainly fish that depends on Sardines and Anchovys (CLUPEIDAE/ENGRAULIDAE) in food chain, as Tailor (Pomatomus saltatrix) and Cutlassfish (Trichiurus lepturus), or that have a commercial interest in industrial scale, as Croacker (Micropogonias furnieri) and Mullet (Mugil platanus), or still those capture techniques that are influenced by the presence of industrial vessels, in special the mullet beachseine. Based on their traditional knowledge, the local fishers have constructed new arrangements as an adaptation strategy to their way of life maintenance and to minimize the fishing vulnerability. In this direction, we can observe the composition increasing of the ethnospecies captured for the commercialization, the more distant areas of the coast search for the captures and inclusions of new stages the techniques and equipments. Such initiatives have revealed important, but not necessarily efficient and safe. Some signals, as the alteration of the age structure of this work group, the time variation of devotion for fishing, the capture techniques abandonment and the local extinguishing of the Sand Tiger Shark (Carcharias taurus), in commercial scale, demonstrates the necessity of directed immediate actions for the biological and cultural diversity conservation, in a integrated coast management perspective. In this manner, the restriction of the Pântano do Sul Bay and surrounding islands for the extractive activities, in industrial scale, would be a priority solution, as well as the planning necessity of resocialization activities of the fishing in the proper community and with other users who use the same areas of life and fishing. The valorization of the catched fish in the Pântano do Sul Bay and the alternatives of income generation increasing, focused in the communitarian base tourism, also will be some mechanisms capable to promote, in an integrated form, the marine biodiversity conservation and the way of life of this local fishing community.

Overfishing in the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem (BCLME) resulted in degradation of the ecosystem. This study used the Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) indicator framework to determine whether the ecosystem is now recovering. Indicator trends were analysed using various data sources that included government institutions and intergovernmental institutions. The results showed that the overall effect of Driver indicators was negative. This was mainly because of socio-economic pressure such as the need to create more jobs in light of rising national unemployment and the declining contribution of the fisheries sector to Gross Domestic Product (GDP). In addition to scientific advice, socio-economic factors also influenced the determination of Total Allowable Catches (TACs). The overall trend of Pressure indicators was positively influenced by the effect of TACs. The TACs reduced the quotas allocated for commercial fishing. Environmental factors did not seem to play a significant role in this study. State indicators had mixed results with the indicators assessed almost split in the middle between those showing a positive trend and those showing a negative trend. On the other hand, Impact and Response indicators showed overall positive results. Therefore, the conclusion of the study was that the degradation of the BCLME has slowed down and there are some signs of recovery. / Environmental Sciences / M.Sc. (Environmental Science)