Despite the large number of children and siblings who are exposed to domestic violence, relatively few studies have examined sibling influences on the psychosocial effects of exposure to domestic violence. The aim of this study was to explore the opinions of experienced child and family clinicians on whether, and how, the presence of siblings moderates children’s experiences of domestic violence and any subsequent effects on their development and wellbeing. This study employed an Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis to analyse interviews with five clinicians. Analysis of the interviews revealed six superordinate themes; one sibling taking on a protective and parental role; polarisation of sibling relationships; factors influencing sibling relationships; the impact on the sibling taking on a parenting or protective role; impact on the sibling being protected; and the importance of individual family context. Overall, the findings from the interviews with the clinicians suggest that in families where children are exposed to domestic violence one child tends to take on a parental role and also attempts to protect their siblings from the violence. These results also emphasise the importance of formulation in understanding the influence of sibling relationships on the psychosocial effects of domestic violence, as there are many different factors which need to be considered. Some implications for clinical practice are discussed and potential future research directions are outlined.

L’objectif de cette recherche est d’étudier, dans une perspective écosystémique inspirée du modèle de Bronfenbrenner (1986), l’influence spécifique et combinée du contexte de violence conjugale et de stress maternel sur le développement socio-affectif du jeune enfant âgé de 5 à 6 ans. Ainsi, notre étude prend appui sur les questions suivantes : comment l’enfant d’âge préscolaire se développe sur le plan socio-affectif lorsqu’il grandit dans un contexte de violence conjugale ? Quels sont les facteurs environnementaux qui vont avoir des répercussions sur la relation mère-enfant ? Plus précisément, est-ce que le fait pour une mère d’avoir été victime de violence conjugale va engendrer chez elle plus de stress? L’attachement de la mère et le soutien social qu’elle perçoit vont-ils constituer des ressources qui vont venir atténuer le stress maternel et par voie de conséquences contribuer au bon développement de l’enfant ? Existe-t-il des différences entre les mères et les enfants qui ont quitté leur foyer comparativement à ceux qui vivent encore au domicile ? Enfin, quel est le rôle de la culture dans ces différents systèmes ? L’échantillon se compose de 38 enfants, 10 garçons et 28 filles, âgés de 5 à 6 ans et de leur mère, toutes originaires de pays d’Afrique. Parmi ces dyades mère-enfants, 19 ont été exposées à la violence conjugale et sont hébergées en CHRS, 19 sont toujours en situation de violence. Les mères ont renseigné une série de questionnaires évaluant leur attachement, le stress maternel, les violences subies et le soutien social perçu. En ce qui concerne le développement socio-affectif du jeune enfant, trois dimensions ont été considérées : deux émanant de son propre point de vue ; la représentation de l’attachement, appréhendée à l’aide du protocole des « Histoires à compléter » (Bretherton & al., 1990) et la perception des sentiments et des comportements parentaux avec le test de dépistage de la violence parentale (Palacio-Quintin, 1999), ainsi que l’adaptation socio-affective, étudiée par l’intermédiaire du questionnaire « Profil Socio-Affectif » (Dumas & al., 1998) complété par l’animateur du centre de loisirs. Les principaux résultats indiquent que seulement 36,8% des enfants présentent une représentation d’attachement sécurisée. Les représentations d’attachement des enfants toujours en situation de violence apparaissent plus insécurisées que celles des enfants sortis de la violence. Nos résultats montrent que le contexte de violence conjugale affecte également l’adaptation socio-affective de l’enfant. D’autre part, 73,3% des mères de notre échantillon possèdent des représentations d’attachement de type évitant. Nous avons relevé, par ailleurs, que les représentations du soutien social et du soutien relatif aux enfants perçus par les mères quel que soit leur groupe d’appartenance sont relativement peu élevées. Enfin, les mères toujours en situation de violence conjugale sont moins stressées que les mères ayant quitté le domicile. / The objective of this research is to study, in an ecosystemic manner inspired by the Bronfenbrenner model (1986), the specific and combined influence of the context of marital violence and maternal stress on the socio-emotional development of the young child from 5 to 6 years of age. Thus, our study aims to answer the following questions: What about socio-emotional pre-school child development when the child grows up in a context of marital violence? Which environmental factors will affect the mother-child relationship? More precisely, will the fact of a mother having been a victim of marital violence generate more stress for her? Will mother-child attachment and perceived social support constitute resources which will reduce maternal stress and consequently contribute to the positive development of the child? Are there any differences when the mother and child have left their home compared to those who are still living home? Finally, what is the role of the culture in this different system? The sample is composed of 38 children, 10 boys and 28 girls, aged from 5 to 6 years and their mother, all originating from an African country. Among these mother-child dyads, 19 were exposed to marital violence and were living in CHRS, 19 remained in a situation of violence. The mothers filled out a series of questionnaires in order to evaluate their attachment, maternal stress, violence suffered and their perceived social support. Concerning the socio-emotional development of the young child, three indicators were considered: two emanating from the child’s point of view; attachment representation, by means of the protocol of “Stories to be supplemented” (Bretherton & Al, 1990), the perception of parental feelings and behaviors by means of tracking parental violence (Palacio-Quintin, 1999), and socio-emotional adaptation, studied via “Socio-Emotional Profile” (Dumas & Al, 1998) supplemented by an activity leader. Principal results indicate that only 36.8% of children of the sample present a manifestation of secure attachment. The manifestions of attachment of children still living in a situation of violence appear more insecure than those of the children who were removed from violence. Our results show that the context of marital violence also affects the socio-emotional adaptation of the child. In addition, 73.3% of mothers in our sample manifest attachment avoidance. We have raised the issue, elsewhere, that expressions of social support and support relating to children as perceived by mothers, whatever their situation are relatively low. Lastly, mothers remaining in a situation of marital violence are less stressed than mothers who have left home.

Intimate Partner Violence continues to be a significant social problem in South Africa, requiring a systematised and effective response at multiple levels. The organisation at the centre of this research offers crisis intervention to victims of intimate partner violence, providing basic psychological support, legal information and referrals. The volunteer crisis interventionists are exposed to numerous in-depth accounts of violent and distressing victimisation, making them more vulnerable to vicarious traumatisation. Through this work, their prior assumptions about personal safety, the trustworthiness of other people, and basic justice in the world, are challenged. The challenge to these assumptions increases the likelihood of countertransference victim blaming responses, as it is often easier to hold the client responsible for the tragic event than for the support worker to transform their own assumptions about safety and justice. This victim blaming response is supported by the dominant patriarchal ideology which frequently seeks to maintain the systems of oppression, excusing the perpetrator and placing responsibility on the victim. It was therefore clear that in order to do this work effectively, volunteers needed to be trained to identify their countertransference reactions and emotional responses, as well as undergo a critical re-assessment of their ideas relating to intimate partner violence and victimisation. Using an Intervention Research paradigm, this research designed and developed a training programme based on transformative learning theory, moving away from traditional information models of training to a focus on emotional skills and critical self-insight. The phases of the intervention refined the intervention in order to ensure that the research objectives were met and that the programme could be easily replicated. The evaluation of each phase showed an increased capacity for critical insight, and evidence for a transformative shift in the trainees understanding and approach to intimate partner violence.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T16:34:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LIVIA DE TARTARI E SACRAMENTO.pdf: 644004 bytes, checksum: 512ac64515f28dadff10c6d4d9312b6d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study broaches on violence as defined by the World Health Organization (KRUG, 2002). We also use the Straus and Sweet (1992) definition of Psychological Violence. Our general goal was to identify the occurrence of matrimonial psychological violence among University students and correlation to risk factors. The specific goals were to verify any correlation between this and participants self-esteem, alcohol intake, age group, number of children and family income. Respondents could be of either genre, should be married or in a stable union, be aged between 16 and 60, as well as being students at Universidade Metodista de São Paulo (UMESP). The field research was conducted at UMESP and included students from undergraduate courses as well as other higher education courses. This is a descriptive research with a non-probability sample, determined by convenience. The instrument was answered by 246 people, chosen based on the sample inclusion criteria, all of whom had immediate availability to answer the instrument. Among the respondents, there were more women (145) than men (100). The instrument was composed of Conflict Tactic Scale Form R (CTS1), Rosenberg s Self-Esteem and Self-Concept Scale as well as an Adapted Social-Demographic Questionnaire. CTS1 was used to measure family violence, the Self-Esteem Scale verified people s positive or negative attitude towards themselves, while the questionnaire supplied supplementary data on personal and matrimonial information of respondents. 246 instruments were analyzed through the Statistical Treatment SPSS 13 for Windows. The results showed that approximately 30% of the respondents of both genres and the entire sample had a high level of psychological violence. We verified a tendency: the lower the self-esteem, the higher the level of psychological violence. We also found evidence that there is no linear correlation between this factor and the habit of alcohol intake or the quantity of alcohol consumed by respondents. This data is not corroborated by the researched literature, therefore, we found that alcohol in itself says little as a risk factor for the occurrence of psychological violence. Its articulation merits further planning and investigation by means of knowledge and actions which will contribute to the health of the population. We concluded that marital psychological violence is many times seen as trivial and made commonplace. / A pesquisa aborda a violência psicológica tal como é definida pela Organização Mundial de Saúde (KRUG, 2002) Usamos também a definição de violência psicológica utilizada por Straus e Sweet (1992). Nosso objetivo geral foi identificar a ocorrência de violência psicológica conjugal entre estudantes universitários, e a correlação desta com fatores de risco. E os específicos foram verificar sua correlação com a auto-estima, a ingestão de álcool, a faixa etária, o número de filhos e o rendimento familiar dos participantes. Tivemos respondentes de ambos os gêneros, casados ou em união estável, com idades entre 16 e 60 anos e alunos da Universidade Metodista de São Paulo. A pesquisa de campo foi realizada na Universidade Metodista de São Paulo e abordou universitários da graduação, graduação tecnológica e cursos seqüenciais. Esta pesquisa é uma pesquisa descritiva e sua amostragem foi não-probabilística de conveniência, responderam ao instrumento 246 pessoas, que foram escolhidas com base nos critérios de inclusão e na sua disponibilidade imediata para responder à pesquisa. Obtivemos mais respondentes do gênero feminino (145) do que do masculino (100). O instrumento foi composto por: Escala de Táticas de Conflito (CTS1), Escala de Auto-Estima e Autoconceito de Rosenberg e um Questionário Sócio-demográfico Adaptado. A CTS 1 foi usada para medir a violência familiar, a escala de auto-estima foi usada para verificar a atitude positiva ou negativa das pessoas e o questionário foi usado para complementar dados sobre a história pessoal e conjugal dos respondentes. Foram analisados 246 instrumentos através do Estatístico SPSS 13,0 for Windows. Os resultados demonstraram que aproximadamente 30% das pessoas de ambos os gêneros e da amostra total apresentaram alto grau de violência psicológica. Verificamos que existe uma tendência de que quanto menor a auto-estima dos respondentes maior o grau de violência psicológica. Constatamos também a inexistência de correlação linear entre violência psicológica, costume de ingerir bebida alcoólica e quantidade de bebida alcoólica ingerida pelos respondentes. Este dado não é corroborado pela literatura pesquisada. Portanto, percebemos que o álcool em si diz pouco enquanto fator de risco para a ocorrência da violência psicológica. Sua articulação merece ser mais investigada e melhor delineada por meio da busca de conhecimentos e práticas que contribuam para a saúde da população. Concluímos que a violência psicológica conjugal muitas vezes é banalizada e tida como natural

This study was to evaluate current agency programs that were available to aid victims of domestic violence and their effectiveness in reducing the long-term emotional state of victims. This study included participants from various Domestic Violence Programs located throughout San Bernardino, Riverside, and Los Angeles counties.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Air Force Family Advocacy Program and examine the effects that situational dynamics have on recidivism. Although, the high volume of program participants and low recidivism rate demonstrated that the Family Advocacy Program is a valuable resource for treating families referred for spousal domestic violence.

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Les études typologiques sur les conjoints violents ont mis en évidence qu’il n’existe pas un profil unique de conjoints violents et que certaines psychopathologies peuvent expliquer le passage à l’acte (ex. : caractéristiques associées à un trouble de la personnalité, abus de substances, dépression, etc.). Toutefois, il existe un manque de connaissance concernant le profil psychopathologique et des traits de personnalité des conjoints qui agressent sexuellement leur partenaire. Ainsi, cette étude a pour objectif de classifier des conjoints violents à partir de leurs psychopathologies et traits de personnalité (MCMI-III et NÉO-PI R) afin de vérifier s’il existe une concordance entre les profils obtenus entre, d’une part, une approche dimensionnelle et, d’autre part, une approche catégorielle. Dans un second temps, cette étude a pour objectif de distinguer les groupes de conjoints violents en fonction : du type de violence commise, soit sexuelle et/ou physique ; de leur niveau d’hostilité envers les femmes ; de leurs stratégies de résolution de conflit en contexte conjugal ; de leurs stratégies d’adaptation face à des situations stressantes ; et de leurs croyances sur le viol. Pour ce faire, 121 hommes ayant été condamnés pour avoir commis au moins une forme de violence conjugale ont été rencontrés en entrevues et ont complété des questionnaires. Parmi eux, 21 ont commis au moins une violence sexuelle et 100 ont commis au moins une forme de violence physique et/ou psychologique. En ce qui concerne l’analyses de classification (two-step cluster anlysis) réalisé à partir de données obtenues à l’aide du MCMI-III, elle a permis d’identifier trois groupes, soit le sadique/antisocial, le très pathologique et le non pathologique. L’analyse de classification à partir de données obtenues à l’aide du NÉO PI R a permis d’identifier trois groupes présentent certaines similitudes avec les trois groupes de notre première classification, soit celle obtenu en fonction du MCMI-III. En effet, l’hostile présente aussi des caractéristiques associées au trouble de la personnalité sadique et antisociale. Le névrosé est caractérisé par la présence de diverses psychopathologies et le contrôlant est caractérisé par une absence de caractéristiques associées à un trouble de la personnalité et autres trouble mentaux. / Studies on abusive spouses have shown that there are different factors that predispose a man to become violent (sexual, physical, psychological). Indeed, compared to non-violent partners, violent partners present more psychopathologies (ex.: personality desorders, anxiety, etc). Furthermore, the different typologies of violent spouses have shown that there is no single profile of violent spouses. The majority of studies have found that antisocial and borderline personality disorders are significantly associated with the perpetration of violence in intimate relationships. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the psychopathological profile of spouses who sexually assault their partners. This study aims to: (1) classify (two step cluster) abusive spouses on the basis of their psychopathological profile; and (2) to compare the psychopathological characteristics (e.g., substance abuse) and types of violence committed (e.g., physical or sexual) in the profiles. To do this, 121 men who had been convicted of committing at least one form of spousal violence were interviewed and completed questionnaires (MCMI-III NÉO PI-R, CTS2, CISS, Rape Myth Scale, Hostility Toward Women Scale). Among them, 21 had committed at least one sexual violence and 100 had committed at least one form of physical and/or psychological violence. The two-step cluster anlysis of the MCMI-III data identified three groups: sadistic/antisocial, highly pathological and non-pathological. The classification analysis based on data obtained using the NEO PI R identified three groups with certain similarities to the three groups in the first classification (MCMI-III) : the hostile, which presents characteristics associated with sadistic and antisocial personality disorder, the neurotic, which is characterized by the presence of various psychopathologies, and the controlling, which is characterized by an absence of characteristics associated with a personality disorder and other mental disorders.