Revocation and Invalidity of European Trade Mark Revocation and invalidity of European trade mark, more precisely termed as Community trade mark (hereinafter as "CTM"), is a specific field of trade mark law of the European Union. It is Council Regulation (EC) No 207/2009 of 26 February 2009 on the Community trade mark which forms a legal basis in this regard. The practice of the Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market and especially the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union play very significant role in this area. The practice of the Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market and the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union regarding Directive 2008/95/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2008 to approximate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks is also relevant for the revocation and invalidity of CTM as this Directive provides for the revocation and invalidity of national trade marks in similar manner. The aim of this thesis is to analyse the nature of revocation and invalidity of CTM and individual grounds for revocation and invalidity as well as selected related issues, e.g. of procedural nature. This thesis is divided into four chapters. First chapter briefly introduces the institute of CTM and trade...

Resumé A comparison of national Trade mark with Community Trade mark. The purpose of thesis is to provide fundamental information about trademarks and their legal regulation. The reason why I decided to write a research about trademarks is that they are one of the most popular and widely used method of labeling products and services. Indisputable advantage of European union Trade mark is that the registration is not need for national Trade mark. Another advantage of European legislation of Trademarks is automatic and free dissemination of the accession of the new member states. Despite the fact that national trademark law is fully in compliance with European legislation, not all questions are completely identical. In thesis I would like to show influence on the czech national Trade marks after European union accession. I focus on the practice of the The Court of Justice of the European Union which has of capital importance on decision making practice of the Czech Courts. In the thesis I focus on the amendment of European union trade mark through regulation European Parliament and Council (EU) 2015/2424. There are some changes in three areas: institutional, produceral and changes in the level of charges. This regulation is step forward in the development of trade marks. This regulation provides for...

ABSTRACT The following thesis documents the costume design process and execution for the staged production of Mark Twain’s Is He Dead? as adapted by David Ives. It was produced at the University of New Orleans as part of the Film, Theatre, and Communication Arts Department 2011-2012 season in collaboration with New Orleans theatre company, The NOLA Project. In conjunction with the director and the design team, it is the role of the costume designer to support the overall concept of the production. The documentation of this process begins with the textual, historical, and visual research pertaining to the design concept. The various aspects of the costume design process are presented leading up to the execution of the final designs and successful realization of the play, concluding with a final analysis of the work. Supporting visual documentation and sources used to illustrate the phases of design are contained within the subsequent appendices. Costume Design, Mark Twain, Is He Dead?, Theater Design

Thesis (M.A (History of Art))--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Humanities, School of Arts, 2016 / This research report explores how the eighteenth century Romantic Child Ideal influenced the representations of children created by artists Terry Kurgan and Mark Hipper, and subsequently what the responses to these works reveal about a relationship to and participation in the ideal within the context of South Africa in the late 1990s. Through a close reading of two seminal exhibitions, the group show Purity and Danger (1997) which featured Terry Kurgan’s photographs of her son, and Vicera (1998) Mark Hipper’s mixed media offering of child nudes, I analysed the manner in which these artists both perpetuate and subvert the Ideal through their specific visualisations of the child. / MT2017

A teoria econômica explica que os preços necessariamente refletem a igualdade entre o custo marginal e a receita marginal. Já a teoria de marketing recomenda que os preços sejam definidos em consonância ao valor. O problema é que os estudos empíricos têm mostrado que a realidade não corresponde a nenhuma dessas duas teorias, pois, na realidade, a maior parte das empresas define os preços com base nos custos. Entretanto, esses estudos não têm evidenciado se a combinação dos custos à margem, recorrentemente encontrada, configura a forma ou a essência da determinação dos preços. Mais especificamente, pode-se afirmar que os estudos empíricos normalmente não têm aprofundado a investigação para avaliar se a fórmula \"custos mais margem\" refere-se apenas à forma mecânica de operacionalizar o estabelecimento dos preços ou refere-se tanto à forma quanto à essência do processo. Quando a fórmula designa a essência do processo, tem-se uma definição de preços marcada pela essência custos, na qual a margem é arbitrária e deixa de conectar os custos a outros tipos de informações. Nesse sentido, a fim de transcender as limitações dos prévios trabalhos empíricos, esta pesquisa teve a meta de investigar a forma e a essência do estabelecimento dos preços em empresas industriais localizadas no Brasil e, mais do que isso, averiguar os fatores que explicam o processo marcado pela essência custos. A coleta de dados aconteceu mediante um levantamento conduzido entre fevereiro de 2016 e junho de 2016. Esse levantamento implicou o envio de um questionário para a população da pesquisa, inicialmente formada por 1.616 empresas industriais relacionadas pela Revista Exame \"Melhores e Maiores\" e/ou pela Revista Noticiários de Equipamentos Industriais \"Top Five\" nas edições de 2014 e 2015. 380 respostas foram obtidas e propiciaram uma taxa de resposta de 28%. Foram tomadas medidas para assegurar as validades de conteúdo, de critério e de constructo, com destaque a um pré-teste em três fases e a duas análises do viés da não resposta. O teste de confiabilidade da pesquisa resultou em um alfa de Cronbach de 0,794. Os dados foram analisados a partir de estatísticas descritivas, de análises de correspondência e de dois modelos de regressão ordinal. Os achados desta pesquisa ilustraram: (a) a importância de segregar as empresas em tomadoras e formadoras de preços; (b) as dificuldades de obtenção de informações sobre os preços da concorrência nos formadores de preços; e (c) os diferentes tipos de informações usados no processo de definição dos preços. Os resultados ainda sugeriram que dois fatores explicam positivamente a essência custos nos formadores de preços (a diferenciação e a percepção que há prejuízos na colocação de preços inferiores ao resultado indicado pelos \"custos mais margem\") e que um fator explica negativamente a essência custos (estratégia de preço premium). Nos tomadores de preços, três fatores explicam positivamente a essência custos (a percepção que há prejuízos na colocação de preços inferiores ao resultado indicado pelos \"custos mais margem\", o isomorfismo coercitivo e o uso dos custos totais) enquanto que cinco fatores explicam negativamente a essência custos (o grande porte, a propensão de cópia dos concorrentes, a não disposição dos clientes em pagar o valor, o isomorfismo normativo e a experiência). Finalmente, concluiu-se que a combinação \"custos mais margem\" pode ser a forma sem ser a essência do estabelecimento dos preços, uma vez que a margem pode conectar os custos aos demais tipos de informações. Implicações para os pesquisadores, para os profissionais, para os docentes e para os discentes foram discutidas. / Economic theory explains how prices are set at a level that equates marginal cost and marginal revenue. On the other hand, marketing theory explains how prices should be set based on value. The problem is that researchers argue that neither of these two theories really explains the pricing practices because empirical studies have concluded that most companies set prices based on cost. However, the empirical studies have not yet examined whether cost-plus formulas represent either the shape or the essence of pricing. In other words, the empirical studies have not yet provided an in-depth analysis of the circumstances in which cost-plus formulas are shape rather than essence of pricing. It is important to mention that a cost-based essence is found when margin is arbitrary and does not connect cost to other types of information. In attempting to address this issue, the present research was designed with the purpose of investigating shape and essence of pricing in industrial companies located in Brazil. More specifically, the goal of this work was to draw attention to the factors that determine the adoption of a cost-based essence. Data for this study were gathered through a survey carried out between February 2016 and June 2016. A questionnaire was sent to 1,616 industrial companies included on the list of \"Melhores e Maiores\" Exame Magazine and/or on the list of \"Noticiários de Equipamentos Industriais - Top 5\" Magazine (2014 and 2015 editions). The total usable responses were 380 representing a 28% response rate. Content, criterion and construct validities were assessed through procedures that included both a three-stage pre-test and two investigations for non-response bias. Reliability test resulted in a Cronbach\'s Alpha of 0.794. Descriptive statistics, correspondence analyses and two ordinal regressions were conducted for purposes of analysis. The findings from this research illustrated: (a) the importance of separating companies into price-takers and price-makers; (b) the price-makers\' difficulties in obtaining data about competitors\' prices; and (c) the different types of information used in the pricing process. The results also suggested that, for price makers, cost-based essence was positively associated with two predictors (differentiation and perception that prices lower than cost-plus calculations can lead to losses), but it was negatively related to one predictor (premium pricing strategy). For price-takers, cost-based essence was positively associated with three predictors (perception that prices lower than cost-plus calculations can lead to losses, coercive isomorphism and use of full costs), but it was negatively related to five predictors (large size, competitors\' ability to copy products, customer\'s non-willingness to pay, normative isomorphism and experience). Finally, it was concluded that cost-plus may be the shape without being the essence of pricing because margin can connect costs to other types of information. Implications for researchers, practitioners, teachers and students were discussed.

O objetivo desta dissertação é de apresentar que existe forte relação entre passar no teste de marca e ser capaz de entender representações. Para isso se inicia formando uma base para a discussão da consciência, chegando a conclusão de que a consciência é um problema biológico e como tal deve ser respondido por meio da Biologia. Tendo concluído que a capacidade de se reconhecer (self-recognition) é uma das características da consciência, apresenta-se o teste de marca, faz-se a sua defesa chegando a conclusão de que ele é um teste capaz de apontar se o animal é capaz ou não se de reconhecer por eliminação de qualquer outro tipo de resultado. Por fim, apresenta-se a ligação entre passar no teste de marca e ser capaz de entender representações, colocando a capacidade de se reconhecer como uma prova dessa capacidade / The main goal of this dissertation is to show that exist a strong relationship between have a positive result in the mark test and be capable of understand representations. For it, we began building a base for the discussion of consciousness, concluding that consciousness is a biological issue and for it need to be answered by Biology. We concluded that the capacity of self-recognition is one of features of consciousness and showing that the mark test is capable to show if the animal is or not capable of self-recognition by elimination of any another kind of result. In the end, we show a bond between have a positive result in the mark test and be able to understand representations, putting the capability of self-recognition as a prove of it

The thesis considers the scope of trade mark protection against the context of paid search marketing. The hypothesis is that ‘fair and efficient competition’ is at the heart of the balance between interested parties and between trade mark protection and between free speech. This introduces the concept of a 'virtuous cycle' in the application of trade mark law. this thesis suggests that fair and efficient competition should be the ultimate purpose of trade mark law. The concept can be furthered by protecting pro-competitive trade mark functions: the intra trade mark information function and the inter-trademark differentiation function. Thus, only where third party use third party use is likely to harm the information and differentiation functions of owners' trade marks user could be liable. In a democratic society, there is anadditional consideration:thebalance between trade mark protection and free speech. Where third parties use trade marks in non-commercial contexts, likelihood of confusion or dilution should be the result ofactual malice or calculated falsehood. These two considerations are tested against the real world context of paid search marketing. Based on the protection of pro-competitive trade mark functions and speech restriction standards, and the relevance of actual and direct context and circumstances of paid search marketing, advertisers can be liable for their use of trade marks even when they do not include trade marks in their advertisements. Search engines, however,are not responsible for their use ‘under current practices,’ whether or not trade marks are included in advertisements. The thesis supports that trade mark law and jurisprudence should transform the cycle that starts with the balance of interests and end with fair and efficient competition into a virtuous spiralwhere one feeds the other; the two are inextricably linked.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:19:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernanda Fujita De Castro Mello.pdf: 1146002 bytes, checksum: 88fa883d776dafab92d2667add2dc245 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-08 / The present study aims at analyzing two empiric phenomena resulting from the notoriety of a mark: the attainment and the loss of trademark distinctiveness. Firstly, it aims to introduce the institute of the mark as a distinctive sign, demonstrating that the distinctiveness is a condition of validity for the grant thereof. After defining the institute, the attainment of notoriety by the mark is analyzed, being the object of the present study the notorious mark as the category, and the well-known mark and high-reputation mark as the types. The legal provision and the scope of protection of notorious marks are broached, as well as the main consequences of trademark notoriety. Having made this introduction, the present study discusses the phenomena of attainment and loss of trademark distinctiveness resulting from the notoriety thereof. The first of them is studied by the theory of secondary meaning, and its occurrence is analyzed in all systems of trademark attainment. Emphasis is given to the expressions originally non distinctive and which are susceptible of attainment of secondary meaning, being therefore susceptible to registration as a mark. Next, the phenomenon of loss of trademark distinctiveness resulting from its distinguishability is analyzed, the phenomenon known as trademark degeneration or trademark degeneracy. Since it deals with a slow process, and almost always irreversible, some indicator signs of trademark degeneration are studied, as well as customary forms used to avoid it. Finally, a few judicial and administrative decisions involving the referred to phenomena are analyzed, seeking to exemplify some forms found for proving and identifying the attainment of secondary meaning and trademark degeneration empirically, emphasizing the position of the Courts and the INPI (the Brazilian Patents and Trademarks Office) in relation to the matter / O presente trabalho visa analisar dois fenômenos empíricos decorrentes da notoriedade de marca: a aquisição e a perda de distintividade marcária. Primeiramente, busca-se introduzir o instituto da marca como signo distintivo, demonstrando ser a distintividade condição de validade para sua concessão. Após definir o instituto, a aquisição de notoriedade pela marca é analisada, sendo objeto do presente estudo a marca notória como gênero, e suas espécies marca notoriamente conhecida e marca de alto renome. A previsão legal e o âmbito de proteção das marcas notórias são abordados, assim como as principais conseqüências da notoriedade marcária. Feita esta introdução, o presente trabalho aborda os fenômenos de aquisição e perda de distintividade marcária decorrentes de sua notoriedade. O primeiro deles é estudado pela teoria do secondary meaning, ou teoria do significado secundário, e sua ocorrência é analisada em todos os sistemas de aquisição de marca. É dado destaque às expressões originalmente não distintivas e que são passíveis de aquisição de significado secundário, sendo, portanto, passíveis de registro como marca. A seguir, é analisado o fenômeno da perda de distintividade marcária decorrente de sua distintividade, fenômeno conhecido como degeneração ou degenerescência marcária. Por se tratar de processo lento, e quase sempre irreversível, são estudados alguns sinais indicadores da degeneração marcária, e formas costumeiramente utilizadas para evitá-la. Por fim, algumas decisões judiciais e administrativas envolvendo referidos fenômenos são analisadas, buscando-se exemplificar algumas das formas encontradas para se provar e identificar a aquisição de secondary meaning e a degeneração marcária empiricamente, destacando-se a posição dos Tribunais e do INPI quanto ao tema

This dissertation explores the ways of imagining the metaphysical space as a viable platform in music composition. I divide the paper into three large chapters: The first chapter is a philosophical grounding of the concept of metaphysical space. I reveal the concept of metaphysical space, and propose one of the possible inner structures of it. The inner structure of the metaphysical space is explained in two tiers. In the first tier, I review the Niveau Poïétique of Jean Molino's Tripartite Model, and then offer an alternative reading of the Niveau Poïétique. Thereafter, I put the first tier of the structure of the metaphysical space in a larger philosophical context, by invoking the concept of two-fold being-in-the-world by Shizuteru Ueda. In the second chapter, I present a detailed analysis of ...zu... by Mark Andre, in which I investigate how the paradigm of metaphysical space can be applied to the compositional situations of Andre and his work. The chapter is divided into two large sections. The first section is devoted to Andre's methodology in music notation. This section provides the concrete foundation necessary for the discussion of the second section, which is the musical analysis of the Andre work. The third chapter is devoted to the analysis of my recent work, Tramespace I (2012-13). This chapter is also divided into two sections. In the first section I discuss the problematics of the musical circularity from philosophical perspectives. In the second section I present an analysis of Tramespace I, by referring to the musical sketches and other pertinent compositional materials for the work. In this chapter as a whole my aim is to present one of the many possibilities of utilizing the kinds of philosophical and musical ideas derived from the preceding two chapters in the praxis of music composition, in ways that are anchored by the overarching concept of the metaphysical space.

The messiahship of Jesus in the Gospel of Mark has figured prominently in modern New Testament scholarship. With the increasing awareness of the Jewish context from which the gospel traditions emerged, scholars have also paid close attention to the way Mark portrays Jesus in relation to the temple. Within these discussions, it is not uncommon to find claims that the Markan Jesus regards the Jerusalem institution as completely obsolete, some maintaining that the message of the kingdom of God in Mark is fundamentally opposed to the ancient Levitical system. Yet, there is not a single full-length monograph grappling with the question of how Mark presents Jesus as royal messiah on the one hand, and his interaction with the Jerusalem priests on the other. Such a project is now imperative, not least given the recent advancement in our understanding both of messianic expectations in the late Second Temple period and of the role of the high priesthood in Jewish polity at the turn of the Christian era. In this thesis, I argue that Jewish messianism from the mid-second century BCE to the late first-century CE anticipated the culmination of the Jerusalem priestly institution under the rule of the royal messiah. In portraying Jesus as the end-time king, Mark in turn assumes a similar expectation. However, contrary to the majority scholarly view, the earliest Gospel does not repudiate the Israelite worship as such. Rather, Mark depicts Jesus’s stance towards the priests in terms of a call to allegiance and warning of judgement. And it is in the light of its cumulative narrative context that Jesus’s criticism of the Jerusalem shrine should be read. To Mark, that is, the temple will be destroyed because the priests have rejected Israel’s end-time king, placing themselves outside the messianic kingdom. Nevertheless, Jesus will be vindicated over against his enemies as God’s messianic son. Chapter one examines important passages from the Dead Sea Scrolls, and chapter two focuses on texts from the Pseudepigrapha. In chapter three, I argue, against recent critics, that the Markan Jesus is indeed a royal figure. Then, chapter four looks at the relevant passages in Mark 1–10 in which the Jerusalem priests are in view. Finally, chapter five investigates the climactic clash between Jesus and the temple rulers in Mark 11–16 in comparison to my findings in the previous chapters.