O objetivo desta dissertação é de apresentar que existe forte relação entre passar no teste de marca e ser capaz de entender representações. Para isso se inicia formando uma base para a discussão da consciência, chegando a conclusão de que a consciência é um problema biológico e como tal deve ser respondido por meio da Biologia. Tendo concluído que a capacidade de se reconhecer (self-recognition) é uma das características da consciência, apresenta-se o teste de marca, faz-se a sua defesa chegando a conclusão de que ele é um teste capaz de apontar se o animal é capaz ou não se de reconhecer por eliminação de qualquer outro tipo de resultado. Por fim, apresenta-se a ligação entre passar no teste de marca e ser capaz de entender representações, colocando a capacidade de se reconhecer como uma prova dessa capacidade / The main goal of this dissertation is to show that exist a strong relationship between have a positive result in the mark test and be capable of understand representations. For it, we began building a base for the discussion of consciousness, concluding that consciousness is a biological issue and for it need to be answered by Biology. We concluded that the capacity of self-recognition is one of features of consciousness and showing that the mark test is capable to show if the animal is or not capable of self-recognition by elimination of any another kind of result. In the end, we show a bond between have a positive result in the mark test and be able to understand representations, putting the capability of self-recognition as a prove of it

Esta pesquisa destina-se à interpretação de memória e história à luz do movimento dos corpos; desse movimento que se estende à intercorporeidade constituem-se os registros ou o que chamamos de marcas corporais, que são as impressões que o corpo retém através de suas relações com os outros corpos. Nossa perspectiva de leitura pretende afastar a base temporal da memória e história para fundamentá-la sob o universo corpóreo. Esse estudo nos permitirá a retomada de dois termos que, a nosso ver, são primordiais para os desdobramentos e afirmação da tese: os vestigia corporis que são justamente as marcas corporais de que estamos falando. Em verdade, os vestigia são, mais uma vez, uma preciosa fonte de investigação e reflexão. Em nossa pesquisa de mestrado eles serviram para pensarmos a superstição; um corpo marcado pelo preconceito e devaneios da imaginação; um corpo marcado pela servidão. Propomos agora que essas mesmas impressões corporais sejam voltadas para pensarmos a Memória, seus usos, coletivo e político, e a História. Essas impressões, portanto, serão nosso principal material. O nosso percurso inicial será apresentar o corpo e os meandros de suas relações, para isso, o recurso à física espinosana, ela nos assegurará que a teoria das marcas fundamente a memória, pois esses registros fixados aos corpos estão submetidos às suas próprias leis. Em função destas marcas é que podemos rememorar, acessar o passado. O recurso às marcas também permitirá que retiremos do tempo o estatuto de guardião absoluto do passado e, portanto, da história. Com isso, poderemos afirmar que a Memória espinosana é também a História, ou seja, são uma e mesma coisa, sobretudo porque se constituem por uma FÍSICA dos corpos. / This research is intended for the interpretation of memory and history in light of the movement of bodies; of this movement of bodies are the registers or what we call body marks, which are the impressions that the body retains through its relations with other body (s). This perspective of reading removes the temporal basis of memory and history, taking them to the bases of the corporeal universe. For this study, we return to two terms that, in our view, are the key to most of our developments throughout the text, as well as within Spinoza\'s philosophy: vestigia corporis. Indeed, these terms are once again a precious source of inquiry and reflection. In our master\'s research the vestigia corporis, which are these marks or bodily impressions, which we have mentioned above, have served to think superstition; a marked body, immersed in prejudices and enveloped by the misunderstandings of the imagination, therefore an easy target to be carried away by the webs of this achievement of the human mind which is superstition. We now propose that these same bodily impressions be turned to thinking of Memory, its uses, collective and political, and History. Our initial course will be to present the body and the intricacies of its relations, for this, the use of the Spinozas physics, it assures us that the theory of marks bases the memory, because they are records fixed to the bodies and submitted their laws; in function of these records is that we can recall, access the past. We need \'material\' so that the memory recognizes itself as such; and where else could this material of recognition and recollection of data be, if not in the human body? In so doing, we will withdraw from time the status of absolute guardian of the past and hence of history. With this, we will affirm that the Spinozas Memory is also History. We can say them, Memory and History in Spinoza are one and the same, above all, because they are constituted by a PHYSICS of bodies.

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This thesis examines how the sociopolitical contexts of the mid-twentieth century influenced readers’ interpretations of Mark Twain’s novel “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn” and J.D. Salinger’s “The Catcher in the Rye,” two controversial novels that were subjected to censorship activity. In particular, this thesis will focus on the reception of both of these novels during the 1950s and 1960s, a period marked by two major events: The Civil Rights Movement and the youth counterculture phenomenon. In this study, the reception of “Huckleberry Finn” will be analyzed in the context of the civil rights movement, using news articles published in the 1950s and 1960s to illustrate how the different interpretations of readers prompted school board directors to ban the book from junior high and high school reading lists.

In a public lecture given by Gunther Schuller in 1957, the term 'third stream music' was suggested as a way of describing the combination of 'first stream music' (Western classical) and 'second stream music' (American jazz) within a musical work. 'Third stream' was proposed as a term to denote the fusion of

Apologia is a rhetorical genre of self-defense. As such, apologetic discourse involves a response to an attack upon an individual's character or worth as a human being. Los Angeles Police Detective Mark Fuhrman encountered such a attack during the 0.J. Simpson murder trial. The purpose of this analysis is to determine whether the rhetorical strategies indicative of apologia are used to perform masculine facework in Mark Fuhrman's Murder In Brentwood. By means of critical analysis, apologia can be established as a masculine face-saving strategy. The analysis takes place in two stages. First, the connection between facework and apologia is established. The four strategies of Hodgins, Liebeskind, and Schwartz (1996), Sandra Petronio's examples of defensive strategies, and three strategies in William L. Benoit's (1995) typology of image restoration strategies provide the first two units of analyses. Second, questions gleaned from the research of Noreen Kruse (1977) determined the topics to which Fuhrman devotes the most time in his discourse and the motivational drives that shape that discourse. By integrating the findings of both analyses, the masculine face Fuhrman endeavors to save emerges. / Graduation date: 1999

A twenty year mark-recapture dataset from the loggerhead nesting beach on Keewaydin Island, off the southwest coast of Florida, was analyzed using a two-state open robust design model in Program MARK to provide insight into recent nesting declines in the state. A total of 2,292 encounters representing 841 individual tag IDs were used for this analysis. Survival was estimated at 0.73 (95% CI 0.69-0.76), and there was no evidence from remigration rate or clutch frequency to suggest the composition of the nesting assemblage had changed over time. The mark-recapture analysis was supplemented with a satellite tracking component to identify the offshore foraging areas utilized by Keewaydin nesters. Eleven nesting females were outfitted with platform terminal transmitters, which transmitted for 42 to 300+ days including inter-nesting intervals and subsequent migration to foraging grounds. Site fidelity tests and kernel density home range analyses were used to describe foraging habitats. Females foraging in the eastern Gulf of Mexico were within the recent 64 m bottom longline fishery restriction. Areas identified as important habitats during the remigration interval should be used to inform managers in creating targeted management strategies to aid population recovery without the use of broad fishery closures.

<p>Sammanfattning</p><p>Syfte</p><p>Syftet med denna undersökning var att ta reda på hur unga konsumenter födda mellan 1975-85, som flyttat hemifrån uppfattar symbolen ”Nyckelhålet”. Syftet är vidare att ta reda på om det föreligger skillnader mellan en lågprisbutiks respektive normalprisbutiks kunder samt mellan män och kvinnor. För att utröna syftet har jag tagit hjälp av totalt fem frågeställningar: 1. Känner konsumenterna igen symbolen? 2. Hur beskriver konsumenterna sin förståelse för symbolen? 3. Vilka egenskaper tillskriver konsumenterna symbolen? 4. Av vilken anledning väljer respektive väljer inte konsumenten varor märkta med Nyckelhålet? 5. Varifrån har konsumenterna fått kännedom om Nyckelhålet?</p><p>Metod</p><p>60 respondenter, 30 stycken från en normalprisbutik och 30 stycken från en lågprisbutik, har besvarat en enkät med totalt 21 frågor. 36 av respondenterna var kvinnor och 24 stycken var män. Enkäten utformades med både öppna och slutna frågor. Urvalsgruppen är född mellan 1975-85 och har alla flyttat hemifrån. Enkäten har delats ut i anslutning till varor märkta med Nyckelhålet och där har jag då funnit mina respondenter. Enligt en uppskattning av kundunderlaget nådde jag ut till 33% av kundunderlaget för min urvalsgrupp i lågprisbutiken, och 29% i normalprisbutiken.</p><p>Resultat</p><p>Alla respondenter utom en kände igen symbolen Nyckelhålet. Konsumenterna förstår Nyckelhålet som en symbol som förmedlar nyttiga/hälsosamma/sunda samt fettsnåla produkter. Konsumenterna beskriver symbolens egenskaper som fettsnål och nyttig/hälsosam. De valde också att köpa produkter med dessa egenskaper. Konsumenterna valde ibland bort dessa varor p.g.a. priset. Media förefaller vara den informationskanal där konsumenterna vanligen fått kännedom om symbolen. Det fanns inga klara skillnader i svaren mellan män och kvinnor eller mellan konsumenter från de olika butikerna.</p><p>Slutsats</p><p>Unga konsumenter födda 1975-85 som har flyttat hemifrån har förstått Nyckelhålets egenskaper väl. Så gott som alla respondenter känner igen symbolen. Majoriteten av respondenterna uppfattar symbolens innebörd som fettsnål, nyttig och hälsosam. Det är också orsaken till att de konsumerar varor märkta med Nyckelhålet. En stor andel av konsumenterna väljer bort nyckelhålsmärkta produkter på grund av priset. Media förefaller vara den kanal som konsumenterna till störst del fått kännedom om Nyckelhålet. Överlag så skiljer sig män och kvinnors kunskaper om Nyckelhålets egenskaper marginellt. Detsamma gäller för kunderna från lågprisbutiken respektive normalprisbutiken. Tidigare forskning har pekat på att en stor andel av respondenterna tror att Nyckelhålet är en form av miljömärkning, så även i denna undersökning.</p> / <p>Abstract</p><p>Aim</p><p>The purpose of this research was to find out how consumers born between 1975-85 who has left their parents home comprehend the “Keyhole mark” symbol. The purpose is also to find out if there is any difference between men and women as well as consumers from the low price store and the normal price store. To evaluate this I have chosen five questions as starting points; 1. Do consumers recognize the symbol? 2. How do consumers describe their understanding of the symbol? 3. What qualities do the consumers ascribe to the keyhole mark? 4. What reasons do the consumer have to choose or not choose products with the keyhole mark? 5. From where has the consumer got the knowledge of the keyhole mark?</p><p>Method</p><p>60 people, 30 customers at a normal price store and 30 customers at a low price store have answered a questionnaire containing 21 questions. 36 of the people responding were women, and 24 were men. The questionnaire contained both open and closed questions. The selected group is born between 1975-85 and all of them have moved out from their parents home. I have been standing next to products marked with the keyhole mark, and there I have found my respondents. According to an estimation of the possible consumers for the stores I have managed to reach 33% of my sample group at the low price store and 29% at the normal price store.</p><p>Results</p><p>All of the people responding except one recognized the symbol Keyhole mark. The consumers understand the Keyhole mark as a symbol that conveys healthy and low fat products. Consumers describe the symbol as a mark of low fat and healthy food. They also choose to buy products with these qualities. Consumers do sometimes not choose these products due to the price. Media seems to be the information channel from where the consumers mainly have obtained knowledge of the symbol. There are no clear differences between the answers given by men and women, or between the consumers in the two different types of stores.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Consumers born between 1975-85, who has moved out from their parents home understand the keyhole marks properties well. As good as all respondents recognize the symbol. The majority of the respondents describe the symbol as a mark of low fat and healthy food. That is also the reason why they choose to buy these products. A large percentage of the consumers consider these products expensive. Media appears to be the channel, where a great part of the consumers have obtained knowledge about the keyhole mark. Differences between men´s and women’s knowledge about the keyhole mark are marginal. The same scenario concerns the differences between consumers in the low price store and the normal price store. Earlier studies have shown that a great percentage of the consumers consider the keyhole mark to be kind of environmental mark. The same results was found in the present study .</p>

Exposure assessments can be made for contaminated soil to get information about how the human health may be affected. They are used in many different countries and may differ from each other, either dramatically or minimal. This study was conducted to examine how these differences appear between three countries' exposure assessments. The countries chosen were Sweden, the Netherlands and the United States and the purpose was to see how the difference appears between the structure, parameters, thresholds, calculations, etc. to be abl e to discuss which of the models are perceived to give the best picture of reality. The discussion was focused on the Swedish assessment model. The results show that there are differences between models and that they sometimes refer to the fact that their model is based on other models. Many parameters used, such as body weight, are not justified and there are manyuncertainties associated with the use of these models. The sources they use to justify the parameters and their values are not always relevant and updated. Uncertainty always follows with these kinds of calculations, but some of the uncertain can be reduced, as shown in this study. / Exponeringsbedömningar kan göras för förorenad mark för att på det sättet få information om hur människors hälsa kan påverkas. Exponeringsbedömningar används i många olika länder och de skiljer sig från varandra, antingen drastiskt eller minimalt. Denna studie genomfördes för att granska hur dessa skillnader kan se ut mellan tre olika länders exponeringsbedömningar. Länderna som valdes var Sverige, Nederländerna och USA och syftet var att se hur skillnaden ser ut mellan upplägg, parametrar, gränsvärden, beräkningar med mera för att på det sättet kunna diskutera vilken av modellerna som upplevs ge den bästa bilden av verkligheten. Fokus låg på Sveriges bedömningsmodell och diskussionen fördes utifrån den. Resultatet visar att det finns skillnader mellan modellerna och de hänvisar ibland till att deras modell är baseras på andra modeller. Många parametrar som används, exempelvis kroppsvikt, är inte motiverade och det finns många osäkerheter associerade med användandet av dessa modeller. Källorna de använder för att motivera parametrar och dess värden är inte alltid relevanta och aktuella. Osäkerheter följer alltid med sådana här beräkningar, men vissaav dem skulle kunna minskas, vilket visas i denna studie. / exposure assessment, risk assessment, quantitative exposure models, contaminated soil

Sammanfattning Syfte Syftet med denna undersökning var att ta reda på hur unga konsumenter födda mellan 1975-85, som flyttat hemifrån uppfattar symbolen ”Nyckelhålet”. Syftet är vidare att ta reda på om det föreligger skillnader mellan en lågprisbutiks respektive normalprisbutiks kunder samt mellan män och kvinnor. För att utröna syftet har jag tagit hjälp av totalt fem frågeställningar: 1. Känner konsumenterna igen symbolen? 2. Hur beskriver konsumenterna sin förståelse för symbolen? 3. Vilka egenskaper tillskriver konsumenterna symbolen? 4. Av vilken anledning väljer respektive väljer inte konsumenten varor märkta med Nyckelhålet? 5. Varifrån har konsumenterna fått kännedom om Nyckelhålet? Metod 60 respondenter, 30 stycken från en normalprisbutik och 30 stycken från en lågprisbutik, har besvarat en enkät med totalt 21 frågor. 36 av respondenterna var kvinnor och 24 stycken var män. Enkäten utformades med både öppna och slutna frågor. Urvalsgruppen är född mellan 1975-85 och har alla flyttat hemifrån. Enkäten har delats ut i anslutning till varor märkta med Nyckelhålet och där har jag då funnit mina respondenter. Enligt en uppskattning av kundunderlaget nådde jag ut till 33% av kundunderlaget för min urvalsgrupp i lågprisbutiken, och 29% i normalprisbutiken. Resultat Alla respondenter utom en kände igen symbolen Nyckelhålet. Konsumenterna förstår Nyckelhålet som en symbol som förmedlar nyttiga/hälsosamma/sunda samt fettsnåla produkter. Konsumenterna beskriver symbolens egenskaper som fettsnål och nyttig/hälsosam. De valde också att köpa produkter med dessa egenskaper. Konsumenterna valde ibland bort dessa varor p.g.a. priset. Media förefaller vara den informationskanal där konsumenterna vanligen fått kännedom om symbolen. Det fanns inga klara skillnader i svaren mellan män och kvinnor eller mellan konsumenter från de olika butikerna. Slutsats Unga konsumenter födda 1975-85 som har flyttat hemifrån har förstått Nyckelhålets egenskaper väl. Så gott som alla respondenter känner igen symbolen. Majoriteten av respondenterna uppfattar symbolens innebörd som fettsnål, nyttig och hälsosam. Det är också orsaken till att de konsumerar varor märkta med Nyckelhålet. En stor andel av konsumenterna väljer bort nyckelhålsmärkta produkter på grund av priset. Media förefaller vara den kanal som konsumenterna till störst del fått kännedom om Nyckelhålet. Överlag så skiljer sig män och kvinnors kunskaper om Nyckelhålets egenskaper marginellt. Detsamma gäller för kunderna från lågprisbutiken respektive normalprisbutiken. Tidigare forskning har pekat på att en stor andel av respondenterna tror att Nyckelhålet är en form av miljömärkning, så även i denna undersökning. / Abstract Aim The purpose of this research was to find out how consumers born between 1975-85 who has left their parents home comprehend the “Keyhole mark” symbol. The purpose is also to find out if there is any difference between men and women as well as consumers from the low price store and the normal price store. To evaluate this I have chosen five questions as starting points; 1. Do consumers recognize the symbol? 2. How do consumers describe their understanding of the symbol? 3. What qualities do the consumers ascribe to the keyhole mark? 4. What reasons do the consumer have to choose or not choose products with the keyhole mark? 5. From where has the consumer got the knowledge of the keyhole mark? Method 60 people, 30 customers at a normal price store and 30 customers at a low price store have answered a questionnaire containing 21 questions. 36 of the people responding were women, and 24 were men. The questionnaire contained both open and closed questions. The selected group is born between 1975-85 and all of them have moved out from their parents home. I have been standing next to products marked with the keyhole mark, and there I have found my respondents. According to an estimation of the possible consumers for the stores I have managed to reach 33% of my sample group at the low price store and 29% at the normal price store. Results All of the people responding except one recognized the symbol Keyhole mark. The consumers understand the Keyhole mark as a symbol that conveys healthy and low fat products. Consumers describe the symbol as a mark of low fat and healthy food. They also choose to buy products with these qualities. Consumers do sometimes not choose these products due to the price. Media seems to be the information channel from where the consumers mainly have obtained knowledge of the symbol. There are no clear differences between the answers given by men and women, or between the consumers in the two different types of stores. Conclusions Consumers born between 1975-85, who has moved out from their parents home understand the keyhole marks properties well. As good as all respondents recognize the symbol. The majority of the respondents describe the symbol as a mark of low fat and healthy food. That is also the reason why they choose to buy these products. A large percentage of the consumers consider these products expensive. Media appears to be the channel, where a great part of the consumers have obtained knowledge about the keyhole mark. Differences between men´s and women’s knowledge about the keyhole mark are marginal. The same scenario concerns the differences between consumers in the low price store and the normal price store. Earlier studies have shown that a great percentage of the consumers consider the keyhole mark to be kind of environmental mark. The same results was found in the present study .