Esta pesquisa destina-se à interpretação de memória e história à luz do movimento dos corpos; desse movimento que se estende à intercorporeidade constituem-se os registros ou o que chamamos de marcas corporais, que são as impressões que o corpo retém através de suas relações com os outros corpos. Nossa perspectiva de leitura pretende afastar a base temporal da memória e história para fundamentá-la sob o universo corpóreo. Esse estudo nos permitirá a retomada de dois termos que, a nosso ver, são primordiais para os desdobramentos e afirmação da tese: os vestigia corporis que são justamente as marcas corporais de que estamos falando. Em verdade, os vestigia são, mais uma vez, uma preciosa fonte de investigação e reflexão. Em nossa pesquisa de mestrado eles serviram para pensarmos a superstição; um corpo marcado pelo preconceito e devaneios da imaginação; um corpo marcado pela servidão. Propomos agora que essas mesmas impressões corporais sejam voltadas para pensarmos a Memória, seus usos, coletivo e político, e a História. Essas impressões, portanto, serão nosso principal material. O nosso percurso inicial será apresentar o corpo e os meandros de suas relações, para isso, o recurso à física espinosana, ela nos assegurará que a teoria das marcas fundamente a memória, pois esses registros fixados aos corpos estão submetidos às suas próprias leis. Em função destas marcas é que podemos rememorar, acessar o passado. O recurso às marcas também permitirá que retiremos do tempo o estatuto de guardião absoluto do passado e, portanto, da história. Com isso, poderemos afirmar que a Memória espinosana é também a História, ou seja, são uma e mesma coisa, sobretudo porque se constituem por uma FÍSICA dos corpos. / This research is intended for the interpretation of memory and history in light of the movement of bodies; of this movement of bodies are the registers or what we call body marks, which are the impressions that the body retains through its relations with other body (s). This perspective of reading removes the temporal basis of memory and history, taking them to the bases of the corporeal universe. For this study, we return to two terms that, in our view, are the key to most of our developments throughout the text, as well as within Spinoza\'s philosophy: vestigia corporis. Indeed, these terms are once again a precious source of inquiry and reflection. In our master\'s research the vestigia corporis, which are these marks or bodily impressions, which we have mentioned above, have served to think superstition; a marked body, immersed in prejudices and enveloped by the misunderstandings of the imagination, therefore an easy target to be carried away by the webs of this achievement of the human mind which is superstition. We now propose that these same bodily impressions be turned to thinking of Memory, its uses, collective and political, and History. Our initial course will be to present the body and the intricacies of its relations, for this, the use of the Spinozas physics, it assures us that the theory of marks bases the memory, because they are records fixed to the bodies and submitted their laws; in function of these records is that we can recall, access the past. We need \'material\' so that the memory recognizes itself as such; and where else could this material of recognition and recollection of data be, if not in the human body? In so doing, we will withdraw from time the status of absolute guardian of the past and hence of history. With this, we will affirm that the Spinozas Memory is also History. We can say them, Memory and History in Spinoza are one and the same, above all, because they are constituted by a PHYSICS of bodies.

A teoria econômica explica que os preços necessariamente refletem a igualdade entre o custo marginal e a receita marginal. Já a teoria de marketing recomenda que os preços sejam definidos em consonância ao valor. O problema é que os estudos empíricos têm mostrado que a realidade não corresponde a nenhuma dessas duas teorias, pois, na realidade, a maior parte das empresas define os preços com base nos custos. Entretanto, esses estudos não têm evidenciado se a combinação dos custos à margem, recorrentemente encontrada, configura a forma ou a essência da determinação dos preços. Mais especificamente, pode-se afirmar que os estudos empíricos normalmente não têm aprofundado a investigação para avaliar se a fórmula \"custos mais margem\" refere-se apenas à forma mecânica de operacionalizar o estabelecimento dos preços ou refere-se tanto à forma quanto à essência do processo. Quando a fórmula designa a essência do processo, tem-se uma definição de preços marcada pela essência custos, na qual a margem é arbitrária e deixa de conectar os custos a outros tipos de informações. Nesse sentido, a fim de transcender as limitações dos prévios trabalhos empíricos, esta pesquisa teve a meta de investigar a forma e a essência do estabelecimento dos preços em empresas industriais localizadas no Brasil e, mais do que isso, averiguar os fatores que explicam o processo marcado pela essência custos. A coleta de dados aconteceu mediante um levantamento conduzido entre fevereiro de 2016 e junho de 2016. Esse levantamento implicou o envio de um questionário para a população da pesquisa, inicialmente formada por 1.616 empresas industriais relacionadas pela Revista Exame \"Melhores e Maiores\" e/ou pela Revista Noticiários de Equipamentos Industriais \"Top Five\" nas edições de 2014 e 2015. 380 respostas foram obtidas e propiciaram uma taxa de resposta de 28%. Foram tomadas medidas para assegurar as validades de conteúdo, de critério e de constructo, com destaque a um pré-teste em três fases e a duas análises do viés da não resposta. O teste de confiabilidade da pesquisa resultou em um alfa de Cronbach de 0,794. Os dados foram analisados a partir de estatísticas descritivas, de análises de correspondência e de dois modelos de regressão ordinal. Os achados desta pesquisa ilustraram: (a) a importância de segregar as empresas em tomadoras e formadoras de preços; (b) as dificuldades de obtenção de informações sobre os preços da concorrência nos formadores de preços; e (c) os diferentes tipos de informações usados no processo de definição dos preços. Os resultados ainda sugeriram que dois fatores explicam positivamente a essência custos nos formadores de preços (a diferenciação e a percepção que há prejuízos na colocação de preços inferiores ao resultado indicado pelos \"custos mais margem\") e que um fator explica negativamente a essência custos (estratégia de preço premium). Nos tomadores de preços, três fatores explicam positivamente a essência custos (a percepção que há prejuízos na colocação de preços inferiores ao resultado indicado pelos \"custos mais margem\", o isomorfismo coercitivo e o uso dos custos totais) enquanto que cinco fatores explicam negativamente a essência custos (o grande porte, a propensão de cópia dos concorrentes, a não disposição dos clientes em pagar o valor, o isomorfismo normativo e a experiência). Finalmente, concluiu-se que a combinação \"custos mais margem\" pode ser a forma sem ser a essência do estabelecimento dos preços, uma vez que a margem pode conectar os custos aos demais tipos de informações. Implicações para os pesquisadores, para os profissionais, para os docentes e para os discentes foram discutidas. / Economic theory explains how prices are set at a level that equates marginal cost and marginal revenue. On the other hand, marketing theory explains how prices should be set based on value. The problem is that researchers argue that neither of these two theories really explains the pricing practices because empirical studies have concluded that most companies set prices based on cost. However, the empirical studies have not yet examined whether cost-plus formulas represent either the shape or the essence of pricing. In other words, the empirical studies have not yet provided an in-depth analysis of the circumstances in which cost-plus formulas are shape rather than essence of pricing. It is important to mention that a cost-based essence is found when margin is arbitrary and does not connect cost to other types of information. In attempting to address this issue, the present research was designed with the purpose of investigating shape and essence of pricing in industrial companies located in Brazil. More specifically, the goal of this work was to draw attention to the factors that determine the adoption of a cost-based essence. Data for this study were gathered through a survey carried out between February 2016 and June 2016. A questionnaire was sent to 1,616 industrial companies included on the list of \"Melhores e Maiores\" Exame Magazine and/or on the list of \"Noticiários de Equipamentos Industriais - Top 5\" Magazine (2014 and 2015 editions). The total usable responses were 380 representing a 28% response rate. Content, criterion and construct validities were assessed through procedures that included both a three-stage pre-test and two investigations for non-response bias. Reliability test resulted in a Cronbach\'s Alpha of 0.794. Descriptive statistics, correspondence analyses and two ordinal regressions were conducted for purposes of analysis. The findings from this research illustrated: (a) the importance of separating companies into price-takers and price-makers; (b) the price-makers\' difficulties in obtaining data about competitors\' prices; and (c) the different types of information used in the pricing process. The results also suggested that, for price makers, cost-based essence was positively associated with two predictors (differentiation and perception that prices lower than cost-plus calculations can lead to losses), but it was negatively related to one predictor (premium pricing strategy). For price-takers, cost-based essence was positively associated with three predictors (perception that prices lower than cost-plus calculations can lead to losses, coercive isomorphism and use of full costs), but it was negatively related to five predictors (large size, competitors\' ability to copy products, customer\'s non-willingness to pay, normative isomorphism and experience). Finally, it was concluded that cost-plus may be the shape without being the essence of pricing because margin can connect costs to other types of information. Implications for researchers, practitioners, teachers and students were discussed.

RESUMÉ A comparison of national trade mark with Community trade mark. The purpose of my thesis is to compare legislation of national trade mark with leagislation community trade mark. I would like to show influence on the czech national trade mark after European union accession. In my thesis I focus on the amendment of European union trade mark through regulation European Parliament and Council (EU) 2015/2424. There are the most important changes in three areas: institutional, procedural and changes in the level of charges. This regulation is step forward in the development of trade marks. Thie regulation provides for simplification of the registration process. My thesis is composed of six chapters plus introduction and conclusion. In the first chapter I discuss about concept of trade mark. It is about meaning trade marks on market share, about function, types of trade marks. About differences between concepts sign and trade mark and about well know trade marks. In the second chapter I focus on historical development national trade marks. This development is in our territory very lengthy. This chapter is about historical development of community trade mark also. Chapter three is about legislation national of trade mark in Czech republic. About legislation, characteristic, categories of trade mark, about...

A comparison of national trade mark with Community trade mark The purpose of this thesis is to provide fundamental information about trademarks and their legal regulation. In my thesis I focus on the decision making practice of the ÚVP, the European Union Intellectual Property Office and I attempt to compare their argumentation at decision making practice. In order to compare the decision making of the two offices I decided, because their legislations are very similar and their comparison would not be of great significance. Following the amendment by regulation no. 2424/2015 there have been some changes such as abolition of the necessity a graphical representation, the introduction of the so-called certification trade mark or the explicitly anchoring of the sound as a sign of a capable label. After the novella in the thesis I analyzed the decisions of the two authorities in the matters of assessing the registrability of the signs applied for. I have focused on the two absolute grounds for declaring incapability, namely the descriptiveness of the sign referred to in § 4 letter c) of the Act, respectively Article 7 subsection 1 letter (c) of the Regulation and the generality of the marking referred to in § 4 letter d) of the Act, respectively Article 7 subsection 1 letter d) of the Regulation. Each...

M.A. (Greek) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

The extension of the CJS model to include individual, continuous, time-varying covariates relies on the estimation of covariate values on occasions on which individuals were not captured. Fitting this model in a Bayesian framework typically involves the implementation of a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm, such as a Gibbs sampler, to sample from the posterior distribution. For large data sets with many missing covariate values that must be estimated, this creates a computational issue, as each iteration of the MCMC algorithm requires sampling from the full conditional distributions of each missing covariate value. This dissertation examines two solutions to address this problem. First, I explore variational Bayesian algorithms, which derive inference from an approximation to the posterior distribution that can be fit quickly in many complex problems. Second, I consider an alternative approximation to the posterior distribution derived by truncating the individual capture histories in order to reduce the number of missing covariates that must be updated during the MCMC sampling algorithm. In both cases, the increased computational efficiency comes at the cost of producing approximate inferences. The variational Bayesian algorithms generally do not estimate the posterior variance very accurately and do not directly address the issues with estimating many missing covariate values. Meanwhile, the truncated CJS model provides a more significant improvement in computational efficiency while inflating the posterior variance as a result of discarding some of the data. Both approaches are evaluated via simulation studies and a large mark-recapture data set consisting of cliff swallow weights and capture histories.

Explaining spatial and temporal variation in the abundance of species is one of the primary goals of ecology. Habitat selection, the behaviour that organisms use to choose habitat patches that maximize fitness, can explain patterns in abundance between patches at small spatial scales within the dispersal capacity of the species. However, habitat selection models assume there is a reduction in individual fitness as population density increases due to increased competition between individuals. Ectotherms, which often select habitats based on temperature, a density-independent resource, may not display density-dependent responses if temperature limits energy assimilation more than finite food resources limit energy acquisition. As predicted by their dependence on environmental temperatures, some ectotherms select habitat largely independently of population density when temperatures are far from the optimal temperature for performance. But, is density-dependence prevalent in ectotherm populations when temperatures are close to the optimal temperature for performance? Habitat selection models also assume that all individuals of a population exhibit the same strategy for maximizing fitness through habitat selection. However, differences in morphology and behaviour (e.g., reproductive strategy) can modify the optimal habitat selection strategy for different phenotypes. Finally, observed patterns in habitat selection and abundance can also be modified by competition with other species. Quantifying the relative importance of these different factors that affect habitat selection behaviour will improve our ability to predict the spatial distribution and relative abundance of organisms. The objective of my thesis was to explain spatial variation in the abundance of ectotherms, using the ornate tree lizard (Urosaurus ornatus) as a study species. In chapter one, I tested whether density-dependent habitat selection explained patterns in abundance and fitness of lizards between two habitats differing in suitability. In chapter two, I tested whether density dependent habitat selection in tree lizards was caused by intraspecific competition for food that limited body size and growth. In chapter three, I tested whether variation in reproductive strategy, as indicated by throat colour phenotype, affected space use and habitat selection in male tree lizards. Finally, in chapter four, I tested whether interspecific competition with another lizard species affected habitat selection, fitness, and abundance of tree lizards. My thesis emphasizes the importance of intraspecific competition in shaping patterns of habitat selection and abundance in terrestrial ectotherms. I show that habitat selection is strongly density-dependent despite differences in thermal quality between habitats. I show that density-dependent mortality and growth lower the fitness of individuals when populations reach high densities, and this likely caused habitat selection to be density-dependent. Despite this evidence for density-dependent habitat selection, I show considerable variation between individuals in habitat selection and space use. Males with different throat colour phenotypes select habitats differently, demonstrating that variation in morphology can influence habitat selection patterns within a population. Finally, I show that interspecific competition with another lizard affects space use and how frequently tree lizards switch habitats, but this does not lead to differences in fitness or in the relative abundance of tree lizards in habitats. Therefore, intraspecific competition for resources was the dominant force shaping the relative abundance of tree lizards in different habitats.

Marketing research is the core business of the STEM/MARK, a. s. The introductory part is about the theoretical basis for analyzing processes of the marketing research company and introduction of the company. The main goals are the analysis of processes with a focus on marketing research workers in CATI studio (especially the definition of their roles in processes), identification of narrow parts of processes, description of the fundamental problems and creating corrective arrangements. Used methods are standardization of work and working time balance. In the final section are presented verifying the functionality of models and standards in practice.

At the beginning of my thesis, I try to explain the conception of intangible assets in general, its definition and evaluation process. Thesis is focused on trade mark, mostly on ways of its evaluation used in practice. These methods are aplied concretely on Viceroy trade mark

This thesis describes investigations into the language of rejection used in the Gospel of Mark, employing the methodology of socio-rhetorical interpretation. After describing the history of interpretation of Jesus’ rejection in Chapter I, Chapter II examines how the internal structure of Mark shows the references that relate to the rejection theme and are repeated in sequence. Chapter III explores the conflict issues debated between Jesus and his opponents as the social and cultural texture, in which Mark was written. The three components, Authority, the Law, and Temple, are the main issues in the Gospel. Chapter IV deals with the data of intertexture, a significant influence for the Gospel. Mark borrows rejection language from the Old Testament and ancient Jewish literature as well. In Chapter V, the ideological texture analyzes Mark’s intent responding to his opponents. Mark uses rejection language to warn that those who refuse Jesus as the Son of God cannot avoid the final judgment.