"Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maître en droit (L.L.M.) option Technologies de l'information" / Les progrès techniques qui caractérisent la révolution numérique modifient les rapports au sein de la société. Elle est sans conteste à la base d'une profonde modification du caractère de la création artistique. L'avènement de nouveaux moyens de communication de masse tels que l'Internet permettent la diffusion des oeuvres et cela sans frontières géo-temporelles. À ce contexte se superposent des prouesses techniques défiant les rêves les plus irréels. Le droit d'auteur se trouve confronté aux nouvelles techniques qui s'améliorent sans cesse. En réponse à cela, la gestion numérique des droits est apparue en tant que solution la plus appropriée: la technologie venant contrer à son tour la technologie. Cette approche a nécessairement influencé les initiatives législatives menant ainsi à une refonte du cadre légal tant en Amérique du Nord qu'en Europe. La récente vague de lois a-t-elle eu pour effet de modifier la conception du droit d'auteur ? Le droit d'auteur apparaît alors tel un instrument permettant la métamorphose économique du droit d'auteur. Le droit d'auteur se perd et se dissout non seulement par l'influence croisée avec le copyright mais notamment par la prolifération des droits au profit de personnes non auteur. Face à un tel constat, il est primordial de s'interroger sur l'opportunité économique que procure le droit d'auteur. Toutes ces réformes n'ont-elles pas eu lieu pour des enjeux financiers ? L'analyse économique s'avère indispensable afin de déterminer dans quelle mesure le droit des marchés s'en trouve affecté. Au regard de l'analyse économique, est-il possible de rendre la loi pour la protection du droit d'auteur plus optimale? En tant que propriété utile et vouée à circuler, une logique d'investissement semble dominer. Le cas de l'industrie musicale est une bonne illustration. Avec la construction d'un marché du téléchargement légal, la concurrence s'ouvre et amorce l'avènement d'un nouveau modèle d'exploitation des oeuvres. / The technical advances characterising the digital revolution do modify relations within society. This revolution is without dispute the basis of a complete change in the character of artistic creation. The arrivaI of new mass media such as the Internet allows works of art to be spread regardless of space and time boundaries. Technical miracles defying even the most unrealistic dreams are added to this context. Authors' rights are confronted to new technologies which are continually changing. In response to this, digital rights management has appeared as the most appropriate solution: it is a case of technology confronting technology. This approach has necessarily influenced legislative initiatives and led to an overhaul of the legal framework in North America as weIl as in Europe. Ras this recent wave of laws changed the conception of authors' rights? Authors' rights thus appear as an instrument for the economic metamorphosis of authors' rights. Authors' rights become lost and dissolve not only through cross influence with copyright but particularly through the proliferation of rights for the benefit of persons other than authors. In the face of such an acknowledgement, it is of the utmost importance to look into the economical opportunity offered by authors' rights. Raven't aIl these reforms been implemented for a financial stake? An economical analysis becomes essential in order to determine to what extent market law is affected. Is it possible, in regard to the economical analysis, to optimize the law for the protection of authors' rights? As useful property destined to circulate, the logic of investment appears to dominate. The case of the music industry is a prime example: as the competition opens up, a new mode! for the exploitation ofworks of art is initiated.

Master of Arts / Department of Economics / Peri da Silva / This paper examines temporary trade barrier (TTB) implementation by 13 Latin American economies on a bilateral basis from 2000-2009 considering market power and import shocks. Additionally, we augment our analysis by including the effect of the presence or absence of tariff water on TTB implementation. We find evidence that market power and tariff water play an integral role in TTB implementation while import shocks do not. Using a probit model we estimate that a one standard deviation increase in market power and the absence of tariff water indicator increase the probability that a country imposes an antidumping tariff by 71 and 20 percent respectively, evaluated at their means. Interestingly, we do not find that import shocks have a significant impact on TTB implementation.

We analyze the pass-through of cost changes to retail tariffs in the German electricity market over the 2007-2014 period. We find an average pass-through rate of around 60%. This significantly varies with demand factors: while the pass-through rate to baseline tariffs, where firms have greater market power because customers are less willing to switch, is only 50%, it increases to 70% in the competitive segment of the market. Although the pass- through rate of independent firms is significantly higher than that of other firms in the competitive market segment, the extent of supply-side heterogeneity is limited. Thus, the firms' ability to exercise market power and reduce pass-through appears to be constrained by competition and largely determined by demand side factors. Finally, we find that the pass-through rate in the competitive market segment has been approaching unity over the past years, indicating a rise in competitive pressure.

Dado o crescente aumento na demanda de etanol combustível, bem como as estratégias de fusões e aquisições entre produtores e distribuidores observadas no Brasil recentemente, muito se tem discutido a respeito do poder de mercado que pode estar sendo, ou pode vir a ser exercido por esses agentes envolvidos na cadeia do produto. Discussões sobre um possível responsável por elevações do preço do produto têm levantado o interesse sobre a existência de poder de mercado por parte dos produtores de etanol, e/ou por parte das distribuidoras de combustíveis. O presente trabalho utiliza o ferramental da Nova Organização Industrial Empírica (NEIO), que estima um parâmetro de conduta de mercado através da resposta dos preços a variações na elasticidadepreço da demanda, para analisar a questão da existência e do grau de poder de mercado no elo da distribuição e da produção de etanol no estado de São Paulo. Apóia-se no trabalho de Genesove e Mullin (1998) para a aplicação empírica da NEIO, e também para verificar se a metodologia é adequada ao mercado brasileiro de etanol. Conclui-se que a metodologia NEIO mostra-se adequada aos dois elos da cadeia de etanol analisados. Além disso, produtores e distribuidores de etanol combustível não exercem efetivamente poder de mercado, no período compreendido pela análise. Os valores dos parâmetros de conduta de mercado estimados mostram que a conduta, nos referidos elos da cadeia do etanol, esteve mais próxima à concorrência perfeita que ao monopólio. Assim, não se observou o efetivo exercício de poder de mercado nos dois elos da cadeia de etanol estudados. / Given the increasing demand for ethanol fuel, as well as strategies for mergers and acquisitions among producers and distributors in Brazil recently observed, much has been discussed about the market power which is being, or may be exercised by those agents involved in the ethanol sector in the country. Discussions about a possible price increase have raised concern about the existence of market power from producers of ethanol, and/or from the distributors. This work uses the tools of the New Empirical Industrial Organization (NEIO), which estimates a parameter of market conduct through the response of prices to changes in price elasticity of demand, to examine the question of the existence and degree of market power on the link of the distribution and production of ethanol in the state of Sao Paulo. The Genesove and Mullin (1998) work is used for the NEIOs empirical application, and also to check whether the methodology is appropriate to the Brazilian ethanol market. Then, it has been concluded that NEIOs methodology proved to be suitable for the two links in the chain of ethanol analyzed. Also producers and distributors of ethanol fuel had not effectively exercised market power, in the period of analysis. The estimated values of market conducts parameter show that the conduct, in those links in the ethanols chain, was closer to that perfect competition to monopoly. Thus, it has not been observed the effective exercise of market power in the two links of the chain of ethanol studied.

Esse trabalho faz da indústria de combustível de aviação no Brasil, especificamente o querosene de aviação - QAV, o seu objeto de pesquisa, uma vez que a mesma, do ponto de vista da estrutura de mercado, se caracteriza pela presença de poucas empresas atuantes desde a produção do bem até a sua distribuição, possibilitando o exercício de poder de mercado, levando à perda de bem estar social e alocação ineficiente de recursos. Ademais, busca analisar o ambiente institucional e como são formados os preços desse combustível no Brasil, tanto a nível de produtor quanto a nível do distribuidor, visto que os preços nacionais do querosene de aviação ao consumidor são elevados em relação aos preços praticados no mercado internacional. Devido a isso, esse estudo visa identificar também a existência de poder de mercado no segmento de distribuição desse combustível. O que tem se verificado no período de análise desta pesquisa é o Estado intervindo na política de preços de alguns combustíveis, por exemplo a gasolina, através da Petrobras, empresa aberta de capital misto sendo o governo nacional o maior acionista, e que é líder no mercado de refino e distribuição de derivados no país, apesar da desregulamentação nacional do setor do petróleo e seus derivados iniciada na década de 1990 e finalizada em 2001. A indústria nacional de querosene de aviação tem apresentado consideráveis índices de consumo e produção no período recente, devido principalmente ao aumento na demanda pelo transporte aéreo no país na última década. Por fim, a lacuna existente na literatura sobre a indústria referida motivou a realização da pesquisa, almejando contribuir para o entendimento da estrutura de mercado e formação de preços, bem como apresentar o ambiente institucional em que tal sistema produtivo está inserido. Para tanto, são utilizadas vertentes teóricas da Organização Industrial, especificamente o paradigma Estrutura-Conduta-Desempenho (ECD), a Nova Economia das Instituições (NEI) e a NEIO (New Empirical Industrial Organization). / This paper has the Brazilian aviation fuel industry (specifically the jet fuel) as object of research since that, from the point of structural view, is characterized by the presence of few firms operating in the production and in the distribution segment, which ones may exert market power, leading to loss of social welfare and inefficient allocation of resources in the economy. Moreover, aims to analyze the institutional environment of that industry and how the jet fuel prices are formed in national market, both at the producer and distributor level, since domestic prices of aviation fuel to consumers are high in comparison to that in the international market. Because of this aspect, the study also aims to identify the existence, or not, of market power in the Brazilian jet fuel distribution segment. Currently, what has been verified during the analysis period of this research is the Union intervening in pricing policy of some fuel, e.g. gasoline, through Petrobras, a mixed capital company, being the national government the largest shareholder, leader in the refining and distribution of oil products in the Brazilian market, despite the national deregulation oil and its derivatives, which started in the 1990s and was completed in 2001. Beyond these issues, the potential of the jet fuel industry is remarkable, showing considerable rates of consumption and production in the recent period, due to an increase in the national demand by air transportation in the last decade. Finally, the gap in the literature about the Brazil\'s industry of jet fuel is a notable fact to accomplish this study witch will contribute to the structural and institutional understanding of it. Therefore, to support this paper, theoretical stands of Industrial Organization are used, specifically the paradigm Structure-Conduct-Performance (SCP), the New Institutional Economics (NIE) and the New Empirical Industrial Organization (NEIO).

No description available.

This DPhil thesis is a collection of three empirical papers that study the role of firms in the UK labour market. Each chapter focuses on firms at different points in their lifecycle. Young firms are an engine of job creation but little is known about the quality of the jobs that they offer. In Chapter 1, I use a matched employer-employee dataset to study how starting wages and lifecycle earnings of employees differ between young and mature firms. I find that young firms pay a small premium to new hires, but subsequent wage growth is better at mature firms, both within continuing job matches and when individuals change jobs. Crucially, highly-paid and stable jobs at young firms have become increasingly rare over time, as young firms themselves have become less likely to survive and attain high productivity levels - both in absolute terms and relative to mature firms over the same period. Policies that aim to stimulate job growth by encouraging the formation of new firms should therefore pay close attention to the types of firms that form. Chapter 2 asks what determines the proportion of a firm's income that workers receive as compensation. I use longitudinal firm data from a period of substantial labour share variation to understand the firm-level determinants of the labor share of income - a question that has typically only been addressed with country- and sector-level data. Estimating a dynamic model using GMM, I find that firms with greater market power and a higher ratio of capital to labour allocate a smaller proportion of their value added to workers. Testing the impact of tangible and intangible capital on low- and high-wage firms leads to conclusions consistent with the hypothesis of capital-skill complementarity. Overall, the results suggest that firm-level drivers play a key role in the evolution of the aggregate labour share, which has declined significantly since the 1970s. Chapter 3 co-authored with Brian Bell, focuses on mature firms and asks how wages at such firms respond to idiosyncratic firm-level cost shocks. We create a unique dataset that links longitudinal data on workers' compensation to the unexpected costs related to firms' legacy defined benefit pension plans. We show that firms are able to share the burden of such costs when a significant share of their workers are current or former members of the plan. We also find that firms that respond to deficits by closing down the pension plans effectively reduce the total compensation of plan members. These results point to significant frictions in the labour market, which we show are a direct result of the pension arrangement that workers have. Yet closing schemes has an implicit cost for firms, since it reduces the frictions that workers face, and increases mobility.

The purpose of this study is to determine to what extent the European Union (EU) functions as a market power in the case of conflict mineral regulation. Previous research by Partzsch has shown that the EU response to conflict minerals only somewhat qualifies for the EU to be seen as a normative power. There appears to be a clash between the norms of sustainable development and economic development, which could explain why the EU does not fully qualify as a normative power. Another theoretical framework has thus been chosen to explain the EU’s function in the case of conflict minerals. This theoretical framework is Market Power Europe (MPE) by Damro, which does not look to the collective norms of the EU, but rather on the market-related policies that the Union uses to influence other actors. With the use of an ideal type analysis of EU policy and official documents, this study found that the case fills the criteria to function as a market power in the case of conflict minerals.

Motivated by deregulation in major service sectors like airlines, banking and telecommunication, the electric industry is undergoing a major transformation. However due to design inefficiencies, restructuring of the power sector, so far, has not been a major success. A lack of comprehensive quantitative models has resulted in the inability of the market designers to evaluate market performance and develop successful market designs. A comprehensive model should include market features like two-settlement system, transmission congestion, financial transmission rights (FTRs), demand elasticity, demand-side bidding and other market rules. The contribution of this thesis includes development of an exhaustive modeling framework that includes the above mentioned market features and also development of a computationally effective solution methodology. The market designers would use this methodology in the development of alternative conceptual market design frameworks, and also for assessing the impact of various market rules on market performance. The noncooperative bidding behavior of the generators in both FTR and energy markets are modeled as nonzero-sum stochastic games. Since the bidding strategies in the FTR and energy games are dependent on each other and jointly impact the market performance, a two-tier learning approach is developed. Players (e.g. generators) first bid in the FTR market. FTR bids are then taken into account in the process of selecting bids in the energy market. The FTR bids and the energy bids together decide the market equilibrium and the resulting performance. This performance measure is then used to evaluate success of FTR bidding strategy. Several example power networks are studied to expose the modeling and learning based solution approach.

Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2005