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Pricing To Market: An Evaluation For TurkeyYonder, Erkan 01 August 2007 (has links) (PDF)
This thesis investigates pricing to market behavior in the exports of Turkey, which is a small economy. The investigated sectors are hazelnut, dried grape, dried apricot, dried fig and feldspar. The sectors are selected because Turkey is the leading producer and exporter for these products in the world. We apply pricing to market model for the exports from Turkey to each of the largest importer countries and the world in total for each product to check whether there is monopolistic behavior in the markets. We also check whether there is complete local currency price stability in the investigated markets. The relationship between the import shares of destination markets in the Turkey& / #8217 / s exports and the estimated pricing to market elasticities are compared as well. In general, we find that there is pricing to market in the exports of Turkey for the investigated sectors.
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Demand Estimation, Relevant Market Definition And Identification Of Market Power In Turkish Beverage IndustryKalkan, Ekrem 01 March 2010 (has links) (PDF)
This dissertation aims to contribute to the field of economics of competition policy by analyzing the demand structure and the market power in the Turkish beverage industry and in the cola market in particular. First, a demand system for the beverage products has been estimated by using a multi-stage linearized Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS). Using the own-price elasticity of cola in a SSNIP test (Small but Significant Non-Transitory Increase in Price), it is shown that cola market consists of a distinct relevant product market. Then, the demand elasticities of cola products at brand and package level have been estimated by the simple and nested logit models. Finally, the estimated demand elasticities of cola products have been used in measuring the degree of market power and predicting the effects of a hypothetical merger between Pepsi and Cola Turca by using a merger simulation technique. The results show that all cola suppliers have large price-cost margins for most of their products. Prices of the merging parties increase in average by 15 - 21% after the merger. The merger also causes the market price to increase by 16- 22% and consumer surplus to decrease by nearly 5% in average. Finally, depending on these results, the thesis recommends a stricter merger control criterion than dominance criterion for competition policy in Turkey.
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Empirical Evidence for Inefficiencies in European Electricity Markets / Market Power and Barriers to Cross-Border Trade?Zachmann, Georg 16 October 2009 (has links) (PDF)
This dissertation applies a variety of quantitative methods to European electricity market data to enable us to detect, understand, and eventually mitigate market imperfections. The empirical data indicate that market power and barriers to cross-border trade partially explain today’s market failures. Briefly, the five key findings of this dissertation are: First, we observe a decoupling between German electricity prices and fuel cost, even though British electricity prices are largely explained by short-run cost factors. Second, we demonstrate that rising prices of European Union emission allowances (EUA) have a greater impact on German wholesale electricity prices than falling EUA prices. Third, we reject the assumption of full integration of European wholesale electricity markets in 2002-2006; for several pairs of countries, the weaker hypothesis of (bilateral) convergence is accepted (i.e. efforts to develop a single European market for electricity have been only partially successful). Fourth, we observe that daily auction prices of scarce cross-border transmission capacities are insufficient to explain the persistence of international price differentials. Empirically, our findings confirm the insufficiency of explicit capacity auctions as stated in the theoretical literature. Fifth, we identify inefficiencies in the market behavior for the interconnector linking France and the United Kingdom (UK), for which several explanations, including market power, may be plausible.
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Method to Detect and Measure Potential Market Power Caused by Transmission Network Congestions on Electricity MarketsElfstadius, Martin, Gecer, Daniel January 2008 (has links)
<p>This thesis is based on studies of the deregulated electricity markets located in the United States of America. The problem statement of the thesis evolved continuously throughout our initial period of research. Focus was finally put on monitoring and detection of potential market power caused by congestion in the transmission network. The existence of market power is a serious concern in today’s electric energy markets. A system that monitors the trading is needed and much research and many proposals on how to deal with this problem have been introduced over the years. We focus on some of these approaches and develop an approach of our own, which we call “Monopolistic Energy Calculation”. We adopt the idea to identify participants with the ability to raise prices without losing market share. An ability that should not be present on a competitive market. We take this idea further by identifying participants with the ability to make considerable price raises without losing all market shares. We propose a way to calculate the remaining market shares (Monopolistic Energy Levels) after a large price raise. These calculated levels of energy, that are only deliverable by a certain participant or by a certain group of participants, are caused by the active congestions in the network.</p><p>The approach detects the amounts of these energy levels and the location in the network at which they are present. This is a prospective method if used with a prediction of the following day’s demand, which is regularly available with high accuracy. The method can also be used for monitoring purposes to identify critical situations in real-time. The method is implemented and two sets of simulations are done in which we explain and evaluate the approach. The results are promising and the correlation between “Monopolistic Energy” and market power is confirmed.</p> / <p>Detta examensarbete är baserat på studier av de deregulerade electricitsmarknaderna i USA. Problemformuleringen var i början av detta arbete inte definitiv, utan utvecklades under en längre inledande fas av forskningsarbete. Slutligen kunde vi faställa att detektion av potentiell marknadskraft på elektricitetsmarknaden, orsakat av överbelastningar i transmissionnätverket, var av särskilt intresse. Ett system som övervakar handeln och förekomster av orättvisor orsakat av detta är nödvändigt. Det har de senaste åren gjorts mycket forskning inom detta område. Baserat på denna forskning utvecklades sedan ett eget förslag, som vi kallar ”Monopolistic Energy Calculations”. Vissa tidigare förslag på hur problemet kan angripas blev av särskilt intresse. En idé från dessa var att identifiera marknadsaktörer med förmågan att höja priser utan att förlora marknadsandelar, en icke önskvärd egenskap hos aktörer då en konkurrenskraftig marknad är eftertraktad.</p><p>Vi tar denna idé ett steg längre genom att identifiera marknadsaktörer med förmågan att höja priser signifikant utan att förlora alla marknadsandelar. Vi föreslår ett sätt att beräkna dessa energinivåer som endast är möjliga att levereras av en eller ett fåtal särskilda aktörer, som direkt följd av de aktiva stockningarna i nätverket, under antagandet av en inelastisk efterfrågan. Vi föreslår ett sätt att beräkna de återstående marknadsandelarna (Monopolistic Energy Levels) efter en stor prishöjning. Vår metod beräknar mängden av denna energi och var i nätverket dessa mängder förekommer. Denna metod kan sia om framtida problem om en estimering av morgondagens efterfråga används. Sådana estimeringar görs idag</p><p>regelbundet med hög träffsäkerhet. Metoden kan även användas i realtid för upptäckt av kritiska marknadssituationer. Simuleringar av detta görs som förklarar vår lösning och utvärderar den. Resultaten är lovande och korrelationen mellan ”Monopolistisk Energi” och marknadskraft är bekräftade.</p>
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Measuring market power in the Greek manufacturing industry with emphasis in the food industryΚαλαντζή, Μαρία 25 May 2015 (has links)
The social welfare of an economy is maximized when the various economic industries operate under conditions of perfect competition. According to the industrial organization, any deviation from perfect competition leads to several losses for the economy and more generally for the society. The investigation of the degree of market power, which comprises the basic objective of the present dissertation, is vital for the proper functioning of the economy. Therefore, the present study tests for the degree of market power and the market power determinants in the twenty-one sectors of the Greek manufacturing industry over the period 1983-2007. The degree of market power is also assessed in the nine sectors of the Greek food and beverages manufacturing industry for the period 1983-2007. Moreover, this study investigates the markup and the markup determinants for the twenty-one sectors of the Greek manufacturing industry as well as for the nine sectors of the Greek food and beverages manufacturing industry over the period 1984-2007. Furthermore, the present study estimates the welfare losses in the event of the existence of oligopoly power. In addition, the technical efficiency and its determinants are investigated for the twenty-one sectors of the Greek manufacturing industry as well as for the nine sectors of the Greek food and beverages manufacturing industry during the period 1984-2007.
Three different approaches based on the “new empirical industrial organization” (NEIO) were used with the view to measuring the degree of market power and evaluating the competitive conditions. The first approach is the conjectural variation approach, which provides estimates regarding the actual degree of market power. The second approach is the Hall-Roeger approach and it investigates the market structure and more specifically the markup. The third approach developed comprises an extension of the Hal-Roeger approach and offers contemporaneous estimates about the degree of market power and the markup. Moreover, the welfare losses were estimated using a formal model of oligopoly. The technical efficiency was measured following the “data envelopment analysis” (DEA), while its sources were determined based on the Simar and Wilson’s Algorithm 1. A very important issue in the present study is the application of the bootstrap technique to the empirical estimations. That is why the application of the bootstrapping can lead to an accurate estimation of the sampling distribution without any assumptions on the distribution of the population from which the sample was taken so that the results of the empirical estimates can be accurate, robust and reliable.
The empirical results indicate the presence of some degree of market power and markup in all sectors of the Greek manufacturing industry as well as those of the Greek food and beverages manufacturing industry over the period 1983-2007. In other words, the findings imply that both the manufacturing industry as well as the food and beverages industry operated under conditions of imperfect competition implying the existence of welfare losses. Furthermore, the results indicate that in the case of the Greek manufacturing industry, among the factors determining the market power and the markup at the sectoral level are the number of firms, the labor intensity and the sector size, while the determinants of market power and markup, over time, are the number of firms, the labor intensity and the growth. In the case of the Greek food and beverages manufacturing industry, the results suggest that among the determinants of the markup are the number of firms, the capital intensity and the sector size. More specifically, the empirical results imply that the degree of market power and the markup are negatively related to the variables of the number of firms and the labor intensity. In other words, the higher the number of firms, the lower the degree of market power and markup. Also, the sectors which are more labor-intensive have a lower degree of market power and markup. Additionally, the findings support that the degree of market power and the markup are related positively to the variables of the sector size, the growth and the capital intensity. In particular, the bigger the size of a sector the higher the degree of market power and markup. Also, the growth leads to a higher level of market power and markup. Furthermore, the sectors which are more capital-intensive have a higher markup.
Moreover, the empirical results indicate that, on average, all sectors of the Greek manufacture as well as those of the food and beverages industry are technically inefficient over the period 1984-2007. Note that, in the case of the Greek manufacturing industry, the technical efficiency tends to increase over the period 1984-2007, whereas in the case of the Greek food and beverages manufacturing industry, the technical efficiency tends to decrease over the same period, i.e. 1984-2007. Also, the findings of the present dissertation imply that among the factors affecting technical efficiency for both the Greek manufacture and the food and beverages industry are the sector size, the growth, the capital and labor productivity and the labor intensity. More specifically, the empirical results indicate that the variables of sector size, growth, capital and labor productivity and labor intensity can positively influence the level of technical efficiency. In other words, the bigger the sector the higher the level of technical efficiency. Also, the growth improves the technical efficiency of a sector. Moreover, an increase in the capital productivity or/and in the labor productivity can lead to a higher level of technical efficiency. In addition to that, an increase of the labor intensity can result in the technical efficiency increase. / Η κοινωνική ευημερία μιας οικονομίας μεγιστοποιείται όταν οι διάφοροι κλάδοι που την απαρτίζουν λειτουργούν ανταγωνιστικά. Σύμφωνα με τη βιομηχανική οργάνωση, οποιαδήποτε απόκλιση από τον τέλειο ανταγωνισμό οδηγεί σε διάφορες απώλειες για την εν λόγω οικονομία, οι οποίες βέβαια επιφέρουν και ποικίλες κοινωνικές επιπτώσεις. Η εξέταση του βαθμού δύναμης της αγοράς (market power), η οποία αποτελεί τον βασικό στόχο της παρούσας διατριβής, είναι ζωτικής σημασίας για την σωστή λειτουργία της οικονομίας.
Στο πλαίσιο της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής πραγματοποιείται μία προσπάθεια εκτίμησης του βαθμού δύναμης της αγοράς (market power) και των προσδιοριστικών της παραγόντων για είκοσι-ένα (21) κλάδους της ελληνικής μεταποιητικής βιομηχανίας χρησιμοποιώντας στοιχεία της περιόδου 1983-2007. Επιπλέον, στόχος της εργασίας αυτής είναι ο υπολογισμός του βαθμού δύναμης της αγοράς (market power) των εννέα (9) κλάδων της ελληνικής βιομηχανίας τροφίμων και ποτών κατά τη διάρκεια της περιόδου 1983-2007. Επίσης, υπολογίζεται το περιθώριο κέρδους (markup) και οι προσδιοριστικοί του παράγοντες για τους είκοσι-ένα κλάδους της ελληνικής μεταποιητικής βιομηχανίας και τους εννέα κλάδους της ελληνικής βιομηχανίας τροφίμων και ποτών κατά τη διάρκεια της περιόδου 1984-2007, καθώς και οι απώλειες ευημερίας σε περίπτωση ύπαρξης ολιγοπωλιακής δύναμης στους εν λόγω κλάδους. Τέλος, στο πλαίσιο της εργασίας αυτής γίνεται υπολογισμός του επιπέδου τεχνικής αποτελεσματικότητας καθώς και των προσδιοριστικών παραγόντων της τεχνικής αποτελεσματικότητας για τους είκοσι-ένα κλάδους της ελληνικής μεταποιητικής βιομηχανίας και τους εννέα κλάδους της ελληνικής βιομηχανίας τροφίμων και ποτών κατά τη διάρκεια της περιόδου 1984-2007.
Τρεις διαφορετικές προσεγγίσεις, που βασίζονται στην μεθοδολογία της «νέας εμπειρικής βιομηχανικής οργάνωσης», χρησιμοποιούνται για την μέτρηση του βαθμού δύναμης της αγοράς (market power) και την εξέταση των συνθηκών ανταγωνισμού γενικότερα. Η πρώτη, αφορά την προσέγγιση της «εικαζόμενης μεταβλητότητας» και παρέχει εκτιμήσεις σχετικά με τον ακριβή βαθμό δύναμης της αγοράς (market power). Η δεύτερη, βασίζεται στην προσέγγιση των Hall-Roeger και εξετάζει τη δομή της αγοράς και πιο συγκεκριμένα το περιθώριο κέρδους (markup). Η τρίτη προσέγγιση που αναπτύσσεται αποτελεί μια επέκταση της προσέγγισης των Hal-Roeger και παρέχει ταυτόχρονες εκτιμήσεις σχετικά με το βαθμό δύναμης της αγοράς και το περιθώριο κέρδους. Μέσω της παρούσας εργασίας, επίσης, γίνεται προσπάθεια εκτίμησης των απωλειών ευημερίας χρησιμοποιώντας ένα τυπικό μοντέλο ολιγοπωλίου. Επιπλέον, μετράται η τεχνική αποτελεσματικότητα ακολουθώντας την τεχνική της «περιβάλλουσας ανάλυσης δεδομένων» (data envelopment analysis or DEA), ενώ οι παράγοντες που την επηρεάζουν προσδιορίζονται βάσει του Αλγορίθμου 1 των Simar and Wilson. Ένα πολύ σημαντικό σημείο αυτής της διατριβής αποτελεί η εφαρμογή της μεθόδου «bootstrap» στις εμπειρικές εκτιμήσεις. Το παραπάνω παρουσιάζει ιδιαίτερο ενδιαφέρον, γιατί η εφαρμογή της συγκεκριμένης μεθόδου μπορεί να οδηγήσει στην ακριβή εκτίμηση της δειγματικής κατανομής χωρίς καμία υπόθεση για την κατανομή του πληθυσμού από τον οποίο λαμβάνεται το δείγμα ούτως ώστε τα αποτελέσματα των εμπειρικών εκτιμήσεων να είναι ιδιαίτερα αξιόπιστα.
Τα εμπειρικά αποτελέσματα αναδεικνύουν τόσο την παρουσία κάποιου βαθμού δύναμης της αγοράς όσο κι ενός περιθωρίου κέρδους σε όλους τους κλάδους της ελληνικής μεταποιητικής βιομηχανίας και της ελληνικής βιομηχανίας τροφίμων και ποτών κατά την διάρκεια της περιόδου 1983-2007. Γενικά, τα αποτελέσματα δείχνουν ότι και η μεταποιητική βιομηχανία και η βιομηχανία τροφίμων και ποτών λειτουργούν υπό συνθήκες ατελούς ανταγωνισμού έχοντας ως συνέπεια την ύπαρξη απωλειών ευημερίας για τους εν λόγω κλάδους. Επιπλέον, στην περίπτωση της ελληνικής μεταποιητικής βιομηχανίας, ανάμεσα στους παράγοντες που επηρεάζουν τη δύναμη της αγοράς και το περιθώριο κέρδους σε επίπεδο κλάδου είναι ο αριθμός των επιχειρήσεων, η μεταβλητή εντάσεως εργασίας και το μέγεθος του κλάδου, ενώ ανάμεσα στους προσδιοριστικούς παράγοντες της δύναμης της αγοράς και του περιθωρίου κέρδους διαχρονικά συγκαταλέγονται ο αριθμός των επιχειρήσεων, η μεταβλητή εντάσεως εργασίας και η ανάπτυξη. Στην περίπτωση της ελληνικής βιομηχανίας τροφίμων και ποτών τα εμπειρικά αποτελέσματα δείχνουν ότι ανάμεσα στους προσδιοριστικούς παράγοντες του περιθωρίου κέρδους είναι ο αριθμός των επιχειρήσεων, η μεταβλητή εντάσεως κεφαλαίου και το μέγεθος του κλάδου. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, τα εμπειρικά αποτελέσματα φανερώνουν ότι ο βαθμός δύναμης της αγοράς και το περιθώριο κέρδους είναι μεγέθη αντιστρόφως ανάλογα του αριθμού των επιχειρήσεων και της μεταβλητής εντάσεως εργασίας. Κατά συνέπεια, όσο μεγαλύτερος είναι ο αριθμός των επιχειρήσεων σε ένα κλάδο, τόσο χαμηλότερος είναι ο βαθμός δύναμης της αγοράς και το περιθώριο κέρδους. Επίσης, οι κλάδοι που είναι περισσότερο εντάσεως εργασίας έχουν χαμηλότερο βαθμό δύναμης της αγοράς και περιθώριο κέρδους. Ένα επιπρόσθετο συμπέρασμα που εξάγεται μέσα από τη μελέτη και την ερμηνεία των εμπειρικών αποτελεσμάτων είναι ότι ο βαθμός δύναμης της αγοράς και το περιθώριο κέρδους σχετίζονται θετικά με το μέγεθος του κλάδου, την ανάπτυξη και τη μεταβλητή εντάσεως κεφαλαίου. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, όσο μεγαλύτερο είναι το μέγεθος του κλάδου, τόσο μεγαλύτερα είναι η δύναμη της αγοράς και το περιθώριο κέρδους. Επίσης, χρήσιμο συμπέρασμα της ερμηνείας των εμπειρικών αποτελεσμάτων είναι το ότι η ανάπτυξη φαίνεται να οδηγεί σε υψηλότερο επίπεδο δύναμης της αγοράς και περιθώριο κέρδους. Ακόμα, οι κλάδοι που είναι περισσότερο εντάσεως κεφαλαίου εμφανίζονται να έχουν υψηλότερο περιθώριο κέρδους.
Σε ό,τι αφορά την παράμετρο της τεχνικής αποτελεσματικότητας τα αποτελέσματα της παρούσας διατριβής δείχνουν ότι - κατά μέσο όρο - όλοι οι κλάδοι της ελληνικής μεταποίησης και της ελληνικής βιομηχανίας τροφίμων και ποτών είναι τεχνικά αναποτελεσματικοί κατά τη διάρκεια της περιόδου 1984-2007. Ωστόσο, στην περίπτωση της ελληνικής μεταποιητικής βιομηχανίας, και για την προαναφερθείσα χρονική περίοδο, η συγκεκριμένη παράμετρος παρουσιάζει μία πτωτική τάση, ενώ στην περίπτωση της ελληνικής βιομηχανίας τροφίμων και ποτών η τάση αυτή είναι αυξητική. Επιπλέον, η αξιολόγηση των αποτελεσμάτων της παρούσας εργασίας φανερώνει ότι, τόσο για την ελληνική μεταποίηση όσο και τη βιομηχανία τροφίμων και ποτών, ανάμεσα στους παράγοντες που επηρεάζουν την τεχνική αποτελεσματικότητα είναι το μέγεθος του κλάδου, η ανάπτυξη, η παραγωγικότητα του κεφαλαίου και της εργασίας καθώς και η μεταβλητή εντάσεως εργασίας. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, μπορεί μέσω των αποτελεσμάτων να υποστηριχθεί ότι οι προαναφερθείσες μεταβλητές - το μέγεθος του κλάδου, η ανάπτυξη, η παραγωγικότητα του κεφαλαίου και της εργασίας και η μεταβλητή εντάσεως εργασίας - επηρεάζουν θετικά την τεχνική αποτελεσματικότητα. Με άλλα λόγια, μια αύξηση στο μέγεθος ενός κλάδου θα οδηγήσει σε υψηλότερο επίπεδο τεχνικής αποτελεσματικότητας. Επίσης, η ανάπτυξη βελτιώνει την τεχνική αποτελεσματικότητα ενός κλάδου. Επιπρόσθετα, μια αύξηση της παραγωγικότητας του κεφαλαίου ή/και της εργασίας μπορεί να οδηγήσει σε υψηλότερα επίπεδα τεχνικής αποτελεσματικότητας. Τέλος, μια αύξηση της μεταβλητής εντάσεως εργασίας μπορεί να οδηγήσει σε αύξηση της τεχνικής αποτελεσματικότητας.
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Method to Detect and Measure Potential Market Power Caused by Transmission Network Congestions on Electricity MarketsElfstadius, Martin, Gecer, Daniel January 2008 (has links)
This thesis is based on studies of the deregulated electricity markets located in the United States of America. The problem statement of the thesis evolved continuously throughout our initial period of research. Focus was finally put on monitoring and detection of potential market power caused by congestion in the transmission network. The existence of market power is a serious concern in today’s electric energy markets. A system that monitors the trading is needed and much research and many proposals on how to deal with this problem have been introduced over the years. We focus on some of these approaches and develop an approach of our own, which we call “Monopolistic Energy Calculation”. We adopt the idea to identify participants with the ability to raise prices without losing market share. An ability that should not be present on a competitive market. We take this idea further by identifying participants with the ability to make considerable price raises without losing all market shares. We propose a way to calculate the remaining market shares (Monopolistic Energy Levels) after a large price raise. These calculated levels of energy, that are only deliverable by a certain participant or by a certain group of participants, are caused by the active congestions in the network. The approach detects the amounts of these energy levels and the location in the network at which they are present. This is a prospective method if used with a prediction of the following day’s demand, which is regularly available with high accuracy. The method can also be used for monitoring purposes to identify critical situations in real-time. The method is implemented and two sets of simulations are done in which we explain and evaluate the approach. The results are promising and the correlation between “Monopolistic Energy” and market power is confirmed. / Detta examensarbete är baserat på studier av de deregulerade electricitsmarknaderna i USA. Problemformuleringen var i början av detta arbete inte definitiv, utan utvecklades under en längre inledande fas av forskningsarbete. Slutligen kunde vi faställa att detektion av potentiell marknadskraft på elektricitetsmarknaden, orsakat av överbelastningar i transmissionnätverket, var av särskilt intresse. Ett system som övervakar handeln och förekomster av orättvisor orsakat av detta är nödvändigt. Det har de senaste åren gjorts mycket forskning inom detta område. Baserat på denna forskning utvecklades sedan ett eget förslag, som vi kallar ”Monopolistic Energy Calculations”. Vissa tidigare förslag på hur problemet kan angripas blev av särskilt intresse. En idé från dessa var att identifiera marknadsaktörer med förmågan att höja priser utan att förlora marknadsandelar, en icke önskvärd egenskap hos aktörer då en konkurrenskraftig marknad är eftertraktad. Vi tar denna idé ett steg längre genom att identifiera marknadsaktörer med förmågan att höja priser signifikant utan att förlora alla marknadsandelar. Vi föreslår ett sätt att beräkna dessa energinivåer som endast är möjliga att levereras av en eller ett fåtal särskilda aktörer, som direkt följd av de aktiva stockningarna i nätverket, under antagandet av en inelastisk efterfrågan. Vi föreslår ett sätt att beräkna de återstående marknadsandelarna (Monopolistic Energy Levels) efter en stor prishöjning. Vår metod beräknar mängden av denna energi och var i nätverket dessa mängder förekommer. Denna metod kan sia om framtida problem om en estimering av morgondagens efterfråga används. Sådana estimeringar görs idag regelbundet med hög träffsäkerhet. Metoden kan även användas i realtid för upptäckt av kritiska marknadssituationer. Simuleringar av detta görs som förklarar vår lösning och utvärderar den. Resultaten är lovande och korrelationen mellan ”Monopolistisk Energi” och marknadskraft är bekräftade.
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Health Sector Labour Market Dynamics and Multi-Employer Collective AgreementsHogan, James Lawrence January 2014 (has links)
How New Zealand’s health-sector labour markets interact with District Health Board (DHB) Provider Arms is my thesis’ focus. Using health-service delivery data, workforce data, and DHB monthly financial information, I estimate the DHB Provider Arm economic production process and the interaction between DHBs and the health-sector labour and capital input markets.
Production and input market interactions are modelled through simultaneously estimating a DHB production function together with the first order conditions for cost-minimisation in an econometric system-of-equations. Estimating a system-of-equations allows labour and capital market prices to interact with DHB marginal input productivities according to the first order conditions of cost-minimisation. Nationally-determined MECA labour prices influence health service output through their equality to DHB production-based input marginal productivities.
Medical and nursing labour appears to have inelastic labour demand, providing scope for unions in those sectors to exploit market power. DHBs are employing fewer workers than they would and paying more for each worker than they should if the labour market was more competitive. New Zealanders are receiving less health care then they might, and experiencing more morbidity then they need bear, from the workforce restrictions generated in the health sector's labour market. The passed-through inflated labour costs are borne by taxpayers, who lack options for alternative provider care.
The non-competitive labour market induce secondary labour market effects. Overseas-trained medical labour, attracted into New Zealand by above-competition wages, are denied employment within medical-skill-hungry DHBs. Graduate nurses over-supply a quantity-constrained labour market, generated entrenched unemployment. DHBs are induced to be allocative and technically inefficient through price distortions, creating higher output costs and an inefficient production input mix.
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Competizione tra Brand e Potere di Mercato nell'Industria del latte alimentare in Italia: Stima di Modelli a Scelta Disceta per Prodotti Differenziati. / Brand Competition and Market Power in the Italian Fluid Milk Market: Estimation of Discrete Choice Models for Differentiated ProductsCASTELLARI, ELENA 22 April 2010 (has links)
Dopo l’analisi delle modalità di misurazione del potere di mercato e della competizione tra brand nel contesto di un mercato caratterizzato dalla presenza di prodotti differenziati, viene presentata l’applicazione dei modelli a scelta discreta nel mercato del latte alimentare in Italia. Ho utilizzato dati scanner per analizzare i comportamenti nelle scelte di acquisto dei consumatori e le dinamiche competitive tra i due maggiori brand presenti nel mercato e le marche commerciali. Ho considerato il mercato del latte alimentare suddiviso in due sottocategorie, quella del latte a lunga conservazione (UHT) e quella del latte refrigerato. Ho quindi proceduto alla stima della domanda del latte alimentare utilizzando un nested logit model, appartenente alla categoria dei modelli a scelta discreta. Utilizzando i coefficienti stimati è possibile sia calcolare le elasticità di sostituzione tra i diversi brand e le elasticità dirette, nonché i margini di profitto dei brand presi in analisi considerando differenze nelle strategie di prezzo e nella struttura di mercato. / This work first gives an overview of the measurement of market power and brand competition in a differentiated products market, secondly applies discrete choice models to asses the Italian milk market. I use scanner data to estimate consumer purchasing decisions and competitive relationships between two major industry-level brands and (as a third category) supermarket private labels. I divide all milk sold in Italian market into two distinct classes of products: “UHT” and “Refrigerated” milk. I employ a well-known “discrete choice” nested-logit model to estimate consumer demand. Then, using the estimated coefficients, it is possible to calculate both consumer substitution patterns between products, and the profit-margins of the three major retail-level brands across the different sub-categories of milk under different pricing strategies and market structure.
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Two studies of the Australian Wheat Board : a traditional price discrimination model, and the privatisation process and pricing behaviour of a risk averse firmLobb, Alexandra E. January 2003 (has links)
This thesis is motivated by the impacts of contemporary political and economic issues such as microeconomic reform and regulatory control on the Australian wheat industry. Firstly, the suggestion of whether the AWB (International) Ltd commands market power and secondly, that the objectives of the AWB Ltd have changed since semi-privatisation of the Australian Wheat Board under the Wheat Marketing Act, 1989. The AWB (International) Ltd’s ability to price discriminate is a key component to the retention of the single desk regulatory arrangement for the export of Australian wheat. Due to data restrictions the market power of the AWB (International) Ltd has not been determined within this thesis. To complement this traditional approach, a more novel proposal is developed to determine the effect of microeconomic reform on the Australian wheat industry. Conceptualising the change of the AWB Ltd’s objectives as a shift from revenue maximization to profit maximization, this study examines the impact of such a change on the pricing policies of a multi- market price-setting firm. More specifically, this study investigates, for two hypothetical objective functions, a risk averse firm’s price-setting behaviour in an “overseas” and a “domestic” market, given differing costs of supply, uncertain demand functions and differing price elasticities of demand in each market. The aim is to generate empirically testable hypotheses relating to the impact of a change of objectives on pricing behaviour.
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Essays on Economic Returns to Fertilizer, Market Structure of Milk Industry, and Air Pollution and Food Security in ChinaSun, Feifei 29 June 2018 (has links)
No description available.
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