本文探讨了国家制度环境对出口企业以及出口企业动态的影响。目前关于制度对贸易总值影响的研究已引起了越来越多的关注。然而，关于制度环境对贸易动态影响的研究是非常有限的。所有现有的研究都是基于对某一国家的分析。本文采用世界银行出口企业动态数据库，该数据库包含45个出口国以及200多个进口国的多国面板数据。研究表明，有效的制度环境会增加两国间的出口企业的数量以及出口企业的存活率。良好的制度环境会减少双方违反合同的可能性同时减少对合同执行以及经济法律体制的不确定性。其次，研究表明,与出口国不同，进口国的制度环境对出口企业的平均出口值有负面的影响。进口国有效的制度环境吸引了一些边际生产者进入出口市场，从而降低了整体企业出口的平均值。最后，本文发现制度环境的提升会减少出口企业的市场进入率。有效的制度环境会提高出口市场的稳定性，减少市场内部的流动率。 / This paper studies the effect of institutional quality on exporter behavior and export dynamics. There is a growing interest in the study on the effect of institutions on aggregate trade volume in the recent literature. However, the analysis of institutional effect on the dynamics of trade is relatively limited. Besides, all the existing studies that analyze the dynamic effect of institutions are based on exporting firms in a single country. We use the Exporter Dynamics Database from World Bank that contains rich panel of cross-country data involving 45 exporting countries and more than 200 importing countries in the world. First, we find that there are more exporting firms and the survival rate of the exporting firms is higher in better institutional environment. The good contracting environment makes the breach of the contract more difficult and reduces the uncertainty about contract enforcement and general economic legal system. Secondly, we show that institutions in the importing country have a negative effect on average export value, which is different from the exporting country. The effective institutions in the importing country attract some marginal producers in the export market which reduces the average export value per firm. Finally, entry rate of the exporting firms reduces with the quality of the country’s institutions. The good institutional environment increases market stability and reduces the turnover rate in the export market. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Liu, Xiaojie. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 59-63). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.5 / Chapter 1. --- Related Literature --- p.8 / Chapter 2. --- Data Analysis --- p.12 / Chapter 3. --- Empirical Analysis --- p.17 / Chapter 4. --- Discussion of the Results --- p.20 / Chapter 5.1 --- Extensive Margin --- p.21 / Chapter 5.2 --- Intensive Margin --- p.23 / Chapter 5.3 --- Entry Rate --- p.24 / Chapter 5.4 --- Survival Rate --- p.26 / Chapter 5. --- Econometric Issues --- p.29 / Chapter 6.1 --- Omitted Variable Bias --- p.29 / Chapter 6.2 --- Endogeneity --- p.30 / Chapter 7. --- Sensitivity Analysis and Robustness Checks --- p.32 / Chapter 7.1 --- Sensitivity to Alternative Samples --- p.32 / Chapter 7.2 --- Using Alternative Measures of Institutional Quality --- p.33 / Chapter 8. --- Conclusion --- p.35 / Tablesand Figures --- p.38 / References --- p.59

This dissertation explores the intricacies associated with the use of distance functions in empirical studies. It focuses on the measurement of advertising efficiency and investigates the properties of the models that seek to approximate the abatement costs of socially undesirable outputs. The first manuscript is devoted to the development of the algorithm that can be used to measure the efficiency with which firms market their brands in the presence of advertising by rivals. An empirical illustration is carried out using the data from the U.S. brewing industry. The second study analyzes the difficulties associated with the accurate approximation of the abatement costs of socially undesirable outputs. It contrasts the results from a variety of different shadow-pricing models, each of which relies on a different type of distance functions that are used to approximate the polluting technology. The shadow prices of sulfur dioxide are computed using linear programming techniques and the data from the U.S. electric utility industry. The third manuscript shows how a generalized method of moments (GMM) algorithm can be used to estimate the parameters of certain types of distance functions; the empirical illustration is carried out using the data set from the second study. The first manuscript illustrates that advertising spillovers are important in brewing and shows that the estimates of marketing efficiency are inaccurate when spillover effects are present and ignored. The second study shows that the shadow price estimates of socially undesirable outputs are not invariant to the assumptions regarding the parametric form of production technology and can in fact be predetermined by selecting a specific model. Finally, the third study established the legitimacy of the GMM procedure as a choice of an algorithm for the shadow pricing of undesirable outputs. / Graduation date: 2005

Abstract not available

Submitted by Juan Sanchez (juan_msanchez@msn.com) on 2016-06-06T13:44:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 marketing-sanchez-projeto VF 6.pdf: 1259869 bytes, checksum: e6fdb1cce68a5d409ee6ccd47f4f1771 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Luiza Holme (ana.holme@fgv.br) on 2016-06-06T13:46:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 marketing-sanchez-projeto VF 6.pdf: 1259869 bytes, checksum: e6fdb1cce68a5d409ee6ccd47f4f1771 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-06T15:11:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marketing-sanchez-projeto VF 6.pdf: 1259869 bytes, checksum: e6fdb1cce68a5d409ee6ccd47f4f1771 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-11 / Increasing competition caused by globalization, high growth of some emerging markets and stagnation of developed economies motivate Consumer Packaged Goods (CPGs) manufacturers to drive their attention to emerging markets. These companies are expected to adapt their marketing activities to the particularities of these markets in order to succeed. In a country classified as emerging market, regions are not alike and some contrasts can be identified. In addition, divergences of marketing variables effect can also be observed in the different retail formats. The retail formats in emerging markets can be segregated in chain self-service and traditional full-service. Thus, understanding the effectiveness of marketing mix not only in country aggregated level data can be an important contribution. Inasmuch as companies aim to generate profits from emerging markets, price is an important marketing variable in the process of creating competitive advantage. Along with price, promotional variables such as in-store displays and price cut are often viewed as temporary incentives to increase short-term sales. Managers defend the usage of promotions as being the most reliable and fastest manner to increase sales and then short-term profits. However, some authors alert about sales promotions disadvantages; mainly in the long-term. This study investigates the effect of price and in-store promotions on sales volume in different regions within an emerging market. The database used is at SKU level for juice, being segregated in the Brazilian northeast and southeast regions and corresponding to the period from January 2011 to January 2013. The methodological approach is descriptive quantitative involving validation tests, application of multivariate and temporal series analysis method. The Vector-Autoregressive (VAR) model was used to perform the analysis. Results suggest similar price sensitivity in the northeast and southeast region and greater in-store promotion sensitivity in the northeast. Price reductions show negative results in the long-term (persistent sales in six months) and in-store promotion, positive results. In-store promotion shows no significant influence on sales in chain self-service stores while price demonstrates no relevant impact on sales in traditional full-service stores. Hence, this study contributes to the business environment for companies wishing to manage price and sales promotions for consumer brands in regions with different features within an emerging market. As a theoretical contribution, this study fills an academic gap providing a dedicated price and sales promotion study to contrast regions in an emerging market. / O aumento da competição causada pela globalização, alto crescimento dos mercados emergentes e a estagnação dos mercados em países desenvolvidos levaram empresas de Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG) a direcionar sua atenção aos mercados emergentes. Estas empresas devem adaptar suas atividades de marketing as particularidades destes mercados para obter sucesso. Em um país classificado como emergente, diferentes regiões possuem distintas características. Adicionalmente, divergências no efeito das variáveis de marketing também podem ser observadas nos diferentes formatos de varejo. Os formatos de varejo em um mercado emergente podem ser classificados em autosserviço (chain self-service) e tradicional de serviço (traditional full-service). Desta forma, entender a eficácia do marketing mix não apenas no nível agregado de país pode ser uma contribuição importante. Na medida em que as empresas visam gerar lucros em mercados emergentes, o preço é uma importante variável de marketing no processo de criação de uma vantagem competitiva. Junto com o preço, variáveis de promoção como displays nas lojas e redução de preços são muitas vezes vistos como incentivos temporários para aumentar as vendas no curto prazo. Executivos defendem o uso de promoções como sendo a maneira mais confiável e mais rápida de aumentar vendas e o lucro no curto prazo. No entanto, alguns autores alertam sobre as desvantagens de promoção de vendas; principalmente, no longo prazo. Este estudo investiga o efeito de preço e promoção em lojas no volume de vendas em diferentes regiões dentro de um mercado emergente. A base de dados utilizada esta no nível SKU para o suco, sendo segregada nas regiões do sudeste e nordeste brasileiro, correspondendo ao período entre janeiro de 2011 a janeiro de 2013. A abordagem metodológica de validação é quantitativa descritiva, sendo aplicado um método de análise de séries multivariadas e temporais. O modelo de vetor autorregressivo (VAR) foi utilizado para realizar a análise. Os resultados sugerem uma sensibilidade de preço semelhante na região do nordeste e do sudeste e maior sensibilidade de promoção em lojas no nordeste. Reduções de preço mostram resultados negativos no longo prazo (persistência do volume de vendas em seis meses) enquanto promoção em lojas teve resultados positivos. Promoção em lojas não mostra influência significativa sobre as vendas em lojas de autosserviço, por outro lado, preço demonstra não ter impacto relevante sobre as vendas em lojas tradicionais de serviço. Assim, este estudo contribui ao cenário executivo para empresas que almejam aperfeiçoar a promoções de vendas e precificação de suas marcas em regiões com diferentes características dentro de um mercado emergente. Como contribuição teórica, este estudo preenche uma lacuna acadêmica fornecendo um estudo de preço e promoção de vendas dedicado ao contraste de regiões em um mercado emergente.

[Truncated abstract] The core objective of this thesis is summarised by its title: “Understanding the World Wool Market: Trade, Productivity and Grower Incomes”. Thus, we wish to aid understanding of the economic mechanisms by which the world wool market operates. In doing so, we analyse two issues trade and productivity and their effect on, inter alia, grower incomes. To achieve the objective, we develop a novel analytical framework, or model. The model combines two long and rich modelling traditions: the partial-equilibrium commodity-specific approach and the computable-general-equilibrium approach. The result is a model that represents the world wool market in detail, tracking the production of greasy wool through five off-farm production stages ending in the production of wool garments. Capturing the multistage nature of the wool production system is a key pillar in this part of the model . . . The estimated welfare gain for China is 0.1% of real income; this is a significant welfare gain. For three losing regions Italy, Germany and Japan the results are robust and we can be highly confident that these regions are the largest losers from the complete removal of 2005 wool tariffs. In both wool tariff liberalisation scenarios, regions whose exports are skewed towards wool textiles and garments gain the most as it is these wool products that have the highest initial tariff rates. The overall finding of this work is that a sophisticated analytical framework is necessary for analysing productivity and trade issues in the world wool market. Only a model of this kind can appropriately handle the degree of complexity of interactions between members (domestic and foreign) of the multistage wool production system. Further, including the nonwool economy in the analytical framework allows us to capture the indirect effects of changes in the world wool market and also the effects on the nonwool economy itself.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of commodity promotion activities on the United States' hazelnut farmer's economic welfare. Commodity promotion activities, such as generic advertising and research, are the responsibilities of government mandated commodity commissions, such as the Hazelnut Marketing Board (HMB). The HMB is a state mandated cartel, organized under the Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act of 1937 (i.e. the Marketing Order) and amended in 1981, 1986, and 1989 (7 CFR Part 982, FR Doc. 81-14045 FR Doc. 86-18438, FR Doc. 89-26187). HMB promotion activities are funded by taxes levied on U.S. hazelnut farmers. To ensure that promotion provides a net benefit to these farmers this research uses Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) of the assessments under various assumptions about the market's conditions. A non-linear system of equations (SEM) with Monte Carlo simulation was utilized to produce these estimates. / Graduation date: 2013

Direct response advertising in the financial services industry in South Africa has become one of the most important tactics companies utilise to build and maintain market share. Ensuring that these advertising campaigns yield optimal return on investment numbers is the responsibility of marketing departments and their partners in the marketing and sales processes, such as the creative and media agencies, the distribution force, as well as the client service area that supports the client value proposition. The marketing executive therefore is accountable for the planning, budgeting and execution of direct response campaigns, which need to deliver sufficient results to support the company’s overall business objectives. The challenge all marketers face is the lack of a proven structured and scientific methodology to facilitate this planning, budgeting and execution process. It has always been a general view in the marketing fraternity that it is extremely difficult if not impossible to combine creative output measures, which are subjective in nature, with cost, sales and profit measures, which are objective in nature. This study aims to create a structured approach to marketing strategising and planning, by creating a marketing metrics model that enables the marketing practitioner to budget according to output needed to achieve the overarching business objectives of sales, cost management and profit. This marketing metrics model therefore unpacks the business drivers in detail, but through a marketing effort lense, to link the various factors underlying successful marketing output, to the bigger business objectives. This is done by incorporating both objective (verifiable data, such as cost per sale) and subjective variables (qualitative factors, such as creative quality) into a single model, which enables the marketing practitioner to identify areas of underperformance, which can then be managed, tweaked or discontinued in order to optimise marketing return on investment. Although many marketing metrics models and variables exist, there is a gap in the combination of objective and subjective factors in a single model, such as the proposed model, which will give the marketer a single tool to plan, analyse and manage the output in relation to pre-determined performance benchmarks. / Business Management / DCOM (Business Management)

Direct response advertising in the financial services industry in South Africa has become one of the most important tactics companies utilise to build and maintain market share. Ensuring that these advertising campaigns yield optimal return on investment numbers is the responsibility of marketing departments and their partners in the marketing and sales processes, such as the creative and media agencies, the distribution force, as well as the client service area that supports the client value proposition. The marketing executive therefore is accountable for the planning, budgeting and execution of direct response campaigns, which need to deliver sufficient results to support the company’s overall business objectives. The challenge all marketers face is the lack of a proven structured and scientific methodology to facilitate this planning, budgeting and execution process. It has always been a general view in the marketing fraternity that it is extremely difficult if not impossible to combine creative output measures, which are subjective in nature, with cost, sales and profit measures, which are objective in nature. This study aims to create a structured approach to marketing strategising and planning, by creating a marketing metrics model that enables the marketing practitioner to budget according to output needed to achieve the overarching business objectives of sales, cost management and profit. This marketing metrics model therefore unpacks the business drivers in detail, but through a marketing effort lense, to link the various factors underlying successful marketing output, to the bigger business objectives. This is done by incorporating both objective (verifiable data, such as cost per sale) and subjective variables (qualitative factors, such as creative quality) into a single model, which enables the marketing practitioner to identify areas of underperformance, which can then be managed, tweaked or discontinued in order to optimise marketing return on investment. Although many marketing metrics models and variables exist, there is a gap in the combination of objective and subjective factors in a single model, such as the proposed model, which will give the marketer a single tool to plan, analyse and manage the output in relation to pre-determined performance benchmarks. / Business Management / DCOM (Business Management)