A pesquisa toma como objeto os discursos e práticas utilizados por participantes do mercado de cervejas artesanais, surgido no Brasil a partir dos anos 1990, a fim de explorar como estes estabelecem uma identidade própria do artesanal, classificando-o como categoria à parte no mundo dos bens e, logo, um mercado à parte no universo das cervejas. Esta análise permite refletir acerca do papel dos discursos e das interações entre produtores e consumidores para o estabelecimento de uma identidade própria, dialogando com a literatura em sociologia econômica preocupada com as dinâmicas de emergência e estabelecimento de nichos de mercado ou mercados em si. Assim, também é perpassada por uma preocupação com a dimensão cultural destes processos, entendida como um trabalho ativo de classificação e valoração dos bens. Estes discursos e suas implicações são captados por meio de entrevistas e etnografias realizadas em feiras e eventos de cerveja, momentos em que os discursos de produtores entram em contato diretamente com consumidores, e permitem observar as implicações práticas destas dimensões discursivas. Nestas, um elemento central de análise é a figura do outro, com a noção de alteridade e oposição atribuída às grandes empresas do ramo cervejeiros, referidas como grandes indústrias. Ao restituir como se dá o processo de construção destas identidades partidas entre o grande e o artesanal, bem como quais as dinâmicas que se formam neste universo, exploramos novas possibilidades na interpretação dos processos de competição e emergência de mercados. / The object study for this research are the discourses and practices from craft beer Market agents, which emerged in Brazil in the 1990s, in order to explore how this agents establish their own craft identity, being able to classify it as a new consumption category in the world of goods, apart from common beer. This analysis allows reflection upon the role discourses and interactions among producers and consumers for the establishment of this own identity, in conversation with the wider literature in Economic Sociology which focuses on the emergence and establishment of new markets or Market niches. This work is thus also permeated by the cultural dimension of these processes, which are to be understood as active classification and valuation works. Discourses and their implications are captured through interviews and ethnographic incursions in beer events, moments in which producers may directly talk to consumers, which allow us to perceive practical implications of these discursive dimensions. Among them, one of the key elements is the role of the other, with otherness and oppositions attributed to the big beer companies. By recapturing the process of how identities split between craft and big are built, we explore new opportunities of interpreting competition and emerging markets.

Si la consommation, dans son acception économique, constitue le dernier stade du processus de production et de distribution des produits, elle est perçue, dans une acception juridique, comme étant le point de départ d‟un autre processus qui lie le consommateur au professionnel. Cette phase constitue le point de départ d‟un rapport qui fait naître des obligations au professionnel qui sont autant de droits pour le consommateur.Depuis le début des années 90, une attention particulière est consacrée à l‟épargnant et à sa protection, à travers d‟une part, des dispositions propres au droit financier, notamment par la régulation des marchés financiers, le contrôle des prestataires de services d‟investissement, et d‟autre part, des dispositions consacrées par le droit de la consommation notamment l‟encadrement du démarchage, de la commercialisation des produits et des services financiers, le renforcement de l‟obligation d‟information due par l‟intermédiaire financier et l‟extension de son obligation de conseil.L‟analyse juridique du processus de consommation des produits financiers passe par la combinaison de tous ces éléments. D‟une part, avant et lors de la formation des liens, les pouvoirs publics tentent de rétablir un équilibre dans les rapports entre professionnels et consommateurs. Ces derniers, étant réputés faibles économiquement, ne disposent pas des mêmes informations sur les produits et services financiers, sont sollicités par différents moyens et techniques dont ils n‟ont pas la maîtrise, et doivent faire des choix entre des produits variés, complexes et plus ou moins risqués. D‟autre part, lors de l‟exécution des prestations, à côté des risques liés aux produits, ou de l‟inexécution des obligations contractuelles, d‟autres risques peuvent naître des défaillances dans le fonctionnement du marché et des comportements de ses acteurs. Par conséquent, un renforcement des moyens de protection des consommateurs s‟avère nécessaire pour pallier aux insuffisances des moyens actuels dont ces derniers disposent pour obtenir réparation du préjudice et demander indemnisation. / If consumption, in the economic sense, is the final stage of the production and distribution of goods, it is perceived in a legal sense, as the starting point of another process linking the consumer to professional. This phase is the starting point of a report which gives rise to obligations which are all professional fees for the consumer.Since the beginning of the particular 90s, an attention is devoted to protection, through some measures specific to the financial law, including the regulation of financial markets, supervision of providers investment services, and other provisions that tend toward a reconciliation of the provisions enshrined in the consumer law including the regulation of canvassing, measures to provide protection in the marketing of products and services Financial distance, enhanced disclosure requirements owed by the broker and the extension of its obligation to counsel.The legal analysis of the consumption process of financial products supposes the combination of all these elements. On the one hand, before and during the formation of links, governments attempt to restore balance in relations between professionals and consumers. The latter being deemed economically weak, do not have the same information on financial products and services are sought by various means and technologies they have no control, and must make choices between various products, and more complex. On the other hand, during the execution of services, in addition to commodity risk, or non-performance of contractual obligations, other risks may arise from failures in market functioning and behavior of its actors. Therefore a means of strengthening consumer protection is needed to overcome the shortcomings of current means that they have to obtain compensation and seek compensation.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Agricultural Economics))--University of Limpopo, 2012 / Farmers in Polokwane Local Municipality produce many vegetables including beetroot, carrots, spinach, garlic, cabbage and butternut, which they mainly sell in informal local markets through speculating and hawking. Some sell to hawkers, who sell fresh produce from stalls in small markets and on the streets. Although there are a number of fresh produce markets operating successfully in Polokwane, such as Goseame Fresh Produce Market and Polokwane Fruit and Veg City, only a few smallholder farmers supply vegetables to these major markets. This research focused on providing information relevant to vegetable marketing in the province by identifying and analysing those farm and farmer characteristics influencing smallholder farmers’ decision to participate and utilise formal vegetable markets. The overall objective of the study was to examine farm and farmer characteristics of smallholder vegetable farmers that influence their decision to participate and utilise formal markets. The study was conducted in Polokwane Local Municipality and a sample size of 80 subsistence and emerging farmers was interviewed. STATA (2010) was used to analyse the data.Two approaches were used; the separated OLS and logit regression models and the Heckman selection model, although conclusions are based on the Heckman selection model regression results. We recommend the use of the Heckman selection model due to its limited bias compared to the other method. Results show that two variables; level of education and farmer occupation were positively and significantly associated with smallholder farmers’ decision to participate in the formal vegetable markets. Household size, tenure security and distance to the market had a significant negative influence on smallholder farmers’ decision to participate in the formal markets. Level of education, farm labour, hectares used and cost of transport were significantly and positively associated with the value of vegetables marketed in the formal markets. Gender of household head, member of a farmer group, farming experience, access to non-farm income and access to extension services had a significant negative impact on the value of vegetables marketed in the formal markets. In view of the research findings, several policy suggestions are made. These include capacitating farmers, provision of land for farming, establishment of depots and markets closer to the farmers, encouraging formation of farmer groups or organisations, increasing the number of extension visits to farmers, specialised services and encouraging commercialisation of smallholder agriculture in rural areas. / University of Limpopo Department of Agricultural Economics and Animal Production

In this thesis it is recognised that marketing has a dual role to satisfy both customer and shareholder objectives. The issue of shareholder value creation of marketing is an important and immediate agenda for marketing executives, management and academics. To date, marketers have not been able to adequately quantify and measure shareholder value creation through marketing assets and marketing expenditure. This has led to a dilution of marketing power and influence in the boardroom with management tending to treat marketing as discretionary expenditure and not as an asset. Academics have responded with conceptual models that relate marketing assets back to shareholder value, generally through cash flow or sales models. The creation of shareholder value through marketing assets and expenditure is then conceptualised and tested empirically. The conceptual model builds on the theory of agency and incomplete markets setting to illustrate the flow effects through marketing assets to shareholder value. The conceptual model also demonstrates that marketing expenditure can have stock and/or flow impacts on shareholder value. Flow effects are indirect effects that are mediated through sales, cash flows, and earnings and can be either temporary or longer term. It is concluded that in listed markets stock prices are the general surrogate for shareholder value, and risk adjusted earnings are the appropriate surrogate in non-listed markets. The thesis then empirically illustrates and tests the relationships between marketing communications expenditure on two data sets representing firms in listed and non-listed settings. The empirical results reveal that marketing expenditure does play an important role in the creation of shareholder value and that stock and flow effects are both present. Knowledge of the various empirical impacts from marketing across firm size, industry and listed and non-listed market settings observed in this thesis should prove highly valuable for marketers and managers. Finally, a conceptual understanding by marketers of the financial metrics that are required to be influenced in order to increase shareholder equity will provide greater clout in negotiations with management and boards of directors.

<p>Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att titta närmare på vad som ligger bakom när Svenska företag beslutar om att internationalisera sig. Närmare bestämt titta närmare på vilka faktorer som är drivkraften i internationaliseringen, och varför väljer företaget det land de gör i Asien.</p><p>Metod: Jag har samlat in två typer av data för min undersökning, dessa är:</p><p>• Litteratur</p><p>• Intervjuer</p><p>Resultat & slutsats: Utlåtandet blir att Svenska företag i Asien väljer land efter vart de tror gynnar dem mest. Företagen vet att det är kulturella skillnaderna och för att minska dessa och de språkliga skillnaderna anställer de inhemsk personal. De politiska faktorerna ser företagen inte som en faktor som påverkar valet av land då det är ett problem som är snarlikt i alla länder i Asien. Företagets strategi är olika för respondenterna då de har olika avsikter med sin etablering i Asien.</p><p>Förslag på fortsatta studier:</p><p>• Det skulle vara intressant att genomföra en mer omfattande studie med fler företag, dessutom inte bara Svenska företag.</p><p>• Intressant att forska vidare hur företag som inte har lyckats i Asien av en eller annan anledning har att säga om hur viktiga de kulturella, språkliga, politiska och strategiska frågorna.</p><p>Uppsatsens bidrag: Uppsatsen ger Svenska företag en inblick i vad de behöver tänka på om de vill expandera till Asien. Vad är viktigt och vad som är av mindre vikt vid expansionen av verksamheten.</p> / <p>Aim: The aim of the thesis is to look closer what is behind Swedish companies decisions to expand internationally. More exactly look into which factors are most important for the Swedish companies when they choose country in Asia?</p><p>Method: I have collected two types of data for this study. Those are:</p><p>• Literature</p><p>• Interviews</p><p>Result & Conclusion: The conclusion is that Swedish companies that are going to expand to Asia should pick a country that gives them the most profit. The companies are aware of the cultural differences and to lower them and the language differences they need to employee domestic personnel. The political factors the companies believe that it’s the same for all Asian countries. The company’s strategy is different depending on the intention for the expansion to an Asian country.</p><p>Suggestions for future research:</p><p>• It would be really interesting to conduct a study with more companies and not only Swedish companies.</p><p>• It would also be interesting to study companies in Asia that didn’t succeed, they will most likely have a different point of view regarding Culture, language, political and strategically issues.</p><p>Contribution of the thesis: The thesis gives Swedish companies insight in what is needed to take into consideration when companies expand to Asia. What is important and what is less important for the organisation.</p>

Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2005

Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att titta närmare på vad som ligger bakom när Svenska företag beslutar om att internationalisera sig. Närmare bestämt titta närmare på vilka faktorer som är drivkraften i internationaliseringen, och varför väljer företaget det land de gör i Asien. Metod: Jag har samlat in två typer av data för min undersökning, dessa är: • Litteratur • Intervjuer Resultat &amp; slutsats: Utlåtandet blir att Svenska företag i Asien väljer land efter vart de tror gynnar dem mest. Företagen vet att det är kulturella skillnaderna och för att minska dessa och de språkliga skillnaderna anställer de inhemsk personal. De politiska faktorerna ser företagen inte som en faktor som påverkar valet av land då det är ett problem som är snarlikt i alla länder i Asien. Företagets strategi är olika för respondenterna då de har olika avsikter med sin etablering i Asien. Förslag på fortsatta studier: • Det skulle vara intressant att genomföra en mer omfattande studie med fler företag, dessutom inte bara Svenska företag. • Intressant att forska vidare hur företag som inte har lyckats i Asien av en eller annan anledning har att säga om hur viktiga de kulturella, språkliga, politiska och strategiska frågorna. Uppsatsens bidrag: Uppsatsen ger Svenska företag en inblick i vad de behöver tänka på om de vill expandera till Asien. Vad är viktigt och vad som är av mindre vikt vid expansionen av verksamheten. / Aim: The aim of the thesis is to look closer what is behind Swedish companies decisions to expand internationally. More exactly look into which factors are most important for the Swedish companies when they choose country in Asia? Method: I have collected two types of data for this study. Those are: • Literature • Interviews Result &amp; Conclusion: The conclusion is that Swedish companies that are going to expand to Asia should pick a country that gives them the most profit. The companies are aware of the cultural differences and to lower them and the language differences they need to employee domestic personnel. The political factors the companies believe that it’s the same for all Asian countries. The company’s strategy is different depending on the intention for the expansion to an Asian country. Suggestions for future research: • It would be really interesting to conduct a study with more companies and not only Swedish companies. • It would also be interesting to study companies in Asia that didn’t succeed, they will most likely have a different point of view regarding Culture, language, political and strategically issues. Contribution of the thesis: The thesis gives Swedish companies insight in what is needed to take into consideration when companies expand to Asia. What is important and what is less important for the organisation.

No description available.

This study explores the dynamics between stock price and exchange rates through the cointegration methodology proposed by Herwartz and Luetkepohl (2011). Moreover, it consider the vector error correction model (VECM) with conditional heteroscedastic variance. And we use a feasible generalized least squares (FGLS) estimator to estimate the cointegrating vector. This paper analysis some Asian countries' data from 1997 to 2010. The evidence result suggests that Malaysia and Singapor's stock price and exchange rate are positively related. But Hong Kong's stock price is negatively related to exchange rate.

In this thesis I offer new results on how we can acquire, reward, and use accurate predictions of future events. Some of these results are entirely theoretical, improving our understanding of strictly proper scoring rules (Chapter 3), and expanding strict properness to include cost functions (Chapter 4). Others are more practical, like developing a practical cost function for the [0, 1] interval (Chapter 5), exploring how to design simple and informative prediction markets (Chapter 6), and using predictions to make decisions (Chapter 7). / Engineering and Applied Sciences