ISO 14001 is an International Standard based on the concept that better environmental performancecan be achieved when environmental aspects are systematically identified and managed. Nowadays,manufacturing organizations are emphasizing more on product sustainability and the prevention ofenvironmental problems. Environmental aspect consideration opens an opportunity to enjoy theeffects of better environmental performances in terms of competitive advantage. The revised standardISO 14001:2015 was created by market requirements to get better environmental performance,ensuring top management involvement, a more specific life cycle analysis, better risk-based thinking,and a better communication strategy. The standard applies to any organization, regardless of size,type, and nature but does not specify environmental performance criteria or explicit rules concerningpreventive actions (Haggar et al., 2019) (ISO 14001, 2015). ISO 14001 (2015) emphasis more on theevaluation of risks and opportunities, also in reference to significant environmental aspects andcompliance obligations (Tüv Nord, 2015). The new ISO 14001:2015 certified organizations shoulddetermine the negative and positive environmental aspects while designing a product considering lifecycle thinking. Life cycle thinking could be a better approach to figure out more suitable solutionsfor sustainable development (Milazzo P. et al., 2017).This study has presented the output of an extensive literature review, survey results, and informationfrom the interview session to understand how the ISO 14001:2015 certified organizations areconsidering the environmental aspects in their life cycle thinking. The organizations monitoringstrategies and the risks and opportunities results from the implementation of ISO 14001:2015 (EMS)during the design and development phase are also analyzed. The study also prevails whether themanufacturing organizations consider design for environment (DFE) as a way of getting betterenvironmental performance by their products or not and how they are approaching towardssustainable development and circular economy. / <p>Final Report Submission date 28-05-2020</p>

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Denna kandidatuppsats är gjord i samarbete med ett företag som arbetar med att producera fryst mat för hundar. Företaget har stora ambitioner och för att möjliggöra en skalbar produktion behöver företaget effektivisera sina processer. Med hjälp av metoder baserade och förknippade med Lean produktion, kan förteget rationalisera bort manuellt och svårskalat arbete i processerna. Detta görs för att generera effektivitet så produktionssystemet är stark nog att skalas upp och producera mer produkter vid en större efterfrågan. Syftet med rapporten är att undersöka det nuvarande produktionssystemet, analysera och utifrån teori granska vad som kan orsaka ineffektivitet. Företagets produktionsflöde har kartlagts med hjälp av värdeflödesanalys, som är en vedertagen metod inom Lean. Företagets problemområden identifierades och förslag på åtgärder togs fram. Med utgångspunkt i litteraturen om Lean produktion utfördes en analys och diskussion av resultatet. Slutligen kunde man konstatera att produktionssystemet, på detta företag, kan skala upp sin produktion och öka sin volym till en viss mängd. När man som företag arbetar med Lean för förbättringar så innebär det i teorin att man arbetar för ständiga förbättringar. Företaget kommer ständigt att behöva analysera produktionssystemet då olika faktorer kommer att påverka skalbarheten över tid.

This thesis studies an innovative working hydraulic system design for mobile applications. The purpose is to improve the energy efficiency and the dynamic characteristics compared to load sensing systems without increasing the complexity or adding additional components. The system analysed in this thesis is referred to as flow control. The fundamental difference compared to load sensing systems is that the pump is controlled based on the operator’s command signals rather than feedback signals from the loads. This control approach enables higher energy efficiency since the pressure difference between pump and load is given by the system resistance rather than a prescribed pump pressure margin. High power savings are possible especially at medium flow rates. Furthermore, load sensing systems suffer from poor dynamic characteristics since the pump is operated in a closed loop control mode. This might result in an oscillatory behaviour. Flow control systems have no stability issues attached to the load pressure feedback since there is none. Pressure compensators are key components in flow control systems. This thesis addresses the flow matching problem which occurs when using conventional compensators in combination with a flow controlled pump. Flow sharing pressure compensators solve this problem since the pump flow will be distributed between all active functions. A novel control approach where the directional valve is controlled without affecting the cylinder velocity with the objective of optimizing the damping is proposed. In this research, both theoretical studies and practical implementations demonstrate the capability of flow control systems. Experiments show a reduced pump pressure margin and energy saving possibilities in a short loading cycle for a wheel loader application.

Today, many global industries have difficulties meeting their transfer of production cost targets; the complexity in transfer of production is often underestimated. The aircraft manufacturing industry is a relevant example of a global industry, as many aircraft manufacturers produce parts in different areas of the world. The aircraft manufacturing industry include highly complex production technologies, is regulated by strict national and international standards, and utilizes a comprehensive configuration management. Large international agreements in defence-related industries often involve offset business. The most important parameters for the buying organisation in offset business are to create relations, import technical knowledge/production, promote domestic merchandise, and create employment for the local population. The purpose of the research is to identify, categorise and explore challenges related to transfer of aircraft production within offset business. The research is conducted as a case study at the Swedish enterprise SAAB Aeronautics. Future export deals for SAAB Aeronautics will in all probability consist of offsetbusiness including transfer of production, involving for example parts or entire aircraft to the receiving country. Several factors connected to transfer of aircraft production were identified. The factors were categorised and three of the categories were selected for in-depth studies: Category 1: Cultural challenges and communication Category 2: Configuration management Category 3: Transfer of knowledge and technology The results from the in-depth studies can help Aeronautics in planning and conducting transfer of aircraft production.

Virtual reality (VR) is one of the new technologies in Industry 4.0 and will influence the industry. If VR is implemented correctly it will lead to higher quality, improved efficiency, and closer customer relationships. The problem with using virtual reality at the company lies both in how these tools shall be used in the product development process and the issue that it is a new tool and a new way of working. The purpose of the thesis is to identify when virtual reality can be used in the early phases of the product development process. The purpose is also to identify how virtual maturity can be measured. The research questions that the study is based on are the following: RQ 1: Which steps are qualified to implement VR within the early phases of the product development process? RQ 2: What dimensions need to be taken into consideration when estimating virtual maturity? RQ 3: How can virtual maturity be estimated? To answer the research questions, primary data such as interviews and a workshop was performed along with a literature review to collect secondary data. A case study lays as a ground for creating a product development process including VR activities, a maturity framework, and a maturity model proposal which are the objectives of the thesis. To analyze the data, methodology triangulation and evaluating patterns between the empirical findings and the literature review were used. The purpose of the literature review was to contribute to the knowledge of the VR tool, VR in industry, and how the implementation of new tools and technologies influences organizations in different aspects. Since the thesis is divided into both creating a product development process including VR and assessing virtual maturity, a general product development process is described in the literature review. The interviews and the workshop provided an overview of the current state at the company regarding both the existing product development process and virtual maturity. Based on the current development process a new extended version was developed, where activities that can be done in VR are included. At the beginning of the project no maturity model that described virtual maturity, important dimensions, or VR activities that can be included in the product development process existed. The development of the maturity framework and the maturity model connected to VR is described in the case study, as well as the development process including VR. As a result of the thesis existing research is compared to the empirical findings, where important dimensions for estimating virtual maturity and VR activities are presented. The analysis of the development process including VR shows that the activities can be found in both literature and empirical findings. However, there was no research found where VR is implemented in a general product development process. The empirical findings also show that there is a need for a tool that can estimate virtual maturity, but there is no such tool directly connected to VR described in the literature. This thesis contributes to this gap by creating a maturity model consisting of five levels, that is based on the 12 identified important dimensions in the framework. Both the framework and the model are divided into the aspects people and technology. Neither the process nor the model has been tested in reality, which is needed to confirm that both will be suitable for the specific company. This is however proposed strategies that are supposed to work as guidelines for the work towards implementing VR.

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In order to be competitive in today’s manufacturing industry, companies are required to constantly improve the performance of processes and optimize the use of resources. It is therefore important to get a good view of the conditions in a production plant. The purpose of this work is to evaluate and document the effectiveness and degree of resource utilization in the Engcon FMS-plant (Flexible Manufacturing System). The aim is also to identify possible improvements. A well-established procedure to determine the efficiency of a process is the so-called Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) method. With deeper knowledge thanks to the preparations, consisting of literature research and some research at the production plant, the practical part of this work started. The main source of information was the Fastems software that controls and plans production.  The rest of the information was provided by Henrik Mäki at Engcon and Emil Martinsson at Strömsunds Kvalitetslego. Some manual measurements were also required. All gathered information was examined and compiled before the calculation work began. Results show an OEE-value of 89,6 %, which is a high number indicating  an efficient plant usage. Despite of the high OEE-value, there is still room for improvements. At the start and finish of an EC206, order the machining process is slightly inefficient, but this could be prevented by adding a larger variety of machining programs. This would decrease milling time, but the benefits and drawbacks of such a measure have to be analysed before implementation. In order to get an accurate result, easily analysed data have to be used. The information behind the OEE-value in this report was a bit hard to interpret at some times but I do not think it has affected the result too much. / En förutsättning för ett industriföretag att bibehålla konkurrenskraften på världsmarknaden är att ständigt jobba med förbättringar och effektivisering. För att lyckas med det gäller det att få en tydlig bild över de förutsättningar produktionsanläggningen har så att förluster kan minimeras och produktionen effektiviseras. Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) är en väletablerad metod i dessa sammanhang. Det här arbetet har gått ut på att göra en OEE-analys av Engcons FMS-anläggning (Flexible Manufacturing System) med syftet att undersöka hur effektiv anläggningen är och hur resurserna används. En FMS-anläggning är ett flexibelt tillverkningssystem med automatiserad materialhantering och bearbetning. Arbetet syftar också till att identifiera förbättringsområden och ge förslag på förbättringar. En litteraturstudie genomfördes för att få större kunskap inom området. Under det förberedande arbetet undersöktes vilka förutsättningar som fanns för datainhämtning och de efterföljande beräkningarna. Huvudelen av informationen som behövdes för OEE-analysen fanns tillgänglig i styrsystemet Fastems och övrig information kunde Henrik Mäki på Engcon samt Emil Martinsson på Strömsunds Kvalitetslego bistå med. Utöver det krävdes en enklare manuell mätning. All data sammanställdes innan OEE-analysen påbörjades. Resultatet av arbetet visade ett OEE-värde på 89,6 %. Det är en hög siffra och tyder på att anläggningen presterar på en hög nivå. Trots det höga OEE-värdet finns det rum för förbättring. Bearbetningsprocessen vid uppstart och avslut av ordrar för modell EC206 skulle kunna förbättras genom att öka antalet bearbetningsprogram i maskinerna. Fler program skulle kunna öka anläggningens effektivitet genom minskade genomloppstider. Det är dock något som bör utredas vidare innan en sådan åtgärd införs. För att få ett OEE-värde som stämmer väl överrens med verkligheten gäller det att använda data som är tydlig och lätt att tolka. Den information som användes för den här analysen var vid vissa tillfällen aningen svårtolkad men det har troligtvis inte haft allt för stor påverkan på resultatet.