A presente pesquisa se trata da investigaÃÃo de caminhos para automaÃÃo do projeto de alvenaria em sistemas computacionais. Logo se propÃe a desenvolver diagramas aplicÃveis em plataformas BIM, que permitam a reordenaÃÃo automÃtica da paginaÃÃo das paredes, apÃs a inserÃÃo de novos objetos ou deslocamento de objetos jà inseridos. Devido à complexidade e diversidade de tipologias e detalhes arquitetÃnicos existentes, as plataformas BIM nem sempre conseguem atender a todas as demandas dos usuÃrios. Deste modo, as mesmas apresentam possibilidades de customizaÃÃo, como criaÃÃo de novos objetos, ou novas ferramentas que aperfeiÃoem o processo de projeto. Assim, nos Ãmbitos nacional e internacional observa-se a produÃÃo de tÃcnicas de automaÃÃo do design aplicada em diversos sistemas construtivos, seja de concreto armado ou alvenaria racionalizada. Dentre as diferenÃas entre as produÃÃes nacionais e internacionais destaca-se o mÃtodo utilizado. No Brasil ocorre a utilizaÃÃo de mÃtodos diversos, baseados na gramÃtica da forma e na modelagem paramÃtrica, alÃm do fato de as produÃÃes terem sido realizadas em universidades e em perÃodos distintos. No contexto internacional existe o desenvolvimento e a aplicaÃÃo do mÃtodo building object behavior (BOB) description and notation method, desenvolvido durante um consÃrcio entre universidades norte-americana e israelita com indÃstrias de concreto armado norteamericanas por notÃveis pesquisadores na Ãrea de BIM, Charles Eastman, Rafael Sacks e Chang Lee. Logo, para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho utilizou-se como estratÃgia de pesquisa o design science, tendo como base para o mÃtodo BOB. O processo de desenvolvimento da pesquisa se deu em quatro etapas: fase de elucidaÃÃo, fase de design, fase de validaÃÃo e traduÃÃo. Ao fim do trabalho foram gerados diagramas, aplicÃveis em qualquer plataforma BIM. Os diagramas descrevem os processos de automaÃÃo das paginaÃÃes de alvenaria. / This research comes to inquiry ways of automating the masonry design in computer systems. Soon aims to develop applicable diagrams in BIM platforms, enabling automatic reordering of paging walls following the inclusion of new objects or shifting objects already inserted. Because of the complexity and diversity of types and existing architectural details, the BIM platforms do not always meet all the demands of users. Thus, we present customization possibilities, such as creating new objects or new tools that improve the design process. Thus, in the national and international levels is observed the production design automation techniques applied in different construction systems, whether armed or rationalized masonry concrete. Among the differences between national and international productions stands out the method used. In Brazil is the use of various methods based on the grammar of form and parametric modeling, besides the fact of the productions have been performed in universities and in different periods. In the international context there is the development and application of building object behavior method (BOB) description and notation method, developed for a consortium of American and Israeli universities with reinforced concrete US north of industries for outstanding researchers in the BIM area, Charles Eastman, Rafael Sacks Lee and Chang. Therefore, the development of this study was used as the science research strategy design, based method for BOB. The research development process took place in four stages: elucidation phase, design phase, validation phase and translation. At the end of work were generated diagrams, applicable in any BIM platform. The diagrams describe the process automation of masonry pagination.

Seismic Design Manual for Interlocking Compressed Earth Blocks Nicholas Edwards Kennedy This thesis presents a comprehensive seismic design manual to be used to design and construct simple Interlocking Compressed Earth Block (ICEB) structures in seismically active regions. ICEBs are earth blocks made primarily of soil and stabilized with cement. They have female and male stud mechanisms designed to interlock when stacked, eliminating the need for mortar. The blocks can accept reinforcement and grout after they are placed. While ICEB construction is similar to conventional masonry construction, current design code standards for masonry only partially capture the actual behavior of ICEB structures. This thesis seeks to supplement the existing masonry design procedures and tailor them for use with ICEBs. Additionally, this paper presents a preliminary design of ICEB shear walls for a disaster reconstruction project in the Philippines. While many structures in Southeast Asia and the Malay Archipelago are constructed from earthen blocks, very few are engineered. Of those that are, a lack of formal design guidance specific to ICEB construction leaves most engineers and designers with conventional concrete masonry design practices, some of which are not applicable for use with ICEBs.

Este trabalho propõe uma metodologia para representar o PPVVA (Projeto para Produção de Vedações Verticais em Alvenaria) em ferramentas CAD-BIM de maneira a não degradar significativamente o desempenho de manipulação do modelo BIM devido à grande quantidade de componentes. Ao mesmo tempo, propõe uma linguagem computacional para descrever modulações de alvenaria e a especificação de novas funcionalidades nos CAD-BIM para automatizar algumas atividades do PPVVA. A pesquisa foi organizada adotando-se a seguinte metodologia: (i) avaliação dos principais CAD-BIM do mercado; (ii) levantamento de requisitos de representação dos objetos do PPVVA; (iii) especificação do modelo de representação; (iv) implementação do modelo e (v) definição de um fluxo de trabalho para utilização do modelo proposto. A avaliação dos principais CAD-BIM possibilitou verificar as limitações destas aplicações no atendimento dos requisitos de representação do PPVVA e a necessidade de adequação destas aplicações para esse uso. A partir de entrevistas com projetistas de vedações foi possível coletar e sistematizar regras, que serviram de base à elaboração do modelo de representação proposto. Uma das idéias chave deste modelo de representação é a especificação de uma linguagem de descrição para modulações de alvenaria chamada de MMDL (Masonry Modulation Description Language). A utilização da MMDL mostrou-se uma alternativa interessante para representar implicitamente os elementos do PPVVA. Uma abordagem de representação explícita, por meio de famílias de objetos, também foi utilizada. Embora esta última abordagem demande mais recursos da aplicação, ela oferece maior flexibilidade ao projetista na manipulação de cada elemento da modulação de alvenaria. Para contornar o problema de desempenho da representação explícita, foi utilizado o conceito de referência a arquivos externos, o que permite segmentar modelos complexos em modelos menores que podem ser manipulados com maior facilidade. Com base nestas características do modelo proposto, espera-se que este possa servir como uma boa alternativa para minimizar o problema de desempenho na manipulação de modelos BIM gerados por projetistas de vedações. / This work proposes a methodology for representing the MDP (Masonry Design for Production) in BIM-CAD tools in a way that does not significatively degrade the handling performance of a BIM model due to its large quantity of components. At the same time, it proposes a computer language for describing masonry modulation and specifies new functionalities for BIM-CAD tools aiming the automation of some MDP tasks. The research was organized according to the following methodology: (i) evaluation of the main BIM-CAD tools; (ii) compilation of the representation requirements of MDP objects; (iii) specification of a representation model; (iv) model implementation and; (v) definition of a workflow for using the proposed model. The evaluation of the main BIM-CAD tools showed the limitations of these applications regarding the requirements of MDP as well as the need for adapting these tools for such use. From interviews with masonry designers, rules were collected and systematized, serving as a base for preparing the proposed representation model. One of the key ideas of this model is the specification of a description language for masonry modulation, called MMDL (Masonry Modulation Description Language). The use of MMDL was shown to be an interesting alternative for implicitly representing the MDP elements. An explicit representation approach, through object families, was also used. Although this approach demands more resources from the application, it offers more flexibility to the designer concerning the direct manipulation of each individual masonry element. As a workaround to the performance problem of the explicit representation, the concept of external detailing files was used, allowing the segmentation of complex models into smaller ones which can be handled easier in the BIM-CAD tool. Based on these features of the proposed model, it is hoped that it can serve as a good alternative for minimizing the performance problem when handling BIM models generated by masonry designers.

"November 2004" / Bibliography: p.167-179. / xi, 333 p. : ill., photos (col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Focuses on behavioural models of masonry walls with a view to improving their accuracy and extending their application. Results include a numerical model and mathematical expressions capable of predicting the key stages of the non-linear load-deflection behaviour of walls subjected to vertical bending and axial loading; new mathematical expressions for horizontal and diagonal bending moment capacities that are dimensionally consistent and account for the beneficial effects of compressive stress; and. Experimental test data for masonry sections subjected to horizontal and diagonal bending, which were used in the development and verification of the new mathematical expressions. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2004

"November 2004" / Bibliography: p.167-179. / xi, 333 p. : ill., photos (col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Focuses on behavioural models of masonry walls with a view to improving their accuracy and extending their application. Results include a numerical model and mathematical expressions capable of predicting the key stages of the non-linear load-deflection behaviour of walls subjected to vertical bending and axial loading; new mathematical expressions for horizontal and diagonal bending moment capacities that are dimensionally consistent and account for the beneficial effects of compressive stress; and. Experimental test data for masonry sections subjected to horizontal and diagonal bending, which were used in the development and verification of the new mathematical expressions. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2004

Este trabalho propõe uma metodologia para representar o PPVVA (Projeto para Produção de Vedações Verticais em Alvenaria) em ferramentas CAD-BIM de maneira a não degradar significativamente o desempenho de manipulação do modelo BIM devido à grande quantidade de componentes. Ao mesmo tempo, propõe uma linguagem computacional para descrever modulações de alvenaria e a especificação de novas funcionalidades nos CAD-BIM para automatizar algumas atividades do PPVVA. A pesquisa foi organizada adotando-se a seguinte metodologia: (i) avaliação dos principais CAD-BIM do mercado; (ii) levantamento de requisitos de representação dos objetos do PPVVA; (iii) especificação do modelo de representação; (iv) implementação do modelo e (v) definição de um fluxo de trabalho para utilização do modelo proposto. A avaliação dos principais CAD-BIM possibilitou verificar as limitações destas aplicações no atendimento dos requisitos de representação do PPVVA e a necessidade de adequação destas aplicações para esse uso. A partir de entrevistas com projetistas de vedações foi possível coletar e sistematizar regras, que serviram de base à elaboração do modelo de representação proposto. Uma das idéias chave deste modelo de representação é a especificação de uma linguagem de descrição para modulações de alvenaria chamada de MMDL (Masonry Modulation Description Language). A utilização da MMDL mostrou-se uma alternativa interessante para representar implicitamente os elementos do PPVVA. Uma abordagem de representação explícita, por meio de famílias de objetos, também foi utilizada. Embora esta última abordagem demande mais recursos da aplicação, ela oferece maior flexibilidade ao projetista na manipulação de cada elemento da modulação de alvenaria. Para contornar o problema de desempenho da representação explícita, foi utilizado o conceito de referência a arquivos externos, o que permite segmentar modelos complexos em modelos menores que podem ser manipulados com maior facilidade. Com base nestas características do modelo proposto, espera-se que este possa servir como uma boa alternativa para minimizar o problema de desempenho na manipulação de modelos BIM gerados por projetistas de vedações. / This work proposes a methodology for representing the MDP (Masonry Design for Production) in BIM-CAD tools in a way that does not significatively degrade the handling performance of a BIM model due to its large quantity of components. At the same time, it proposes a computer language for describing masonry modulation and specifies new functionalities for BIM-CAD tools aiming the automation of some MDP tasks. The research was organized according to the following methodology: (i) evaluation of the main BIM-CAD tools; (ii) compilation of the representation requirements of MDP objects; (iii) specification of a representation model; (iv) model implementation and; (v) definition of a workflow for using the proposed model. The evaluation of the main BIM-CAD tools showed the limitations of these applications regarding the requirements of MDP as well as the need for adapting these tools for such use. From interviews with masonry designers, rules were collected and systematized, serving as a base for preparing the proposed representation model. One of the key ideas of this model is the specification of a description language for masonry modulation, called MMDL (Masonry Modulation Description Language). The use of MMDL was shown to be an interesting alternative for implicitly representing the MDP elements. An explicit representation approach, through object families, was also used. Although this approach demands more resources from the application, it offers more flexibility to the designer concerning the direct manipulation of each individual masonry element. As a workaround to the performance problem of the explicit representation, the concept of external detailing files was used, allowing the segmentation of complex models into smaller ones which can be handled easier in the BIM-CAD tool. Based on these features of the proposed model, it is hoped that it can serve as a good alternative for minimizing the performance problem when handling BIM models generated by masonry designers.

Este trabalho é resultado das investigações sobre as práticas de projetar e de construir predominantes no cenário atual da construção civil brasileira e discute as perspectivas de evolução tecnológica do setor, através da racionalização do processo construtivo tradicional de edifícios. A partir do resgate e sistematização das informações acerca da evolução tecnológica das alvenarias de vedação, propõe a adoção de projetos voltados à sua produção racionalizada como estratégia para a otimização dos recursos materiais, humanos e energéticos investidos, além da minimização dos impactos ambientais negativos decorrentes das atividades produtivas da construção civil. Além de propor as diretrizes para o projeto de alvenarias de vedação, sugere a composição de um “banco de tecnologia construtiva" visando a sistematização e divulgação, para o meio técnico, de alternativas construtivas que contribuam para o aprimoramento do conteúdo dos projetos e ampliação de seu potencial como instrumento regulador da qualidade final do edifício. / This work is the result of the investigation on the most usual practices of architectural project and building techniques in the present scene of Brazilian civil construction. It discusses the perspectives of technological evolution for the sector, through the rationalization of traditional building processes. From rescuing and systematizing information concerned to technological evolution of non structural walls, it discusses the adoption of projects directed to its rationalized production as a strategy towards the optimization of material, human and energy resources invested, as well as the diminution of the negative environmental impacts resultant from productive activities of civil construction. Besides proposing guidelines for the project of non structural walls, it suggests creation of a "constructive technology database" aiming at the systematization and popularization, among technical practitioners, of constructive alternatives that would contribute for the qualitative improvement of projects as well as the magnifying of its potential as a regulating instrument of the final quality of the building.

Este trabalho é resultado das investigações sobre as práticas de projetar e de construir predominantes no cenário atual da construção civil brasileira e discute as perspectivas de evolução tecnológica do setor, através da racionalização do processo construtivo tradicional de edifícios. A partir do resgate e sistematização das informações acerca da evolução tecnológica das alvenarias de vedação, propõe a adoção de projetos voltados à sua produção racionalizada como estratégia para a otimização dos recursos materiais, humanos e energéticos investidos, além da minimização dos impactos ambientais negativos decorrentes das atividades produtivas da construção civil. Além de propor as diretrizes para o projeto de alvenarias de vedação, sugere a composição de um “banco de tecnologia construtiva” visando a sistematização e divulgação, para o meio técnico, de alternativas construtivas que contribuam para o aprimoramento do conteúdo dos projetos e ampliação de seu potencial como instrumento regulador da qualidade final do edifício. / This work is the result of the investigation on the most usual practices of architectural project and building techniques in the present scene of Brazilian civil construction. It discusses the perspectives of technological evolution for the sector, through the rationalization of traditional building processes. From rescuing and systematizing information concerned to technological evolution of non structural walls, it discusses the adoption of projects directed to its rationalized production as a strategy towards the optimization of material, human and energy resources invested, as well as the diminution of the negative environmental impacts resultant from productive activities of civil construction. Besides proposing guidelines for the project of non structural walls, it suggests creation of a "constructive technology database" aiming at the systematization and popularization, among technical practitioners, of constructive alternatives that would contribute for the qualitative improvement of projects as well as the magnifying of its potential as a regulating instrument of the final quality of the building.

Concrete block masonry is a common building material used worldwide, including Canada. Reinforced masonry buildings, designed according to the requirements of recent building codes, may result in seismically safe structures. However, unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings designed and constructed prior to the development of modern seismic design codes are extremely vulnerable to seismic induced damage. Replacement of older seismically deficient buildings with new and seismically designed structures is economically not feasible in most cases. Therefore, seismic retrofitting of deficient buildings remains to be a viable seismic risk mitigation strategy. Masonry load bearing walls are the most important elements of such buildings, potentially serving as lateral force resisting systems. A seismic retrofit research program is currently underway at the University of Ottawa, consisting of experimental and analytical components for developing new seismic retrofit systems for unreinforced masonry walls. The research project presented in this thesis forms part of the same overall research program. The experimental component includes design, construction, retrofit and testing of large-scale load bearing masonry walls. Two approaches were developed as retrofit methodologies, both involving reinforcing the walls for strength and deformability. The first approach involves the use of ordinary deformed steel reinforcement as internally added reinforcement to attain reinforced masonry behaviour. The second approach involves the use of internally placed post-tensioning tendons to attain prestressed masonry behaviour. The analytical component of research consists of constructing a Finite Element computer model for nonlinear analysis of walls and conducting a parametric study to assess the significance of retrofit design parameters. The results have led to the development of a conceptual retrofit design framework for the new techniques developed, while utilizing the seismic provisions of the National Building Code of Canada and the relevant CSA material standards.

The subject of this thesis is the design and project documentation of a new multifunctional house in Strakonice. The building has four floors, without basement, and is located on a slightly sloping land in the suburban part of the town of Strakonice. It is based on shallow foundations and covered with a flat roof. It is a transverse wall structural system, build with clay block masonry, with the semi-assembled ceiling structures of ceramic and concrete beams and inserts. It is conceived as a double-aisle layout. The ground floor of each wing consists of the establishment of shops and house facilities. The overground floors are designed as six residential units of varying size category. Both tracts have separate entrances to both the residential portion and to individual businesses. The building is designed from traditional building materials. In addition to the architectural construction and civil-engineering design, a part of this project is also a fire safety design and an assessment from the perspective of building physics.