published_or_final_version / SPACE / Master / Master of Arts

Zhang Yong. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 121-130). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.iii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction: The Problem of Ideational Change --- p.1 / The Articulation of Ideas and Practices --- p.2 / Thesis Organization --- p.9 / Methodology --- p.10 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Audience and Masses: Articulating with Different Media Institutions and Practices --- p.13 / Social Construction of Audience --- p.14 / The Reification of Masses and the Birth of Media Ideology --- p.22 / The Institutionalization of Masses --- p.30 / Legitimacy Crisis --- p.40 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- "The Introduction of ""Audience"": Localization and Transformation.……" --- p.42 / Localization --- p.43 / Transformation --- p.57 / Hybridization: Mixing of Masses and Audience --- p.65 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Audience Survey: The Legitimation of Audience --- p.69 / Capitalist Democracy: Three Types of Surveys in the US --- p.71 / Rescuing the Political Authority: Three Types of Surveys in China --- p.76 / Appropriation --- p.80 / Incorporation --- p.88 / Institutionalization --- p.98 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Conclusion and Discussion --- p.109 / Appendix --- p.117 / References --- p.121

published_or_final_version / Comparative Asian Studies / Master / Master of Arts

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Journalism and Media Studies, 2017 / This study investigates China’s media image in Zimbabwe. It does so through the lens of two leading newspapers: The Herald and NewsDay during the intense election campaign period of 2013. It deploys both quantitative and qualitative content analysis of newspaper articles drawn from The Herald and NewsDay in order to investigate the image of China in the Zimbabwean media. In terms of theoretical underpinnings, it draws from various media and communication theories. These include the broad area of image studies and framing theory to understand the media-constructed image of China before, during and after the 2013 electioneering period. These communication theories are tested and applied as a means of gaining insights into how the media shape images of China in Zimbabwe and in Africa generally. The findings of this study suggests that during this period the media image of China was projected in a more positive light in The Herald when compared to the negative images and depictions in the NewsDay. It shows that the economic consequence frame dominated the coverage of China thereby portraying the East Asian country as an economic partner, donor, economic saviour, development source and investor in Zimbabwe. The study also reveals that the construction of the media image of China is influenced by interplay of several factors such as the editorial slant of news producers, economic and political pressures influencing the polarised media environment in Zimbabwe. / XL2018

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences. / Department of Communication

by Yau-ling Chung. / Bibliography: leaves 136-140 / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1982

華薇. / "2002年1月" / 論文 (哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2002. / 參考文獻 (p. 130-140) / 附中英文摘要. / "2002 nian 1 yue" / Hua Wei. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2002. / Can kao wen xian (p. 130-140) / Fu Zhong Ying wen zhai yao. / Chapter 第一章 --- 槪述 --- p.1 / 硏究簡介 --- p.1 / 論文結構 --- p.2 / Chapter 第二章 --- 政治經濟學理論回顧 --- p.2 / 政治經濟理論簡述 --- p.3 / 政治經濟學 --- p.3 / 媒介政治經濟學 --- p.4 / 中國傳媒的政治經濟學：國家一市場 --- p.6 / 國家´ؤ市場 --- p.7 / 理論啟示 --- p.11 / Chapter 第三章 --- 中國的政治經濟環境 --- p.13 / 政治經濟環境的變遷 --- p.13 / 改革前中國的政治經濟環境 --- p.13 / 文革之後的政治經濟環境 --- p.15 / 改革後的政治經濟環境演變 --- p.17 / 政治經濟環境變化中的中國傳媒 --- p.18 / 改革前的中國傳媒 --- p.18 / 改革後的中國傳媒 --- p.19 / 政治經濟共同作用下的中國廣告業 --- p.20 / 廣告是市場的產物 --- p.20 / 政治力量對廣告的影響 --- p.21 / Chapter 第四章 --- 硏究對象 --- p.23 / 公益廣告的界定 --- p.23 / 一般性的公益廣告界定 --- p.23 / 本硏究所涉及的公益廣告的範圍 --- p.25 / 以公益廣告爲硏究對象的原因 --- p.25 / 現有硏究對廣告的關注不足 --- p.25 / 公益廣告的特點 --- p.26 / 國外公益廣告活動 --- p.27 / 關於公益廣告的一些硏究 --- p.28 / 國外的公益廣告硏究 --- p.28 / 國內關於公益廣告的硏究 --- p.29 / 硏究意義 --- p.30 / Chapter 第五章 --- 硏究主題和分析架構 --- p.31 / 硏究主題一´ؤ公益廣告的歷史性硏究 --- p.31 / 分析架構 --- p.31 / 從社會控制到社會關係 --- p.32 / 硏究主體 --- p.33 / 公益廣告的運作機制 --- p.33 / 分析架構 --- p.34 / 硏究方法 --- p.35 / Chapter 第六章 --- 背景介紹 --- p.39 / 中國廣告業發展槪況 --- p.39 / 中央電視台廣告收入與國家財政撥款變化情況 --- p.41 / Chapter 第七章 --- 準備階段的公益廣告（1978-1986) ´ؤ´ؤ被媒體內化的思想政治工具 --- p.43 / 撥亂反正與改革開放 --- p.43 / 中國廣告業的恢復 --- p.44 / 政府´ؤ´ؤ媒體強有力的管理者 --- p.46 / 準備階段的公益廣告活動 --- p.52 / 媒體早期的公益活動 --- p.52 / 中國最早的公益廣告 --- p.53 / 中國早期公益活動和公益廣告廣告出現的原因 --- p.54 / 小結 --- p.57 / Chapter 第八章 --- 起始階段的公益廣告（1987 ´ؤ 1991 ) 一 一換取“信任´ح與“喜愛´ح的工具 --- p.58 / 深化改革治理整頓 --- p.58 / 精神文明建設與反對資產階級自由化運動 --- p.59 / 中國廣告業的發展 --- p.60 / 國家一一市場發展的鳥籠 --- p.63 / 起始階段的公益廣告活動 --- p.68 / 響亮的“第一炮´ح 一一中央電視台的《廣而告之》 --- p.68 / 欄目化公益廣告出現的原因 --- p.69 / 此階段公益廣告運作机制分析 --- p.73 / 小結 --- p.76 / Chapter 第九章 --- 發展階段的公益廣告（1992 -1995) 一一摻入商業考慮的規勸方法 --- p.78 / 中國經濟改革的深化 --- p.78 / 廣告業的繁榮 --- p.78 / 廣告提價 --- p.79 / 媒體競賣 --- p.80 / 沖擊意識型態領域的廣告活動 --- p.80 / 市場´ؤ´ؤ媒體日漸重要的經濟來源 --- p.81 / 發展階段的公益廣告活動 --- p.85 / 初見端倪的商業化運作´ؤ´ؤ《回家》的故事 --- p.85 / 企業贊助的公益廣告´ؤ´ؤ《海爾小兄弟》 --- p.86 / 規避制度局限´ؤ´ؤ菸酒企業贊助的公益廣告 --- p.87 / 此階段公益廣告運作機制分析 --- p.88 / 小結 --- p.91 / Chapter 第十章 --- 繁榮階段的公益廣告（1996 -2001) 一 一納入常規化和商業化的運作軌道 --- p.93 / “兩手抓，兩手都要硬´ح --- p.93 / 進入平穩發展階段的中國廣告行業： --- p.94 / 國家和市場´ؤ´ؤ兩股強大的勢力 --- p.95 / 繁榮階段的公益廣告活動 --- p.101 / 常規化 --- p.101 / 商業化 --- p.103 / 此階段公益廣告運作機制分析 --- p.108 / 小結 --- p.115 / Chapter 第十一章 --- 總結與討論 --- p.118 / 中國公益廣告的歷史發展 --- p.118 / 討論：政治經濟環境變化對於公益廣告運作機制的影響 --- p.122 / 國家的力量對公益廣告的發展所產生的影響 --- p.123 / 市場的力量對於公益廣告運作的影響 --- p.126 / 在國家和市場的共同作用之下尋找最有效率的活動空間 --- p.127 / 參考文獻 --- p.130

Zhang Jing. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 52-57). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.2-3 / Introduction / Studying the changing reform discourse in China's media reforms --- p.5-8 / Chapter 1 --- Paradigm Change in reform discourse --- p.9-16 / Chapter 1.1 --- Changing paradigm of media operation: A theoretical framework / Chapter 1.2 --- Methodology / Chapter 2 --- "One Decade, Two Paradigms" --- p.17-33 / Chapter 2.1 --- "One decade, Two paradigms" / Chapter 2.2 --- The historical context for the two paradigms in90s / Chapter 2.3 --- The formation of reform discourse / Chapter 3 --- The Contestations of the two paradigms --- p.34-47 / Chapter 3.1 --- The growth of the new paradigm / Chapter 3.2 --- The modification of the old paradigm / Chapter 3.3 --- The future of the paradigm change / Chapter 4 --- Conclusion and Discussion --- p.48-51 / Reference --- p.52-57

The design of this research is based on the liberal pluralism belief that there should be various forms of alternative media co-existing with mainstream media, and the society benefits from having alternatives. The concept of alternative media refers to media that are independent from the political and market power. They deal with alternative topics, which are not covered in their mainstream counterparts. One of the traditions of alternative media research is to examine their potential in the formation of subaltern public sphere. / The core question of this research is to explore the usage of online alternative media, and the link between online alternative media and the ideal of subaltern public sphere, in terms of attitude towards difference, rational discussion and civic participation. Participatory observation, online survey and case studies were applied to find out the answers. / First of all, it is found that the usage of online alternative media is influenced by a number of factors. In addition to the gratifications sought from media usage, a heterogeneous online community is more likely to accept online alternative media, while intense use of alternative media in turn contributes to more tolerance of difference in society. / Secondly, this research examines the relationships between online alternative media and the elements of subaltern public sphere. As the research findings suggest, under high political and economic pressure, little space is left for mainstream public sphere, while subaltern public sphere is possible with the help of online alternative media. Non-hierarchically organized and depend on voluntary work, online alternative media partly escape from political and market pressure and become the birthplace of rational public opinions. Online alternative media contribute to democratic society as they generate public space for deliberation, and cultivate the culture of participation. / Finally, the significance of heterogeneity is emphasized. Online alternative media develop a group of media users who are sensitive to difference in online community whereas at the same time, having more tolerance for difference. This indicates a positive relationship between online alternative media use and the attitude towards a plural and tolerant society. / By bringing in alternative topics and developing a group of users who are sensitive to difference whereas having more tolerance to heterogeneity, online alternative media are gradually changing the media ecology in China. Admittedly, the position of alternative media in China is still somewhat vague, in terms of their actual relation to the political power and market. Despite this, the existence of online alternative media is still a meaningful attempt for the construction of public sphere in Chinese societies. / 自由多元主義相信價值的多元性和自由表達，並且我們的社會可以從中獲益。基於這樣的理論出發點，通過展示網絡另類媒體的產生和發展情況，本研究試圖說明在中國媒體環境中保持不同聲音的必要性與合理性。另類媒體是一類特殊的媒體，它們規模較小，相對另類於政治權力和市場經濟， 並因此可以使用不同於主流媒體的信息渠道和信息呈現方式，討論一些被主流媒體邊緣化的議題。 / 公民社會以及公共領域的理論，經常被用於研究另類媒體。主流公共領域的理想在中國難以實現，本研究因而使用次級公共領域的概念來尋找另類媒體在中國社會中的定位。研究的主要問題是人們如何使用網絡另類媒體，以及另類媒體和次級公共領域的聯繫。通過問卷調查，參與式觀察和典型案例分析，本研究結合定性和定量研究數據，展示了網絡另類媒體在推動中國公共領域形成過程中的關鍵作用。 / 首先，很多因素會影響網絡另類媒體的使用。除了從媒體使用中期待的滿足以外，異質化程度較高的網絡社群更願意接受網絡另類媒體；頻繁的網絡另類媒體使用則會反過來增加人們對於差異的容忍程度。 / 其次，通過逐個檢視網絡另類媒體與次級公共領域各要素之間的聯繫，研究發現網絡另類媒體在很大程度上符合次級公共領域的理想。由於受到較少的政治權力的壓力，並且未被商業化娛樂化控制，網絡另類媒體的討論和出版物的話語具有很高的互動性和反思性，成為理性公共意見的產生之處。另外，網絡另類媒體在促成有效的長期的公民參與方面，有不可取代的優勢。 / 最後，研究強調了差異的意義。網絡另類媒體培養了對差異有感知力，並能很好地反思和接納差異的網絡用戶群體。這個發現揭示了網絡另類媒體使用與一個多元、寬容的社會之間的關聯。 / 應該承認，中國的網絡另類媒體尚未成熟，強大的生存的壓力之下，有時與政治權力和商業機構的存在模糊不清的關聯。但這並不妨礙它們逐漸地改變中國的媒體生態，成為構建中國公共領域的有益探索。 / Wang, Jiayi. / Thesis M.Phil. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2015. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 133-139). / Abstracts also in Chinese; acknowledgement and appendix in Chinese. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on 05, October, 2016). / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only.

Background/ Objectives: It can always be recognised that mass media is one of key sources of information to society. Moreover, it has a great power to affect our life. Printed media, for example, newspaper as one of media communications contains words and texts, which can also create a strong power to influence readers to receive information, including news coverage of mental illness. The objective of this study is to analyse our selected the terms of Schizophrenia, Psychosis and Psychotic Patients from our selected three local Chinese newspapers in Hong Kong, to see the frequency and the trend of reporting incidents on news stories, and the use of language/words to portray people with mental illness on press coverage. Research questions were about 1) the change of frequency using the term of Schizophrenia, and under the same question the hypothesis was to see if using the term of Psychosis was more than Schizophrenia; 2) reviewed the term of Schizophrenia to see our selected three local newspapers whether or not choosing the term of Schizophrenia on news coverage more than Psychosis; 3) assessed both terms of Schizophrenia and Psychosis regarding incidents in all articles, the former was related to negative stories and the latter was related to good news coverage. 4) We reviewed the trend of using all keywords akin to metaphorical (words) usage in all articles. At last, 5) we also assessed all keywords in regard to the trend of using of stereotyping wordings in all papers in our selected years. Method: We assessed the database of retrospective newspaper via WiseNews of electronic resource at the University of Hong Kong, to retrieve the total of 1884 articles, from chosen newspapers, for example, Apple Daily, Ming Pao Daily News and Tai Kung Pao Daily News. We retrieved those newspapers in 2002, 2004, 2007, 2010 and 2012 for our research study. Results: It is good to see that, since 2001 renaming in Psychosis (思覺失調), the term has been widely accepted in the public and has already been used on news coverage. In comparison with both terms of Schizophrenia (精神分裂 [症]) and Psychosis (思覺失調), we noticed that the frequency of using the name of Schizophrenia on printed media has, however, still remained higher than the term of psychosis to portray people with mental illness in all news papers [Schizophrenia – 40.2% 757/1884 /Psychosis – 24.9% 469/1884]. And we also noted that the term of Psychotic Patients was strong association with people in Schizophrenia to appear on same news coverage, according to our research findings. Meanwhile, it can be seen that using Psychosis (renaming in Chinese) on news coverage was increased gradually from 2002 – 2012, whereas using Schizophrenia was a lead in association with criminal cases, with 35/132 of unfavourable events. On the one hand, it can be noted that the trend of metaphorical usage was increased gradually from 2002 – 2012, and in all newspapers the more frequency of using metaphorical words/usage was to insult/cite someone with 46.2% (175/379 articles). On the other hand, it is not surprising to see that the more frequency of using stereotyping words was “Dangerous” or “Violence” to portray people with mental illness in all newspapers, which was highest record with 61.8% (202/327 counted articles) Conclusion: Mass media is generally recognised as key source of information to society, including media coverage of mental illness. Moreover, press media has a great power to influence us. In content analysis of our selected articles, it can be noted that in 2002 –2012, using the term of Schizophrenia was more than using Psychosis in our selected three local Chinese newspapers. It was revealed that the trend of using metaphorical (words) usage in all papers was increased gradually and the more frequency using of both terms was to insult/cite someone. It can be no doubt that inappropriate words and negative descriptive languages to portray people with mental illness on news coverage could influence people’s perception with negative towards psychotic patients. Stigma is a great impact on people with mental illness to receive treatment appropriately and can minimise their self-esteem as a result of causing social withdrawal. Family and relatives are also considerably stigmatised. Educational promotion is one of critical ways to promote mental health, to increase more public awareness and knowledge of mental illness in our society. It could be suggested that training for journalists could be essential, in order to avoid using of sensational or negative descriptive language on news coverage of mental illness that could reduce stigma. We believe that the more people know and receive information accurate on media coverage of mental illness, the less people can form stigma in our society. / published_or_final_version / Psychological Medicine / Master / Master of Psychological Medicine